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السنن الكبرى للبيهقي
Sunan al-Kubra al-Bayhaqi
كتاب النكاح
Book of Marriage
باب: لا نكاح إلا بولي
Chapter: There is no marriage without a guardian
Bayhaqi 13636 — There is no marriage without a guardian
اُردوEn
أَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو بَكْرٍ أَحْمَدُ بْنُ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ الْحَارِثِ الْفَقِيهُ، أنبأ أَبُو مُحَمَّدٍ عَبْدُ اللهِ بْنُ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ جَعْفَرٍ أَبُو الشَّيْخِ، ثنا أَبُو بَكْرِ بْنُ أَبِي دَاوُدَ مِنْ لَفْظِهِ ثنا أَحْمَدُ بْنُ صَالِحٍ، ثنا ابْنُ وَهْبٍ، ح وَأَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو عَبْدِ اللهِ الْحَافِظُ، أَخْبَرَنِي أَبُو بَكْرٍ مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ أَحْمَدَ بْنِ يَحْيَى، ثنا يُوسُفُ بْنُ مُوسَى، ثنا أَحْمَدُ بْنُ صَالِحٍ، ثنا عَنْبَسَةُ، جَمِيعًا عَنْ يُونُسَ بْنِ يَزِيدَ، وَهَذَا لَفْظُ حَدِيثِ عَنْبَسَةَ، حَدَّثَنِي يُونُسُ بْنُ يَزِيدَ قَالَ: قَالَ مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ مُسْلِمِ بْنِ شِهَابٍ، ⦗١٧٩⦘ أَخْبَرَنِي عُرْوَةُ بْنُ الزُّبَيْرِ، أَنَّ عَائِشَةَ رَضِيَ اللهُ عَنْهَا زَوْجَ النَّبِيِّ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ أَخْبَرَتْهُ: " أَنَّ النِّكَاحَ كَانَ فِي الْجَاهِلِيَّةِ عَلَى أَرْبَعَةِ أَنْحَاءٍ، فَنِكَاحٌ مِنْهَا نِكَاحُ النَّاسِ الْيَوْمَ يَخْطُبُ الرَّجُلُ إِلَى الرَّجُلِ وَلِيدَتَهُ - وَفِي رِوَايَةِ ابْنِ وَهْبٍ: وَلِيَّتَهُ - فَيُصْدِقُهَا ثُمَّ يَنْكِحُهَا، وَنِكَاحٌ آخَرُ كَانَ الرَّجُلُ يَقُولُ لِامْرَأَتِهِ: إِذَا طَهُرَتْ مِنْ طَمَثِهَا أَرْسِلِي إِلَى فُلَانٍ اسْتَبْضِعِي مِنْهُ، وَيَعْتَزِلُهَا زَوْجُهَا، وَلَا يَمَسُّهَا أَبَدًا حَتَّى يَتَبَيَّنَ حَمْلُهَا مِنْ ذَلِكَ الرَّجُلِ الَّذِي يَسْتَبْضِعُ مِنْهُ، فَإِذَا تَبَيَّنَ حَمْلَهَا أَصَابَهَا زَوْجُهَا إِنْ أَحَبَّ، وَإِنَّمَا يَصْنَعُ ذَلِكَ رَغْبَةً فِي نَجَابَةِ الْوَلَدِ، فَكَانَ هَذَا النِّكَاحُ نِكَاحَ الِاسْتِبْضَاعِ، وَنِكَاحٌ آخَرُ يَجْتَمِعُ فِيهِ الرَّهْطُ دُونَ الْعَشَرَةِ، فَيَدْخُلُونَ عَلَى الْمَرْأَةِ كُلُّهُمْ يُصِيبُهَا، فَإِذَا حَمَلَتْ وَوَضَعَتْ وَمَرَّ لَيَالِي بَعْدَ أَنْ تَضَعَ حَمْلَهَا أَرْسَلَتْ إِلَيْهِمْ، فَلَمْ يَسْتَطِعْ رَجُلٌ مِنْهُمْ أَنْ يَمْتَنِعَ حَتَّى يَجْتَمِعُوا عِنْدَهَا، فَتَقُولُ لَهُمْ: قَدْ عَرَفْتُمُ الَّذِي كَانَ مِنْ أَمْرِكُمْ وَقَدْ وَلَدْتُ وَهَذَا ابْنُكَ يَا فُلَانُ، فَتُسَمِّي مَنْ أَحَبَّتْ مِنْهُمْ بِاسْمِهِ، فَيَلْحَقُ بِهِ وَلَدُهَا، وَالنِّكَاحُ الرَّابِعُ يَجْتَمِعُ النَّاسُ الْكَثِيرُ، فَيَدْخُلُونَ عَلَى الْمَرْأَةِ، لَا تَمْتَنِعُ مِمَّنْ جَاءَهَا، وَهُنَّ الْبَغَايَا هُنَّ يَنْصِبْنَ عَلَى أَبْوَابِهِنَّ رَايَاتٍ يَكُنَّ عَلَمًا لِمَنْ أَرَادَهُنَّ دَخَلَ عَلَيْهِنَّ، فَإِذَا حَمَلَتْ، فَوَضَعَتْ حَمْلَهَا جَمَعُوا لَهَا، وَدَعُوا لَهُمُ الْقَافَةَ، ثُمَّ أَلْحَقُوا وَلَدَهَا بِالَّذِي يَرَوْنَ، فَالْتَطَاهُ وَدَعِيُّ ابْنِهِ، لَا يَمْتَنِعُ مِنْ ذَلِكَ، فَلَمَّا بَعَثَ اللهُ مُحَمَّدًا صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ بِالْحَقِّ أَبْطَلَ وَهَدَمَ نِكَاحَ الْجَاهِلِيَّةِ، إِلَّا نِكَاحَ الْإِسْلَامِ الْيَوْمَ " رَوَاهُ الْبُخَارِيُّ فِي الصَّحِيحِ عَنْ أَحْمَدَ بْنِ صَالِحٍ، عَنْ عَنْبَسَةَ، قَالَ: وَقَالَ يَحْيَى بْنُ سُلَيْمَانَ، ثنا ابْنُ وَهْبٍ فَذَكَرَهُ.
The Mother of the Believers, Sayyidah Aishah (may Allah be pleased with her), said: In the days of ignorance (Jahiliyyah), marriage was of four kinds. One kind was the same as what people do today: a man would send a proposal to another man for the girl under his care or for his daughter, and he would give her a dowry (mahr) and marry her. The second kind was that a husband would say to his wife, when she became pure from her menses: "Go to so-and-so and have relations with him." During that period the husband would keep away from her and not even touch her, until her pregnancy from that other man with whom she had temporarily consorted became evident; once her pregnancy became evident, her husband would have relations with her if he wished. They did this so that their child would be born noble and of good stock. This marriage was called "nikah al-istibda'" (the marriage of seeking offspring). The third kind of marriage was that a few men, fewer than ten, would frequent one woman and have relations with her. Then, when that woman became pregnant and gave birth, a few days after the delivery she would summon those men. On that occasion none of them could refuse, so they would all gather with her, and she would say: "O so-and-so, this child is yours." She would name whomever she wished, and the child would be considered his. That man could not dare to deny it. The fourth marriage was as follows: there were many women (who took money in exchange for fornication); such women kept flags set up at their doors, which were regarded as a sign, and whoever wished would go to them. When such a woman became pregnant and gave birth, those who used to visit her would gather and call someone skilled in physiognomy (qiyafah), and they would attribute the woman's child to whichever man it resembled in features and appearance, and the child would be called his son. No one would refuse this. Then, when Muhammad (peace and blessings be upon him) was sent with the truth as a Messenger, he (peace and blessings be upon him) declared all the marriages of the Jahiliyyah void and kept only the marriage that is customary today.
