السنن الكبرى للبيهقي
Sunan al-Kubra al-Bayhaqi
كتاب قسم الفيء والغنيمة
Book of the Division of Fai and Spoils of War
باب: ما جاء في قول أمير المؤمنين عمر رضي الله عنه: ما من أحد من المسلمين إلا له حق في هذا المال
Reports on the saying of the Commander of the Believers Umar (may Allah be pleased with him): There is no Muslim who does not have a right in this wealth
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أَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو زَكَرِيَّا بْنُ أَبِي إِسْحَاقَ، أنا أَبُو عَبْدِ اللهِ مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ يَعْقُوبَ، ثنا مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ عَبْدِ الْوَهَّابِ، أنا جَعْفَرُ بْنُ عَوْنٍ، أنا هِشَامُ بْنُ سَعْدٍ، عَنْ زَيْدِ بْنِ أَسْلَمَ، عَنْ أَبِيهِ ⦗٥٧٢⦘ أَسْلَمَ قَالَ: سَمِعْتُ عُمَرَ رَضِيَ اللهُ عَنْهُ يَقُولُ: " اجْتَمِعُوا لِهَذَا الْمَالِ، فَانْظُرُوا لِمَنْ تَرَوْنَهُ "، ثُمَّ قَالَ لَهُمْ: " إِنِّي أَمَرْتُكُمْ أَنْ تَجْتَمِعُوا لِهَذَا الْمَالِ فَتَنْظُرُوا لِمَنْ تَرَوْنَهُ، وَإِنِّي قَدْ قَرَأْتُ آيَاتٍ مِنْ كِتَابِ اللهِ سَمِعْتُ اللهَ يَقُولُ {مَا أَفَاءَ اللهُ عَلَى رَسُولِهِ مِنْ أَهْلِ الْقُرَى فَلِلَّهِ وَلِلرَّسُولِ وَلِذِي الْقُرْبَى وَالْيَتَامَى وَالْمَسَاكِينِ وَابْنِ السَّبِيلِ كَيْلَا يَكُونَ دُولَةً بَيْنَ الْأَغْنِيَاءِ مِنْكُمْ وَمَا آتَاكُمُ الرَّسُولُ فَخُذُوهُ وَمَا نَهَاكُمْ عَنْهُ فَانْتَهُوا وَاتَّقُوا اللهَ إِنَّ اللهَ شَدِيدُ الْعِقَابِ} {لِلْفُقَرَاءِ الْمُهَاجِرِينَ الَّذِينَ أُخْرِجُوا مِنْ دِيَارِهِمْ وَأَمْوَالِهِمْ يَبْتَغُونَ فَضْلًا مِنَ اللهِ وَرِضْوَانًا وَيَنْصُرُونَ اللهَ وَرَسُولَهُ أُولَئِكَ هُمُ الصَّادِقُونَ} [الحشر: ٨]، وَاللهِ مَا هُوَ لِهَؤُلَاءِ وَحْدَهُمْ، {وَالَّذِينَ تَبَوَّءُوا} الدَّارَ وَالْإِيمَانَ مِنْ قَبْلِهِمْ يُحِبُّونَ مَنْ هَاجَرَ إِلَيْهِمْ وَلَا يَجِدُونَ فِي صُدُورِهِمْ حَاجَةً مِمَّا أُوتُوا وَيُؤْثِرُونَ عَلَى أَنْفُسِهِمْ الْآيَةَ، وَاللهِ مَا هُوَ لِهَؤُلَاءِ وَحْدَهُمْ، {وَالَّذِينَ جَاءَوا مِنْ بَعْدِهِمْ} الْآيَةَ، وَاللهِ مَا مِنْ أَحَدٍ مِنَ الْمُسْلِمِينَ إِلَّا وَلَهُ حَقٌّ فِي هَذَا الْمَالِ، أُعْطِيَ مِنْهُ أَوْ مُنِعَ، حَتَّى رَاعٍ بِعَدَنَ ".
Zayd bin Aslam narrated from his father that he said: I heard Umar (may Allah be pleased with him) saying: Gather this wealth, and see how you consider who is entitled to it. Then he said to them: I command you to gather this wealth, and see how you consider who is entitled to it. And I have read verses of the Book of Allah: "What Allah has given as fay' to His Messenger" up to "it is they who are the truthful" [Surah al-Hashr: 7-8]. By Allah, it is not for these alone. "And those who settled in the home and (adopted) faith before them love those who emigrated to them, and find no need in their breasts for what they were given, and they prefer (others) over themselves" [Surah al-Hashr: 9]. By Allah, it is not for these alone either. "And those who came after them" [Surah al-Hashr: 10]. By Allah, every one of the Muslims has a right in this wealth, whether he is given it or not, even if he is a shepherd in Aden.
وَأَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو الْحَسَنِ عَلِيُّ بْنُ أَحْمَدَ بْنِ عَبْدَانَ، أنا أَحْمَدُ بْنُ عُبَيْدٍ، ثنا إِسْمَاعِيلُ بْنُ إِسْحَاقَ الْقَاضِي، ثنا سُلَيْمَانُ بْنُ حَرْبٍ، ثنا حَمَّادُ بْنُ زَيْدٍ، عَنْ أَيُّوبَ، عَنْ عِكْرِمَةَ بْنِ خَالِدٍ، عَنْ مَالِكِ بْنِ أَوْسِ بْنِ الْحَدَثَانِ، عَنْ عُمَرَ بْنِ الْخَطَّابِ رَضِيَ اللهُ عَنْهُ فِي قِصَّةٍ ذَكَرَهَا، قَالَ: " ثُمَّ تَلَا {إِنَّمَا الصَّدَقَاتُ لِلْفُقَرَاءِ وَالْمَسَاكِينِ} [التوبة: ٦٠] إِلَى آخِرِ الْآيَةِ "، فَقَالَ: " هَذِهِ لِهَؤُلَاءِ، ثُمَّ تَلَا {وَاعْلَمُوا أَنَّمَا غَنِمْتُمْ مِنْ شَيْءٍ فَأَنَّ لِلَّهِ خُمُسَهُ وَلِلرَّسُولِ} [الأنفال: ٤١] إِلَى آخِرِ الْآيَةِ "، ثُمَّ قَالَ: " هَذَا لِهَؤُلَاءِ، ثُمَّ تَلَا {مَا أَفَاءَ اللهُ عَلَى رَسُولِهِ مِنْ أَهْلِ الْقُرَى} [الحشر: ٧] إِلَى آخِرِ الْآيَةِ "، " ثُمَّ قَرَأَ {لِلْفُقَرَاءِ الْمُهَاجِرِينَ} [الحشر: ٨] إِلَى آخِرِ الْآيَةِ "، ثُمَّ قَالَ: " هَؤُلَاءِ الْمُهَاجِرُونَ، ثُمَّ تَلَا {وَالَّذِينَ تَبَوَّءُوا الدَّارَ وَالْإِيمَانَ مِنْ قَبْلِهِمْ} إِلَى آخِرِ الْآيَةِ "، فَقَالَ: " هَؤُلَاءِ الْأَنْصَارُ، قَالَ: وَقَرَأَ {وَالَّذِينَ جَاءُوا مِنْ بَعْدِهِمْ يَقُولُونَ رَبَّنَا اغْفِرْ لَنَا وَلِإِخْوَانِنَا الَّذِينَ سَبَقُونَا بِالْإِيمَانِ} إِلَى آخِرِ الْآيَةِ، قَالَ: " فَهَذِهِ اسْتَوْعَبَتِ النَّاسَ، وَلَمْ يَبْقَ أَحَدٌ مِنَ الْمُسْلِمِينَ إِلَّا وَلَهُ فِي هَذَا الْمَالِ حَقٌّ، إِلَّا مَا تَمْلِكُونَ مِنْ رَقِيقِكُمْ، فَإِنْ أَعِشْ إِنْ شَاءَ اللهُ لَمْ يَبْقَ أَحَدٌ مِنَ الْمُسْلِمِينَ إِلَّا سَيَأْتِيهِ حَقُّهُ حَتَّى الرَّاعِي بِسُرَّ وَحِمْيَرَ يَأْتِيهِ حَقُّهُ، وَلَمْ يَعْرَقْ فِيهِ جَبِينُهُ " قَالَ الشَّافِعِيُّ رَضِيَ اللهُ عَنْهُ: هَذَا الْحَدِيثُ يَحْتَمِلُ مَعَانِيَ، مِنْهَا أَنْ يَقُولَ: لَيْسَ أَحَدٌ يُعْطِي، بِمَعْنَى حَاجَةٍ مِنْ أَهْلِ الصَّدَقَةِ، أَوْ مَعْنَى أَنَّهُ مِنْ أَهْلِ الْفَيْءِ الَّذِينَ يَغْزُونَ، إِلَّا وَلَهُ حَقٌّ فِي هَذَا الْمَالِ؛ الْفَيْءِ أَوِ الصَّدَقَةِ، وَهَذَا كَأَنَّهُ أَوْلَى مَعَانِيهِ؛ فَقَدْ قَالَ النَّبِيُّ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ فِي الصَّدَقَةِ: " لَا حَظَّ فِيهَا لِغَنِيٍّ وَلَا لِذِي مَرَّةٍ مُكْتَسِبٍ "، وَالَّذِي أَحْفَظُ عَنْ أَهْلِ الْعِلْمِ أَنَّ الْأَعْرَابَ لَا يُعْطَوْنَ مِنَ الْفَيْءِ. ⦗٥٧٣⦘ قَالَ الشَّيْخُ: قَدْ مَضَى هَذَا فِي حَدِيثِ بُرَيْدَةَ عَنِ النَّبِيِّ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ، وَقَدْ حَكَى أَبُو عَبْدِ الرَّحْمَنِ الشَّافِعِيُّ عَنِ الشَّافِعِيِّ أَنَّهُ قَالَ فِي كِتَابِ السِّيَرِ الْقَدِيمِ مَعْنَى هَذَا، ثُمَّ اسْتَثْنَى فَقَالَ: إِلَّا أَنْ لَا يُصَابَ أَحَدُ الْمَالَيْنِ، وَيُصَابَ الْآخَرُ بِالصِّنْفَيْنِ إِلَيْهِ حَاجَةٌ فَيُشْرِكُ بَيْنَهُمْ فِيهِ، قَالَ: وَقَدْ أَعَانَ أَبُو بَكْرٍ رَضِيَ اللهُ عَنْهُ خَالِدَ بْنَ الْوَلِيدِ رَضِيَ اللهُ عَنْهُ فِي خُرُوجِهِ إِلَى أَهْلِ الرِّدَّةِ بِمَالٍ أَتَى بِهِ عَدِيُّ بْنُ حَاتِمٍ مِنْ صَدَقَةِ قَوْمِهِ، فَلَمْ يُنْكَرْ عَلَيْهِ ذَلِكَ؛ إِذْ كَانَتْ بِالْقَوْمِ إِلَيْهِ حَاجَةٌ، وَالْفَيْءُ مِثْلُ ذَلِكَ.
Malik bin Aws narrated an incident from Sayyiduna Umar (may Allah be pleased with him): Then he recited: "Charity is only for the poor and the needy" [Surah al-Tawbah: 60] to the end, (and said:) "This is for these." Then he recited: "And know that whatever you take as spoils of war, a fifth of it is for Allah and for the Messenger" [Surah al-Anfal: 41] to the end, then said: "This is for these." Then he recited: "What Allah has given as fay' to His Messenger from the people of the towns" [Surah al-Hashr: 7] to the end, then said: "This is for these." Then he read: "For the poor emigrants" [Surah al-Hashr: 8] to the end, (and said:) "These are the Muhajirun." Then he recited: "And those who settled in the home and (adopted) faith before them" [Surah al-Hashr: 9] to the end, then said: "These are the Ansar." And he read: "And those who came after them say: Our Lord, forgive us and our brothers who preceded us in faith" [Surah al-Hashr: 10] to the end. Then he said: "This (verse) has encompassed all the Muslims; there is no one among the Muslims who does not have a right in this wealth, except slaves. So if I live, there will be no one among the Muslims whose right does not reach him, so that even a shepherd in Surr or in Himyar will receive his right without his brow having sweated for it."
Imam al-Shafi'i (may Allah have mercy on him) said: "This hadith carries several possible meanings. We may say that there is no one who may be given out of need, from the people entitled to charity, or from the people of fay' who go out on military expeditions, except that he has a right in this wealth, the fay' or the charity; this is its best meaning." The Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) said regarding charity: "There is no share in it for a rich man, nor for one able to earn." And what I have preserved from the people of knowledge is that the Bedouins are not to be given from the fay'.
Imam al-Shafi'i (may Allah have mercy on him) said: "This hadith carries several possible meanings. We may say that there is no one who may be given out of need, from the people entitled to charity, or from the people of fay' who go out on military expeditions, except that he has a right in this wealth, the fay' or the charity; this is its best meaning." The Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) said regarding charity: "There is no share in it for a rich man, nor for one able to earn." And what I have preserved from the people of knowledge is that the Bedouins are not to be given from the fay'.
