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Bayhaqi 20354 — The sin of one who gives fatwa or judges in ignorance

أَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو حَازِمٍ عُمَرُ بْنُ أَحْمَدَ الْعَبْدَوِيُّ الْحَافِظُ، وَأَبُو نَصْرٍ عُمَرُ بْنُ عَبْدِ الْعَزِيزِ بْنِ قَتَادَةَ قَالَا: أنبأ أَبُو الْفَضْلِ مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ عَبْدِ اللهِ بْنِ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ خَمِيرُوَيْهِ، أنبأ أَحْمَدُ بْنُ نَجْدَةَ الْقُرَشِيُّ، ثنا سَعِيدُ بْنُ مَنْصُورٍ، ثنا خَلَفُ بْنُ خَلِيفَةَ، ثنا أَبُو هَاشِمٍ، قَالَ: لَوْلَا حَدِيثٌ حَدَّثَنِي ابْنُ بُرَيْدَةَ، عَنْ أَبِيهِ، قَالَ: قَالَ رَسُولُ اللهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ: " الْقُضَاةُ ثَلَاثَةٌ: اثْنَانِ فِي النَّارِ، وَوَاحِدٌ فِي الْجَنَّةِ: رَجُلٌ عَرَفَ الْحَقَّ فَقَضَى بِهِ فَهُوَ فِي الْجَنَّةِ، وَرَجُلٌ قَضَى بَيْنَ النَّاسِ بِالْجَهْلِ فَهُوَ فِي النَّارِ، وَرَجُلٌ عَرَفَ الْحَقَّ فَجَارَ فَهُوَ فِي النَّارِ ". لَقُلْنَا: إِنَّ الْقَاضِيَ إِذَا اجْتَهَدَ فَلَيْسَ عَلَيْهِ شَيْءٌ، قَالَ الشَّيْخُ رَحِمَهُ اللهُ: " اجْتِهَادُهُ بِغَيْرِ عَلِمٍ لَا يَهْدِيهِ إِلَى الْحَقِّ إِلَّا اتِّفَاقًا، فَلَمْ يَكُنْ مَأْذُونًا لَهُ فِيهِ ".
Abu Hashim said: Were it not for a hadith that Ibn Buraydah narrated to me from his father (Sayyiduna Buraydah (may Allah be pleased with him)), that the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) said: "Judges are of three kinds: two are in Hell and one is in Paradise: (1) one who recognises the truth and judges by it; he is in Paradise. (2) One who judges between people in ignorance; he is in Hell. (3) One who recognises the truth and acts unjustly; he too is in Hell," we would have said: When a judge exercises his own judgement, there is no blame on him.
The Shaykh said: Exercising judgement without knowledge does not lead to the truth except by chance, so he is not permitted to do it.
Hadith Reference السنن الكبرى للبيهقي / كتاب آداب القاضي / 20354
Hadith Grading محدثین: صحيح
Hadith Takhrij «صحيح»