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السنن الكبرى للبيهقي
Sunan al-Kubra al-Bayhaqi
كتاب آداب القاضي
Book of the Etiquette of the Judge
باب: إثم من أفتى، أو قضى بالجهل
Chapter: The sin of one who gives fatwa or judges in ignorance
Bayhaqi 20357 — The sin of one who gives fatwa or judges in ignorance
اُردوEn
حَدَّثَنَا أَبُو طَاهِرٍ الْفَقِيهُ، أنبأ أَبُو طَاهِرٍ مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ الْحَسَنِ الْمُحَمَّدَآبَاذِيُّ، ثنا أَبُو جَعْفَرٍ مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ عُبَيْدِ اللهِ بْنِ الْمُنَادِي، ثنا وَهْبُ بْنُ جَرِيرٍ، ثنا شُعْبَةُ، عَنْ قَتَادَةَ، عَنْ أَبِي الْعَالِيَةِ، عَنْ عَلِيٍّ، رَضِيَ اللهُ عَنْهُ قَالَ: " الْقُضَاةُ ثَلَاثَةٌ: فَاثْنَانِ فِي النَّارِ، وَوَاحِدٌ فِي الْجَنَّةِ، فَأَمَّا اللَّذَانِ فِي النَّارِ: فَرَجُلٌ جَارَ عَنِ الْحَقِّ مُتَعَمِّدًا، وَرَجُلٌ اجْتَهَدَ رَأْيَهُ فَأَخْطَأَ، وَأَمَّا الَّذِي فِي الْجَنَّةِ، فَرَجُلٌ اجْتَهَدَ رَأْيَهُ فِي الْحَقِّ فَأَصَابَ "، قَالَ: فَقُلْتُ لِأَبِي الْعَالِيَةِ: " مَا بَالُ هَذَا الَّذِي اجْتَهَدَ رَأْيَهُ فِي الْحَقِّ فَأَخْطَأَ؟ " قَالَ: " لَوْ شَاءَ لَمْ يَجْلِسْ يَقْضِي، وَهُوَ لَا يُحْسِنُ يَقْضِي ". قَالَ الشَّيْخُ رَحِمَهُ اللهُ: " تَفْسِيرُ أَبِي الْعَالِيَةِ عَلَى مَنْ لَمْ يُحْسِنْ يَقْضِي، دَلِيلٌ عَلَى أَنَّ الْخَبَرَ وَرَدَ فِيمَنِ اجْتَهَدَ رَأْيَهُ وَهُوَ مِنْ غَيْرِ أَهْلِ الِاجْتِهَادِ، فَإِنْ كَانَ مِنْ أَهْلِ الِاجْتِهَادِ فَأَخْطَأَ، فِيمَا يَسُوغُ فِيهِ الِاجْتِهَادُ، رُفِعَ عَنْهُ خَطَؤُهُ، إِنْ شَاءَ اللهُ، بِحُكْمِ النَّبِيِّ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ فِي حَدِيثِ عَمْرِو بْنِ الْعَاصِ وَأَبِي هُرَيْرَةَ رَضِيَ اللهُ عَنْهُمَا، وَذَلِكَ يَرِدُ وَبِاللهِ التَّوْفِيقُ.
Abu al-Aliyah (may Allah have mercy on him) narrates from Sayyiduna Ali (may Allah be pleased with him) that he said: "Judges are of three kinds; two kinds will go to Hell and one judge will go to Paradise: (1) one who deliberately turns away from the truth, and (2) one who errs in his ijtihad; both of these are in Hell. (3) One who strives in ijtihad for the truth and gets it right is in Paradise." The narrator said: I said to Abu al-Aliyah (may Allah have mercy on him): What is the fault of one who strives for the truth but errs? He said: If he wished, he would not sit to judge, since he is not able to judge well.
The Shaykh said: Abu al-Aliyah's (may Allah have mercy on him) explanation requires that one who is not among the people of ijtihad and yet attempts ijtihad (will be held to account); but one who is among the people of ijtihad and then errs will be forgiven, by the ruling of the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him), as is reported in the hadiths of Sayyiduna Amr bin al-As and Sayyiduna Abu Hurayrah (may Allah be pleased with them both).
The Shaykh said: Abu al-Aliyah's (may Allah have mercy on him) explanation requires that one who is not among the people of ijtihad and yet attempts ijtihad (will be held to account); but one who is among the people of ijtihad and then errs will be forgiven, by the ruling of the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him), as is reported in the hadiths of Sayyiduna Amr bin al-As and Sayyiduna Abu Hurayrah (may Allah be pleased with them both).
