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السنن الكبرى للبيهقي
Sunan al-Kubra al-Bayhaqi
كتاب السير
Book of Military Expeditions
باب: السواد
Chapter: The Sawad of Iraq
Bayhaqi 18380 — The Sawad of Iraq
اُردوEn
وَأَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو سَعِيدٍ، ثنا أَبُو الْعَبَّاسِ، ثنا الْحَسَنُ، ثنا يَحْيَى، ثنا ابْنُ الْمُبَارَكِ، عَنْ حَمَّادِ بْنِ سَلَمَةَ، عَنْ دَاوُدَ بْنِ أَبِي هِنْدٍ، عَنِ الشَّعْبِيِّ، قَالَ: قَالَ عُمَرُ رَضِيَ اللهُ عَنْهُ لِجَرِيرٍ: هَلْ لَكَ أَنْ تَأْتِيَ الْعِرَاقَ وَلَكَ الرُّبُعُ أَوِ الثُّلُثُ بَعْدَ الْخُمُسِ مِنْ كُلِّ أَرْضٍ وَشَيْءٍ. هَذَا مُنْقَطِعٌ، وَالَّذِي قَبْلَهُ مَوْصُولٌ، وَلَيْسَ فِي الْآثَارِ الَّتِي رُوِّينَاهَا وَلَمْ نَرُدَّهَا فِي سَوَادِ الْعِرَاقِ أَصَحُّ مِنْهُ كَمَا قَالَ الشَّافِعِيُّ رَحِمَهُ اللهُ: ⦗٢٢٩⦘ أَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو سَعِيدٍ، ثنا أَبُو الْعَبَّاسِ، أَنْبَأَ الرَّبِيعُ، قَالَ: قَالَ الشَّافِعِيُّ: وَفِي هَذَا الْحَدِيثِ دِلَالَةٌ إِذْ أَعْطَى جَرِيرًا الْبَجَلِيَّ عِوَضًا مِنْ سَهْمِهِ، وَالْمَرْأَةَ عِوَضًا مِنْ سَهْمِ أَبِيهَا أَنَّهُ اسْتَطَابَ أَنْفُسَ الَّذِينَ أَوْجَفُوا عَلَيْهِ، فَتَرَكُوا حُقُوقَهُمْ مِنْهُ، فَجَعَلَهُ وَقْفًا لِلْمُسْلِمِينَ، وَهَذَا حَلَالٌ لِلْإِمَامِ لَوِ افْتُتِحَ الْيَوْمَ أَرْضٌ عَنْوَةً فَأَحْصَى مَنِ افْتَتَحَهَا وَطَابُوا أَنْفُسًا عَنْ حُقُوقِهِمْ مِنْهَا أَنْ يَجْعَلَهَا الْإِمَامُ وَقْفًا، وَحُقُوقُهُمْ مِنْهَا الْأَرْبَعَةُ الْأَخْمَاسِ وَيُوَفَّى أَهْلُ الْخُمُسِ حَقَّهُمْ، إِلَّا أَنْ يَدَعَ الْبَالِغُونَ مِنْهُمْ حُقُوقَهُمْ فَيَكُونَ ذَلِكَ لَهُ، وَالْحُكْمُ فِي الْأَرْضِ كَالْحُكْمِ فِي الْمَالِ، وَقَدْ سَبَى النَّبِيُّ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ هَوَازِنَ وَقَسَمَ أَرْبَعَةَ الْأَخْمَاسِ بَيْنَ الْمُوجِفِينَ، ثُمَّ جَاءَتْهُ وُفُودُ هَوَازِنَ مُسْلِمِينَ فَسَأَلُوهُ أَنْ يَمُنَّ عَلَيْهِمْ بِأَنْ يَرُدَّ عَلَيْهِمْ مَا أَخَذَ مِنْهُمْ، فَخَيَّرَهُمْ بَيْنَ الْأَمْوَالِ وَالسَّبْيِ، فَقَالُوا: خَيَّرْتَنَا بَيْنَ أَحْسَابِنَا وَأَمْوَالِنَا فَنَخْتَارُ أَحْسَابَنَا، فَتَرَكَ لَهُمْ رَسُولُ اللهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ حَقَّهُ وَحَقَّ أَهْلِ بَيْتِهِ، وَسَمِعَ بِذَلِكَ الْمُهَاجِرُونَ فَتَرَكُوا لَهُ حُقُوقَهُمْ، وَسَمِعَ بِذَلِكَ الْأَنْصَارُ فَتَرَكُوا لَهُ حُقُوقَهُمْ، وَبَقِيَ قَوْمٌ مِنَ الْمُهَاجِرِينَ الْآخِرِينَ وَالْفَتْحِيِّينَ فَأَمَرَ فَعَرَفَ عَلَى كُلِّ عَشَرَةٍ وَاحِدٌ ثُمَّ قَالَ: " ائْتُونِي بِطِيبِ أَنْفُسِ مَنْ بَقِيَ فَمَنْ كَرِهَ فَلَهُ عَلَيَّ كَذَا وَكَذَا مِنَ الْإِبِلِ " إِلَى وَقْتٍ ذَكَرَهُ فَجَاءُوا بِطِيبِ أَنْفُسِهِمْ إِلَّا الْأَقْرَعَ بْنَ حَابِسٍ وَعُيَيْنَةَ بْنَ بَدْرٍ فَإِنَّهُمَا أَبَيَا لِيُعَيِّرَا هَوَازِنَ، فَلَمْ يُكْرِهْهُمَا رَسُولُ اللهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ عَلَى ذَلِكَ، حَتَّى كَانَا هُمَا تَرَكَا بَعْدَ أَنْ خَدَعَ عُيَيْنَةُ عَنْ حَقِّهِ وَسَلَّمَ لَهُمْ رَسُولُ اللهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ حَقَّ مَنْ طَابَ نَفْسُهُ عَنْ حَقِّهِ. قَالَ الشَّافِعِيُّ: وَهَذَا أَوْلَى الْأُمُورِ بِعُمَرَ بْنِ الْخَطَّابِ رَضِيَ اللهُ عَنْهُ عِنْدَنَا فِي السَّوَادِ وَفُتُوحِهِ إِنْ كَانَتْ عَنْوَةً، وَهَذَا الَّذِي ذَكَرَهُ الشَّافِعِيُّ مِنْ أَمْرِ هَوَازِنَ قَدْ مَضَى فِي حَدِيثِ الْمِسْوَرِ بْنِ مَخْرَمَةَ، وَفِي رِوَايَةِ عَمْرِو بْنِ شُعَيْبٍ عَنْ أَبِيهِ عَنْ جَدِّهِ.
Al-Sha'bi (may Allah have mercy on him) said: Umar (may Allah be pleased with him) said to Jarir (may Allah be pleased with him): "Will you go to Iraq? You will be given a quarter or a third, after the fifth, of every land and everything."
This report is munqati' (its chain is broken), while the one before it is mawsul (connected), and among the reports we have narrated concerning the Sawad of Iraq there is none more authentic than it.
Imam al-Shafi'i (may Allah have mercy on him) said: In this hadith there is an indication that, when Jarir al-Bajali was given compensation for his share, just as the woman was given compensation for her father's share, this was with the willing consent of those who had ridden against it in battle. They gave up their rights and it was made a waqf (endowment) for the Muslims. It is permissible for the Imam, if a land is conquered by force today and he counts those who conquered it and they willingly give up their rights in it, to make it a waqf; their right in it is four-fifths, and the people of the fifth are to be given their full right, unless the adults among them give up their rights, in which case that is for the Imam. The ruling on land is like the ruling on wealth. The Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) took the people of Hawazin captive and divided their wealth among those who had conquered. Then the delegation of Hawazin came as Muslims and appealed to him to show them favour, so he (peace and blessings be upon him) gave them the choice of taking one thing, either the captives or the wealth. They said: "You (peace and blessings be upon him) have given us a choice between our kin and our wealth; we choose our kin." The Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) gave up his own right and the right of his household. When the Muhajirun and the Ansar (may Allah be pleased with them) heard of it, they too gave up their rights. Some of the later Muhajirun and of those who embraced Islam at the Conquest remained, so he (peace and blessings be upon him) appointed one man as overseer over every ten, then said: "Bring me the willing consent of those who remain; whoever is unwilling, he will have from me such-and-such camels," up to a time that he (peace and blessings be upon him) specified. All of them gave up their rights except al-Aqra' bin Habis and Uyaynah bin Badr (may Allah be pleased with them both); the two of them refused in order to shame Hawazin. The Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) did not compel them to do so, until later both of them gave up their right, while Uyaynah was tricked out of his right, and the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) handed over to them (Hawazin) the right of those who had willingly given up their right.
Imam al-Shafi'i (may Allah have mercy on him) said: In our view, concerning the Sawad and its conquests, if they were by force, this is the most fitting course to attribute to Sayyiduna Umar bin al-Khattab (may Allah be pleased with him).
This report is munqati' (its chain is broken), while the one before it is mawsul (connected), and among the reports we have narrated concerning the Sawad of Iraq there is none more authentic than it.
Imam al-Shafi'i (may Allah have mercy on him) said: In this hadith there is an indication that, when Jarir al-Bajali was given compensation for his share, just as the woman was given compensation for her father's share, this was with the willing consent of those who had ridden against it in battle. They gave up their rights and it was made a waqf (endowment) for the Muslims. It is permissible for the Imam, if a land is conquered by force today and he counts those who conquered it and they willingly give up their rights in it, to make it a waqf; their right in it is four-fifths, and the people of the fifth are to be given their full right, unless the adults among them give up their rights, in which case that is for the Imam. The ruling on land is like the ruling on wealth. The Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) took the people of Hawazin captive and divided their wealth among those who had conquered. Then the delegation of Hawazin came as Muslims and appealed to him to show them favour, so he (peace and blessings be upon him) gave them the choice of taking one thing, either the captives or the wealth. They said: "You (peace and blessings be upon him) have given us a choice between our kin and our wealth; we choose our kin." The Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) gave up his own right and the right of his household. When the Muhajirun and the Ansar (may Allah be pleased with them) heard of it, they too gave up their rights. Some of the later Muhajirun and of those who embraced Islam at the Conquest remained, so he (peace and blessings be upon him) appointed one man as overseer over every ten, then said: "Bring me the willing consent of those who remain; whoever is unwilling, he will have from me such-and-such camels," up to a time that he (peace and blessings be upon him) specified. All of them gave up their rights except al-Aqra' bin Habis and Uyaynah bin Badr (may Allah be pleased with them both); the two of them refused in order to shame Hawazin. The Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) did not compel them to do so, until later both of them gave up their right, while Uyaynah was tricked out of his right, and the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) handed over to them (Hawazin) the right of those who had willingly given up their right.
Imam al-Shafi'i (may Allah have mercy on him) said: In our view, concerning the Sawad and its conquests, if they were by force, this is the most fitting course to attribute to Sayyiduna Umar bin al-Khattab (may Allah be pleased with him).
