السنن الكبرى للبيهقي
Sunan al-Kubra al-Bayhaqi
كتاب الزكاة
Book of Zakah
باب: المملوك يتصدق بالشيء اليسير من مال مولاه
A slave gives a little in charity from his master's wealth
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أَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو عَبْدِ اللهِ الْحَافِظُ، أنبأ أَبُو عَبْدِ اللهِ مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ يَعْقُوبَ، ثنا حَسَنُ بْنُ سُفْيَانَ، ثنا أَبُو بَكْرِ بْنُ أَبِي شَيْبَةَ، ثنا حَفْصُ بْنُ غِيَاثٍ، عَنْ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ زَيْدٍ، عَنْ عُمَيْرٍ مَوْلَى أَبِي اللَّحْمَ، قَالَ: كُنْتُ مَمْلُوكًا فَسَأَلْتُ النَّبِيَّ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ أَتَصَدَّقُ مِنْ مَالِ مَوَالِيَّ بِشَيْءٍ، قَالَ: " نَعَمْ وَالْأَجْرُ بَيْنَكُمَا نِصْفَانِ ". رَوَاهُ مُسْلِمٌ فِي الصَّحِيحِ عَنْ أَبِي بَكْرِ بْنِ أَبِي شَيْبَةَ وَغَيْرِهِ.
Umayr (may Allah be pleased with him), the slave of Abu al-Lahm, relates: I was a slave. I asked the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him): May I give charity from my master's wealth? He (peace and blessings be upon him) said: "Yes, and the reward will be for both of you."
أَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو صَالِحٍ ابْنُ بِنْتِ يَحْيَى بْنِ مَنْصُورٍ الْقَاضِي، أنبأ جَدِّي، ثنا أَحْمَدُ بْنُ سَلَمَةَ، ثنا قُتَيْبَةُ بْنُ سَعِيدٍ الثَّقَفِيُّ، ثنا حَاتِمٌ يَعْنِي ابْنَ إِسْمَاعِيلَ الْمَدَنِيَّ، عَنْ يَزِيدَ بْنِ أَبِي عُبَيْدٍ، قَالَ: سَمِعْتُ عُمَيْرًا مَوْلَى أَبِي اللَّحْمَ، قَالَ: أَمَرَنِي مَوْلَايَ أَنْ أُقَدِّدَ لَحْمًا، ⦗٣٢٦⦘ فَجَاءَنِي مِسْكِينٌ فَأَطْعَمْتُهُ مِنْهُ فَعَلِمَ بِذَلِكَ مَوْلَايَ فَضَرَبَنِي، فَأَتَيْتُ رَسُولَ اللهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ فَذَكَرْتُ ذَلِكَ لَهُ فَدَعَاهُ، فَقَالَ " لِمَ ضَرَبْتَهُ؟ " فَقَالَ: يُعْطِي طَعَامِي بِغَيْرِ أَنْ آمُرَهُ، فَقَالَ " الْأَجْرُ بَيْنَكُمَا " رَوَاهُ مُسْلِمٌ فِي الصَّحِيحِ عَنْ قُتَيْبَةَ.
Yazid bin Abi Ubayd said: I heard Umayr (may Allah be pleased with him), the slave of Abu al-Lahm, say: My master ordered me to prepare (dry) some meat, and a needy man came to me, so I fed him some of it. My master came to know of this and beat me. So I came to the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) and told him (peace and blessings be upon him) about it. He (peace and blessings be upon him) called him and said: "Why did you beat him?" He said: He gives away my food without my permission. He (peace and blessings be upon him) said: "The reward is shared between the two of you."
أَخْبَرَنَا الْإِمَامُ أَبُو الْفَتْحِ الْعُمَرِيُّ، أنبأ عَبْدُ الرَّحْمَنِ بْنُ أَبِي شُرَيْحٍ، أنبأ أَبُو الْقَاسِمِ الْبَغَوِيُّ، ثنا عَلِيُّ بْنُ الْجَعْدِ، أنبأ ابْنُ أَبِي ذِئْبٍ، عَنْ دِرْهَمٍ، قَالَ: فَرَضَ عَلَيَّ سَيِّدِي كُلَّ يَوْمٍ دِرْهَمًا، فَأَتَيْتُ أَبَا هُرَيْرَةَ فَقَالَ: " اتَّقِ اللهَ وَأَدِّ حَقَّ اللهَ عَلَيْكَ وَحَقَّ مَوَالِيكَ، فَإِنَّكَ لَا تَمْلِكُ مِنْ مَالِكَ وَلَا مِنْ دَمِكَ إِلَّا أَنْ تَضَعَ يَدَكَ، أَوْ تُطْعِمَ مِسْكِينًا لُقْمَةً " وَمِمَّنْ رُوِيَ عَنْهُ أَنَّهُ أَبَاحَ لَهُ أَنْ يَتَصَدَّقَ بِالشَّيْءِ الْيَسِيرِ مِنْ مَالِهِ أَبُو هُرَيْرَةَ وَسَعِيدُ بْنُ الْمُسَيِّبِ، وَسَعِيدُ بْنُ جُبَيْرٍ وَالْحَسَنُ الْبَصْرِيُّ، وَالشَّعْبِيُّ، وَالنَّخَعِيُّ، وَالزُّهْرِيُّ، وَمَكْحُولٌ إِلَّا أَنَّ مَكْحُولًا عَلَّلَ بِأَنَّهُ يَتَحَلَّلُهُ.
Ibn Abi Dhi'b (may Allah have mercy on him) relates from Dirham, who said: My master fixed a payment of one dirham per day upon me. So I came to Sayyiduna Abu Hurayrah (may Allah be pleased with him), and he said: Fear Allah and fulfil the right of Allah that is upon you and the right of your master, for you do not own your wealth nor your blood, except that you put your hand (to it) or feed a needy person a morsel.
(Among those who held it permissible for him to give something in charity from his wealth are Sayyiduna Abu Hurayrah (may Allah be pleased with him), Sa'id bin Jubayr, al-Hasan al-Basri (may Allah have mercy on them) and others.)
(Among those who held it permissible for him to give something in charity from his wealth are Sayyiduna Abu Hurayrah (may Allah be pleased with him), Sa'id bin Jubayr, al-Hasan al-Basri (may Allah have mercy on them) and others.)
وَقَدْ أَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو بَكْرِ بْنُ الْحَارِثِ الْفَقِيهُ، أنبأ أَبُو مُحَمَّدِ بْنُ حَيَّانَ، ثنا إِبْرَاهِيمُ بْنُ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ الْحَسَنِ، ثنا أَبُو عَامِرٍ، ثنا الْوَلِيدُ بْنُ مُسْلِمٍ، حَدَّثَنِي عَبْدُ الْمَلِكِ بْنُ أَبِي غَنِيَّةَ، عَنِ الْحَكَمِ بْنِ عُتَيْبَةَ، عَنْ عَبْدِ اللهِ بْنِ أَبِي الْهُذَيْلِ، قَالَ: كَتَبَ مَعِي أَهْلُ الْكُوفَةِ بِمَسَائِلَ أَسْأَلُ عَنْهَا ابْنَ عَبَّاسٍ فَجَلَسْتُ إِلَيْهِ، فَأَتَاهُ عَبْدٌ، فَقَالَ: يَا ابْنَ عَبَّاسٍ إِنِّي أَرْعَى غَنَمًا لِأَهْلِي فَيَمُرُّ بِيَ الظَّمْآنُ أَسْقِيهِ، قَالَ: " لَا، ثُمَّ لَا إِلَّا بِأَمْرِ أَهْلِكَ " قَالَ: فَإِنِّي أَتَخَوَّفُ عَلَيْهِ الْمَوْتَ، قَالَ: " فَاسْقِهِ ثُمَّ أَخْبِرْ أَهْلَكَ بِذَلِكَ ".
Abdullah bin Abi al-Hudhayl (may Allah be pleased with him) relates that the people of Kufah gave me some questions in writing, to ask Sayyiduna Ibn Abbas (may Allah be pleased with them both) about. I was sitting with him when a slave came and said: O Ibn Abbas (may Allah be pleased with them both), I am a shepherd grazing my people's goats; if a thirsty person passes by me, may I give him to drink? He said: No, except with their permission. He said: I fear he may die. He said: Then give him to drink, but inform your people about it.
وَأَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو مَنْصُورٍ الْفَقِيهُ، وَأَبُو نَصْرِ بْنُ قَتَادَةَ وَأَبُو الْقَاسِمِ عَبْدُ الرَّحْمَنِ بْنُ عَلِيِّ بْنِ حَمْدَانَ الْفَارِسِيُّ، قَالُوا: أنبأ أَبُو عَمْرِو بْنُ نُجَيْدٍ السُّلَمِيُّ، أنبأ أَبُو مُسْلِمٍ، ثنا الْأَنْصَارِيُّ، ثنا إِسْمَاعِيلُ بْنُ مُسْلِمٍ، ثنا عَطَاءٌ، عَنِ ابْنِ عَبَّاسٍ: سُئِلَ عَنِ الْمَمْلُوكِ يَتَصَدَّقُ بِشَيْءٍ، فَقَالَ: " {ضَرَبَ اللهُ مَثَلًا عَبْدًا مَمْلُوكًا لَا يَقْدِرُ عَلَى شَيْءٍ} [النحل: ٧٥] لَا يَتَصَدَّقُ بِشَيْءٍ إِلَّا أَنْ يَكُونَ فِي إِبِلٍ رَاعِيَةٍ فَيَأْتِيَهُ رَجُلٌ قَدِ انْقَطَعَ حَلْقُهُ مِنَ الْعَطَشِ يَخْشَى إِنْ لَمْ يَسْقِهِ أَنْ يَمُوتَ فَإِنَّهُ يَسْقِيهِ ".
Ata (may Allah have mercy on him) said that Sayyiduna Abdullah bin Abbas (may Allah be pleased with them both) was asked about a slave: may he give anything in charity? He said: "Allah sets forth the example of a slave who is owned and has no power over anything" [Surah al-Nahl: 75], meaning he may not give anything in charity, unless he is a herdsman of camels and a man comes to him whose throat has dried up from thirst, and he fears that if he is not given water he will die; then he should give him to drink.
أَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو الْحُسَيْنِ بْنُ بِشْرَانَ، أنبأ إِسْمَاعِيلُ بْنُ مُحَمَّدٍ الصَّفَّارُ، ثنا عَبْدُ الْكَرِيمِ بْنُ الْهَيْثَمِ، ثنا أَبُو الْيَمَانِ، أنبأ شُعَيْبٌ قَالَ: قَالَ نَافِعٌ: كَانَ عَبْدُ اللهِ بْنُ عُمَرَ يَقُولُ: " لَا يَصْلُحُ لِلْعَبْدِ أَنْ يُنْفِقَ مِنْ مَالِهِ شَيْئًا، وَلَا يُعْطِيهِ أَحَدًا إِلَّا بِإِذْنِ سَيِّدِهِ إِلَّا أَنْ يَأْكُلَ فِيهِ بِالْمَعْرُوفِ أَوْ يَكْتَسِيَ " ⦗٣٢٧⦘ وَالْحَدِيثُ الْمُسْنَدُ يَحْتَمِلُ عَلَى الْبُعْدِ أَنْ يَكُونَ قَصَدَ النَّبِيُّ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ تَرْغِيبَ الْمَالِكِ فِي أَنْ يَأْذَنَ لِمَمْلُوكِهِ فِي أَنْ يَتَصَدَّقَ عَنْهُ، وَالْأَجْرُ بَيْنَهُمَا، وَمَا يَدُلُّ عَلَيْهِ ظَاهِرُهُ مِنَ الْإِبَاحَةِ أَوْلَى بِمَنْ رَغِبَ فِي مُتَابَعَةِ السُّنَّةِ، وَبِاللهِ التَّوْفِيقُ.
Nafi' (may Allah have mercy on him) said that Abdullah bin Umar (may Allah be pleased with them both) used to say: "It is not right for a slave to spend anything from his wealth, nor to give it to anyone, without his master's permission, except that he may eat from it in a reasonable manner or clothe himself."
(The musnad hadith could, remotely, be understood to mean that the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) intended to encourage the owner to permit his slave to give charity on his behalf, with the reward shared between them; but the permissibility indicated by its apparent meaning is more fitting for one who wishes to follow the Sunnah. And success is from Allah.)
(The musnad hadith could, remotely, be understood to mean that the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) intended to encourage the owner to permit his slave to give charity on his behalf, with the reward shared between them; but the permissibility indicated by its apparent meaning is more fitting for one who wishes to follow the Sunnah. And success is from Allah.)
