Fiqh Hanafi and the Prophetic Hadiths ﷺ: A Study of One Hundred Disputed Issues

عن أبى قلابة عن أنس رضى الله عنه من السنة إذا تزوج الرجل البكر على الثيب أقام عندها سبعة ثم قسم وإذا تزوج الثيب أقام عندها ثلاثة ثم قسم قال أبو قلابة رحمه الله ولو شئت لقلت إن أنسا رفعه إلى النبى صلى الله عليه وسلم

The Sunnah of the Noble Prophet صلى الله عليه وسلم is that the one who marries a second wife will stay with the bride for seven days if she is a virgin, and for three days if she is a widow. Then he will assign turns for both.
Reference:

والقديمة والجديدة سواء

This means that in this matter, the first and second wives will be equal in terms of division.

عن جابر رضى الله عنه أن النبى صلى الله عليه وسلم قال ذكاة الجنين ذكاة أمه

It is narrated from Sayyiduna Jabir رضي الله عنه that the Messenger of Allah صلى الله عليه وسلم said that when a female animal is slaughtered, the fetus inside her stomach is also slaughtered.
Reference:

ومن نحر ناقة أو ذبح بقرة فوجد فى بطنها جنينا ميتا لم يؤكل أشعر أو لم يشعر

Meaning, if someone slaughters a she-camel or a cow and finds a dead fetus inside her stomach, that fetus cannot be used for consumption.

عن جابر رضى الله عنه أن النبى صلى الله عليه وسلم نهى يوم خيبر عن لحوم الحمر الأهلية وأذن فى لحوم الخيل

It is narrated from Sayyiduna Jabir رضي اللہ عنہ that the Messenger of Allah صلى اللہ عليه وسلم prohibited eating the meat of domesticated donkeys on the day of Khyber and permitted eating the meat of horses.
Reference:

ويكره لحم الفرس عند أبى حنيفة رحمه الله

According to Imam Abu Hanifa رحمہ اللہ, horse meat is disliked (makruh).

عن عائشة رضي الله عنها قالت قال رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم من مات وعليه صيام صام عنه وليه

It is narrated from Sayyida Aisha رضي اللہ عنها that the Messenger of Allah صلى اللہ عليه وسلم said that if a deceased person has missed fasts (qada), then his heirs will fast on his behalf.
Reference:

من مات وعليه قضاء رمضان فأوصى به أطعم عنه وليه لكل يوم نصف صاع من بر أو من تمر أو شعير ولا يصوم عنه الولي

It means that if the deceased has missed fasting days of Ramadan and has made a will regarding them, his heirs cannot fast on his behalf; however, they can feed the poor half a sa’ of wheat, dates, or barley for each day on behalf of the deceased.

عن أم الفضل رضي الله عنها قالت إن النبى صلى الله عليه وسلم قال لا تحرم الرضعة أو الرضعتان

Sayyida Umm al-Fadl (may Allah be pleased with her) narrates that the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) said: One or two sips do not establish prohibition.
Reference:

قليل الرضاع وكثيره سواء إذا حصل فى مدة الرضاع يتعلق به التحريم

It means whether a little or a lot of milk is drunk, if it is within the period of breastfeeding, it establishes prohibition.

عن عائشة رضي الله عنها عن رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم قال لا تقطع يد السارق إلا فى ربع دينار فصاعدا

It is narrated from Sayyida Aisha رضي اللہ عنها that the Messenger of Allah صلى اللہ عليه وسلم said that the hand of a thief will be cut off if he steals an amount equivalent to one-quarter of a dinar (three dirhams) or more.
Reference:

وإذا سرق العاقل البالغ عشرة دراهم أو ما يبلغ قيمة عشرة دراهم مضروبة من حرز لا شبهة فيه وجب عليه القطع

Meaning, when a sane and adult person steals ten dirhams or steals something worth ten dirhams, then it is obligatory to cut off his hand.

عن جابر رضى الله عنه أن رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم قال من أعطى فى صداق امرأته ملء كفيه سويقا أو تمرا فقد استحل

It is narrated from Sayyiduna Jabir رضي اللہ عنه that the Messenger of Allah صلى اللہ عليه وسلم said that whoever gives his wife a handful of barley or dates as her dowry, then he has made her lawful for himself.
Reference:

وأقل المهر عشرة دراهم ولو سمى أقل من عشرة فلها العشر عندنا

This means the minimum dower (Mahr) is ten Dirhams. And if someone sets the dower less than ten Dirhams, according to our religion, the dower will still be ten Dirhams.

عن عمرو بن شعيب عن أبيه عن جده رضى الله عنه قال قال رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم لا يرجع أحد فى هبته إلا الوالد من ولده

It is narrated from Sayyiduna Abdullah bin Amr رضي الله عنه that the Messenger of Allah صلى الله عليه وسلم said: No person can take back a gift once given, except a father can take back from his son.
Authentication:

إذا وهب الهبة لغير ولده فله الرجوع منها بخلاف هبة الوالد لولده

This means when a man gifts something to a non-relative, he can take it back, but a father cannot take back from his son.

عن زيد بن خالد رضى الله عنه قال قال رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم فى ضالة الإبل إن لها معها سقاءها وحذاءها ترد الماء وتأكل الشجر حتى يلقاها ربها

It is narrated from Sayyiduna Zaid bin Khalid رضي اللہ عنه that the Messenger of Allah صلى اللہ عليه وسلم said about a lost camel that it will continue to drink water and eat grass until its owner finds it.
Reference:

ويجوز التقاط الشاة والبقرة والبعير

It means it is permissible to take a lost goat, cow, or camel.

عن أم الفضل رضي الله عنها قالت فضفرنا شعرها ثلاثة قرون فألقيناها خلفها

(Translation) Sayyida Umm al-Fadl رضي اللہ عنها narrates that we made three braids of Sayyida Zainab رضي اللہ عنها’s hair and threw them back.
Reference:

ويجعل شعرها ضفيرتين على صدرها

It means the woman’s (deceased) hair will be braided into two plaits and placed over the chest.

عن عبدالله بن زيد رضى الله عنه قال خرج رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم بالناس إلى المصلى ليستسقي فصلى بهم ركعتين جهر فيهما بالقراءة واستقبل القبلة يدعو ورفع يديه وحول رداءه حين استقبل القبلة

It is narrated from Sayyiduna Abdullah bin Zaid رضي الله عنه that the Messenger of Allah صلى الله عليه وسلم went out with the people towards the Eidgah for the prayer of Istisqa (seeking rain), where he صلى الله عليه وسلم prayed two rak’ahs in which he recited aloud, then turned towards the Qiblah, raised his hands, and turned the cloak.

Authentication:

قال أبو حنيفة رحمه الله ليس فى الاستسقاء صلاة مسنونة فى جماعة فإن صلى الناس وحدانا جاز

Imam Abu Hanifa, may Allah have mercy on him, says that praying Salat al-Istisqa (prayer for rain) in congregation is not Sunnah, but if people pray alone, it is permissible.

عن جابر رضى الله عنه قال قال رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم وهو يخطب إذا جاء أحدكم يوم الجمعة والإمام يخطب فليصل ركعتين وليتجوز فيهما

It is narrated from Sayyiduna Jabir, may Allah be pleased with him, that the Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings be upon him, said while delivering the sermon that on Friday, when the Imam is delivering the Khutbah and one of you arrives, he should pray two short Rak’ahs.
Reference:

إذا خرج الإمام يوم الجمعة ترك الناس الصلاة والكلام حتى يفرغ من خطبته

Meaning, on Friday when the Imam proceeds for the Friday prayer, people should abandon prayer and speech.

عن ابن عمر رضي الله عنهما قال قال رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم صلاة الليل مثنى مثنى فإذا خشي أحدكم الصبح صلى ركعة واحدة توتر له ما قد صلى

It is narrated from Sayyiduna Ibn Umar رضي اللہ عنهما that the Messenger of Allah صلى اللہ عليه وسلم said that the night prayer consists of two by two rak’ahs, and when there is a fear of dawn, pray one rak’ah; this one rak’ah will be the witr for his entire prayer.
Reference:

الوتر ثلاث ركعات

Meaning, Witr is three rak’ahs.

عن عائشة رضي الله عنها قالت إن الشمس خسفت على عهد رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم فبعث مناديا الصلاة جامعة فتقدم وصلى أربع ركعات فى ركعتين وأربع سجدات

It is narrated from Sayyida Aisha رضي اللہ عنها that during the time of the Messenger of Allah صلى اللہ عليه وسلم, when a solar eclipse occurred, he صلى اللہ عليه وسلم ordered the call to prayer for a congregational prayer, then he led the prayer consisting of two rak’ahs with four rukoo’s and four prostrations.
Reference:

إذا انكسفت الشمس صلى الإمام بالناس ركعتين كهيئة النافلة فى كل ركعة ركوع واحد

It means when a solar eclipse occurs, the Imam should lead the people in two rak’ahs like a regular voluntary prayer, making one bow (ruku) in each rak’ah.

عن أبى سعيد الخدري رضى الله عنه أن النبى صلى الله عليه وسلم قال ليس فى حب ولا تمر صدقة حتى يبلغ خمسة أوسق

It is narrated from Sayyiduna Abu Saeed Khudri رضي الله عنه that the Messenger of Allah صلى الله عليه وسلم said that there is no zakat on grains and dates until they reach five wasq.
Reference:

قال أبو حنيفة رحمه الله فى قليل ما أخرجته الأرض وكثيره العشر سواء سقي سيحا أو سقته السماء إلا القصب والحطب والحشيش

It means Imam Abu Hanifa رحمه الله said that on every produce of the land, except for silk, wood, and grass, whether little or much, there is a tenth (zakat).

عن مالك بن الحويرث رضى الله عنه أنه رأى النبى صلى الله عليه وسلم يصلي فإذا كان فى وتر من صلاته لم ينهض حتى يستوي قاعدا

It is narrated from Sayyiduna Malik bin Huwayrith رضي الله عنه that he saw the Prophet صلى الله عليه وسلم when he was in an odd number of rak’ahs, after sitting straight, he would stand up, meaning after the first and third rak’ah he would sit straight, then stand up for the second and fourth rak’ah.
Reference:

واستوى قائما على صدور قدميه ولا يقعد ولا يعتمد بيديه على الأرض

Meaning he should stand straight on his feet, neither sitting nor resting his hands on the ground.

عن أبى محذورة رضى الله عنه قال علمني رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم الأذان بنفسه وفيه ثم تعود فتقول

Our master Abu Mahdhurah رضي الله عنه says that the Messenger of Allah صلى الله عليه وسلم himself taught him the echoed call to prayer (Tarjee’ah in Adhan).
Note:
In the Adhan, saying the words of the two testimonies (Shahadatayn) twice softly first, then again twice loudly is called Tarjee’ah.
Reference:

الأذان سنة للصلوات الخمس والجمعة لا سواها ولا ترجيع فيه

Meaning, the Adhan is Sunnah for the five prayers and Jumu’ah, and there is no Tarjee’ah in it.

عن المغيرة بن شعبة رضى الله عنه أن النبى صلى الله عليه وسلم توضأ فمسح بناصيته وعلى العمامة والخفين

It is narrated from our master Mughirah bin Shu’bah رضي الله عنه that the Prophet صلى الله عليه وسلم wiped over his forehead, turban, and socks while performing ablution.
Reference:

ولا يجوز المسح على العمامة

Meaning, wiping over the turban is not permissible.

عن عمار رضى الله عنه قال ضرب النبى صلى الله عليه وسلم بكفيه الأرض ونفخ فيهما ثم مسح بهما وجهه وكفيه

It is narrated from Sayyiduna Ammar رضي الله عنه that the Prophet صلى الله عليه وسلم struck both his palms on the ground, then blew into them, then wiped his face and both palms with them.
Source:

والتيمم ضربتان يمسح بإحداهما وجهه وبالأخرى يديه إلى المرفقين

This means that Tayammum consists of two strikes: one for wiping the face and the other for wiping both hands up to the elbows.

عن عبدالله بن المغفل رضى الله عنه قال قال النبى صلى الله عليه وسلم صلوا قبل المغرب ركعتين صلوا قبل المغرب ركعتين ثم قال فى الثالثة لمن شاء كراهية أن يتخذها الناس سنة

It is narrated from Sayyiduna Abdullah bin Mughaffal رضي الله عنه that the Messenger of Allah صلى الله عليه وسلم said twice to pray two rak’ahs before Maghrib, and the third time he said, “Whoever wishes,” and this was said so that people do not make it a Sunnah Mu’akkadah (emphasized Sunnah).
Takhreej:

ولا يتنفل بعد الغروب قبل الفرض

This means that after the sun has set, a Nafl prayer cannot be offered before the obligatory prayer.

عن أبى هريرة رضى الله عنه أن رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم نعى النجاشي فى اليوم الذى مات فيه وخرج بهم إلى المصلى فصف بهم وكبر عليه أربع تكبيرات

It is narrated from Sayyiduna Abu Huraira رضي الله عنه that on the day the Negus passed away, the Messenger of Allah صلى الله عليه وسلم announced his death and proceeded towards the Eidgah, rows were formed, and the Prophet صلى الله عليه وسلم said four Takbirs.
Reference:

فلا تصح على غائب

This means that offering the funeral prayer in absentia is not valid.

أمر بلال رضى الله عنه أن يشفع الأذان ويوتر الإقامة

Sayyiduna Bilal رضي الله عنه was instructed to say the words of the Adhan twice each, and the words of the Iqamah once each.
Reference:

والإقامة مثل الأذان إنه يزيد فيها بعد الفلاح قد قامت الصلاة مرتين

Iqaamah is like the Adhan; the difference is that in Iqaamah, after “Hayya ‘ala al-Falah,” the phrase “Qad Qamatis Salah” is said twice.

عن أنس رضى الله عنه أن النبى صلى الله عليه وسلم سئل عن الخمر تتخذ خلا فقال لا

It is narrated from Sayyiduna Anas رضي الله عنه that the Prophet صلى الله عليه وسلم was asked about wine, whether it can be turned into vinegar? He صلى الله عليه وسلم forbade it.
Reference:

وإذا تخللت الخمر حلت سواء صارت خلا بنفسها أو شيء يطرح فيها ولا يكره تخليلها

It means that wine can be turned into vinegar; it is the same whether the vinegar is made directly from the wine or by adding something to it to make vinegar, there is no dislike in this.

عن ابن عمر رضي الله عنهما قال قال رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم إذا استأذنت امرأة أحدكم إلى المسجد فلا يمنعها

It is narrated from Sayyiduna Ibn Umar رضي الله عنهما that the Messenger of Allah صلى الله عليه وسلم said: When any of your wives asks permission to pray in the mosque, do not forbid her.
Reference:

ويكره لهن حضور الجماعات ولا بأس للعجوز أن تخرج فى الفجر والمغرب والعشاء

It means that it is disliked for women to go to the mosque to pray in congregation, but if an elderly woman goes to pray Fajr, Maghrib, and Isha, then there is no harm.

عن ابن عباس رضي الله عنهما أن رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم قال إن الله تجاوز عن أمتي الخطأ والنسيان وما استكرهوا عليه

It is narrated from Sayyiduna Ibn Abbas رضي الله عنهما that the Messenger of Allah صلى الله عليه وسلم said that Allah تعالى has forgiven mistakes, forgetfulness, and what is done under compulsion from my Ummah.
Reference:

ومن تكلم فى صلاة عامدا أو ساهيا بطلت صلاته

Meaning, whoever deliberately or forgetfully talks during Salah, their prayer becomes invalid.

عن سمرة بن جندب رضى الله عنه قال قال رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم من قتل عبده قتلناه ومن جدع عبده جدعناه

It is narrated from Sayyiduna Samrah bin Jundub رضي اللہ عنه that the Messenger of Allah صلى اللہ عليه وسلم said: Whoever kills his slave, we will kill him, and whoever cuts off a part of his slave, we will cut off a part of him.
Reference:

ولا يقتل الرجل بعبده

Meaning, a man will not be killed in retaliation for his slave.

عن أبى مسعود الأنصاري رضى الله عنه أن رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم نهى عن ثمن الكلب ومهر البغي وحلوان الكاهن

It is narrated from Sayyiduna Abu Masood Al-Ansari رضي اللہ عنه that the Messenger of Allah صلى اللہ عليه وسلم forbade the price of a dog, the wages of fornication, and sweetening the mouth of an astrologer.
Takhreej:

يجوز بيع الكلب والفهد والسباع

It means trading dogs, leopards, and other beasts of prey is permissible.

عن أبى سلمة بن عبدالرحمن رحمه الله أن عائشة رضي الله عنها لما توفي سعد بن أبى وقاص رضى الله عنه قالت أدخلوا به المسجد حتى أصلي عليه فأنكر ذلك عليها فقالت والله لقد صلى رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم على ابني بيضاء فى المسجد سهيل وأخيه

It is narrated from Sayyiduna Abu Salamah bin Abdul Rahman, may Allah have mercy on him, that when Sayyiduna Saad bin Abi Waqqas, may Allah be pleased with him, passed away, Sayyidah Aisha, may Allah be pleased with her, said that bring him (the deceased) to the mosque so that I may also offer his funeral prayer. When this was refused, she said, “By Allah, the Messenger of Allah صلى الله عليه وسلم led the funeral prayer of the two sons of Bayda, Suhail and his brother, in the mosque.”
Reference:
[Sahih Muslim, Vol. 1, Book of Funerals, Chapter on the permissibility of praying over the deceased in the mosque, page: 313, Hadith number 973]

ولا يصلى على ميت فى مسجد جماعة

This means that the funeral prayer will not be offered in congregation for the deceased in the mosque.
Reference:
[Hidayah Awwalin, Vol. 1, Book of Prayer, Chapter on Funerals, Section on praying over the deceased, page 180]

عن على رضى الله عنه عن النبى صلى الله عليه وسلم قال ألا لا يقتل مسلم بكافر

It is narrated from Sayyiduna Ali رضي اللہ عنه that the Prophet صلى اللہ عليه وسلم said that a Muslim will not be killed in exchange for a disbeliever.
Reference:

والمسلم بالذمي

This means the diya (blood money) of a Muslim and a dhimmi disbeliever is equal.

عن أم عطية رضي الله عنها قالت أمرنا أن نخرج الحيض يوم العيدين والذوات الخدور فيشهدن جماعة المسلمين ودعوتهم ويعتزل الحيض عن مصلاهن

It is narrated from Sayyidah Umm Atiyyah رضي اللہ عنها that the Messenger of Allah صلى اللہ عليه وسلم commanded us women to go towards the Eidgah to perform the Eid prayer, while the ruling for menstruating women was to stay away from the Eidgah and participate in the prayers of the Muslims.
Reference:

ويكره لهن حضور الجماعات

It means that it is disliked for women to go to the mosque to pray in congregation.

عن أنس رضى الله عنه أن يهوديا رض رأس جارية بين حجرين فقيل لها من فعل بك هذا أفلان أو فلان حتى سمي اليهودي فأومت برأسها فجيء باليهودي فاعترف فأمر به رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم فرض رأسه بالحجارة

It is narrated from Sayyiduna Anas رضي الله عنه that a Jew crushed a girl’s head between two stones. When the girl was asked who did this to her, “Did so-and-so do it? Did so-and-so do it?” until the Jew’s name was mentioned, she nodded with her head. Then that Jew was brought, he confessed, and the Messenger of Allah صلى الله عليه وسلم ordered that his head be crushed with stones.
Source:

ولا يستوفى القصاص إلا بالسيف

It means that retribution (Qisas) will be carried out only by the sword, not by any other means.

عن كثير بن عبداللہ عن أبيه عن جده رضي اللہ عنه أن النبي صلى اللہ عليه وسلم كبر في العيدين في الأولى سبعاً قبل القراءة وفي الأخرى خمساً قبل القراءة

Sayyiduna Kathir bin Abdullah narrates from his father, and he from his grandfather رضي الله عنه that the Prophet صلى الله عليه وسلم used to say seven takbirs before the recitation in the first rak’ah of the two Eids, and five takbirs before the recitation in the second rak’ah.

Reference:

يكبر فى الأولى للافتتاح وثلاثا بعدها ثم يقرأ الفاتحة وسورة ويكبر تكبيرة يركع بها ثم يبتدي فى الركعة الثانية بالقراءة ثم يكبر ثلاثا بعدها ويكبر رابعة يركع بها

This means that in the first rak’ah, the takbeer for starting the prayer will be said, followed by three takbirs, then Surah Al-Fatiha and another Surah will be recited, then the takbeer for bowing (ruku’) will be said. Then the recitation of the second rak’ah will begin, followed by three takbirs, and the fourth takbeer will be said for bowing (ruku’).

عن أبى هريرة رضى الله عنه قال قال رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم عامة عذاب القبر من البول

It is narrated from Sayyiduna Abu Huraira رضي الله عنه that the Messenger of Allah صلى الله عليه وسلم said that generally, the punishment of the grave occurs due to not avoiding urine splashes.
Reference:

فإن انتضح عليه البول مثل رؤوس الإبر فذلك ليس بشيء وقدر الدرهم وما دونه من النجس المغلظ كالدم والبول والخمر وحزء الدجاج وبول الحمار جازت الصلاة معه

Meaning, if there are drops of urine about the size of a needle head, there is no harm. If there is a hard impurity equivalent to the size of a dirham, such as urine, wine, chicken droppings, or donkey urine, then the prayer is valid.

عن جبير بن مطعم رضى الله عنه قال قال رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم أيام التشريق كلها أيام ذبح

It is narrated from Sayyiduna Jubair bin Mut’im رضي الله عنه that the Messenger of Allah صلى الله عليه وسلم said that all the days of Tashreeq (i.e., 11th, 12th, and 13th of Dhu al-Hijjah) are days of sacrifice.
Reference:

وهي جائزة فى ثلاثة أيام يوم النحر ويومين بعده

This means that the sacrifice is permissible on three days: the 10th of Dhu al-Hijjah and the following two days (i.e., 11th and 12th of Dhu al-Hijjah).

عن عبدالله بن عمر رضي الله عنهما أن رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم دفع إلى يهود نخل خيبر وأرضها على أن يعتملوها من أموالهم ولرسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم شطر ثمرها

(Translation) It is narrated from Sayyiduna Ibn Umar رضي الله عنهما that the Messenger of Allah صلى الله عليه وسلم gave the Jews of Khaybar the date palms of Khaybar and its land on half sharecropping, on the condition that they would cultivate it with their own wealth, and the Messenger of Allah صلى الله عليه وسلم would receive half of its fruit.
Reference:

قال أبو حنيفة رحمه الله المزارعة بالثلث والربع باطلة

Imam Abu Hanifa رحمه الله says that giving on one-third or one-fourth sharecropping is invalid.

عن أنس رضى الله عنه قال استخلف رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم ابن أم مكتوم رضى الله عنه يؤم الناس وهو أعمى

It is narrated from Sayyiduna Anas رضي الله عنه that the Messenger of Allah صلى الله عليه وسلم appointed Sayyiduna Ibn Umm Maktum رضي الله عنه in his absence; he used to lead the people in prayer and he was blind.
Reference:

ويكره تقديم العبد والأعرابي والفاسق والأعمى وولد الزنا

It means it is disliked to appoint a slave, Bedouin, immoral person, blind person, or illegitimate child as an imam.

Narrated from Ibn Umar رضي الله عنهما that the Messenger of Allah صلى الله عليه وسلم said: Every intoxicant is wine and every intoxicant is forbidden.
It is narrated from Sayyiduna Ibn Umar رضي الله عنهما that the Messenger of Allah صلى الله عليه وسلم said: Every intoxicating thing is wine and every intoxicating thing is forbidden.
Authentication:

In one hadith:

قال رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم ان من الحنطة خمرا و الشعير خمرا و من التمر خمرا و من الزبيب خمرا و من العسل خمرا

The Messenger of Allah صلى الله عليه وسلم said that wine is made from wheat, barley, dates, grapes, and honey.

إن ما يتخذ من الحنطة والشعير والعسل والذرة حلال عند أبى حنيفة رحمه الله ولا يحد شاربه وإن سكر منه

Meaning, according to Imam Abu Hanifa (may Allah have mercy on him), making alcohol from wheat, barley, honey, and millet is permissible, and no punishment is prescribed for the one who drinks it, even if it causes intoxication.

عن أبى المليح بن أسامة عن أبيه رضى الله عنه عن النبى صلى الله عليه وسلم نهى عن جلود السباع

It is narrated from Sayyiduna Usama (may Allah be pleased with him) that the Prophet (peace be upon him) forbade the use of skins of wild animals.
Authentication:

كل إهاب دبغ ف قد طهر وجازت الصلاة فيه والوضوء منه إلا جلد الخنزير والآدمي

Meaning, every skin that becomes pure after tanning, it is permissible to pray on it or perform ablution with it, but pig and human skins are not pure.

عن جابر رضى الله عنه قال قال رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم ما أسكر كثيره فقليله حرام

It is narrated from Sayyiduna Jabir رضي الله عنه that the Messenger of Allah صلى الله عليه وسلم said: Whatever thing intoxicates in large quantity, its small quantity is also forbidden.
Reference:

ولأن المفسد هو القدح المسكر وهو حرام عندنا

Meaning, according to our (Hanafis), the cup of wine that causes intoxication is forbidden.

عن أبى موسى رضى الله عنه عن النبى صلى الله عليه وسلم قال لا نكاح إلا بولي

It is narrated from Sayyiduna Abu Musa رضي الله عنه that the Prophet صلى الله عليه وسلم said: There is no marriage without a guardian.
Reference:

وينعقد نكاح الحرة العاقلة البالغة برضاها وإن لم يعقد عليها ولي بكرا أو ثيبا

Meaning, the marriage of a free, sane, adult woman will take place with her consent without a guardian, whether she is a virgin or a widow.

عن أبى هريرة رضى الله عنه قال قال رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم إذا شرب الكلب فى إناء أحدكم فليغسله سبع مرات

It is narrated from Sayyiduna Abu Huraira رضي الله عنه that the Messenger of Allah صلى الله عليه وسلم said: If a dog licks the utensil of any one of you, then it should be washed seven times.
Reference:

يغسل الإناء من ولوغه ثلاثا

Meaning, due to the dog licking, the utensil should be washed three times.

إنما الأعمال بالنيات

Actions are judged by intentions.
Reference:

ولا يشترط نية التيمم للحدث أو للجنابة هو الصحيح من المذهب

According to the Hanafi school of thought, the correct ruling is that intention is not a condition for Tayammum, whether it is due to lack of wudu or due to janabah.

عن جابر رضى الله عنه قال قال رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم الغناء ينبت النفاق فى القلب كما ينبت الماء الزرع

It is narrated from Sayyiduna Jabir رضي الله عنه that the Messenger of Allah صلى الله عليه وسلم said that singing creates hypocrisy in the heart just as water causes crops to grow.
Reference:

And in another hadith, it is clarified that if there is singing and music at an invitation, then that invitation should not be accepted. As stated:

وأجب دعوة من دعاك من المسلمين ما لم يظهروا المعازف فإذا أظهروا المعازف فلا تجبهم

Whoever invites you, if there is no singing and music, then accept the invitation, but if there is singing and music, do not accept that invitation.
Reference:

من دعا إلى وليمة أو طعام فوجد ثمة لعبا أو غناء فلا بأس بأن يقعد ويأكل وقال أبو حنيفة رحمه الله ابتليت بهذا مرة فصبرت

If a person is invited to a Walimah or a meal where music and singing are played, there is no harm in that person sitting there and eating. Imam Abu Hanifa, may Allah have mercy on him, said that once I was tested with this as well, so I exercised patience.

عن أبى هريرة رضى الله عنه عن النبى صلى الله عليه وسلم قال ألا لا يحج بعد العام مشرك ولا يطوف بالبيت عريان

It is narrated from Sayyiduna Abu Huraira, may Allah be pleased with him, that the Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings be upon him, said: Beware! After this year, no polytheist will be able to perform Hajj nor circumambulate the House of Allah in a state of nakedness. And it is also in the Holy Quran:

﴿إِنَّمَا الْمُشْرِكُونَ نَجَسٌ فَلَا يَقْرَبُوا الْمَسْجِدَ الْحَرَامَ بَعْدَ عَامِهِمْ هَٰذَا﴾

Meaning polytheists are impure, therefore they should not even approach the Sacred Mosque.
Authentication:

لا بأس بأن يدخل أهل الذمة المسجد الحرام

It means there is no harm for a non-Muslim dhimmi to enter the House of Allah.

عن ابن عمر رضي الله عنهما قال نهى رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم أن يصلى فوق ظهر بيت الله

It is narrated from Sayyiduna Ibn Umar رضي الله عنهما that the Messenger of Allah صلى الله عليه وسلم forbade praying on the roof of the House of Allah.
Authentication:

من صلى على ظهر الكعبة جازت صلاته

It means that if a person prays on the roof of the House of Allah, his prayer is valid.

عن ابن عباس رضي الله عنهما أن رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم قضى بيمين وشاهد

It is narrated from Sayyiduna Ibn Abbas رضي الله عنهما that the Messenger of Allah صلى الله عليه وسلم ruled on the oath and one witness of the claimant (meaning he took an oath from him instead of the second witness).
Authentication:

ولا ترد اليمين على المدعى

This means the claimant is not required to take an oath.

عن أم ورقة رضي الله عنها أن رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم أمرها أن تؤم أهل دارها

It is narrated from Sayyida Umm Waraqah (may Allah be pleased with her) that the Messenger of Allah (peace be upon him) ordered that she lead the women of her household in prayer.
Reference:

The wording of the second hadith is as follows:

عن عائشة رضي الله عنها أنها كانت تؤم النساء وتقوم وسطهن

Sayyida Aisha (may Allah be pleased with her) used to lead the women in prayer and would stand in the middle of the row.
Reference:

يكره للنساء أن يصلين وحدهن جماعة

This means that it is disliked for women to form a congregation among themselves and pray.

عن عمرو بن شعيب عن أبيه عن جده رضى الله عنه أن رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم قال البيعان بالخيار ما لم يتفرقا

Our master Amr bin Shu’aib narrates from his father, and he from his grandfather رضي الله عنه that the Messenger of Allah صلى الله عليه وسلم said: “Two buyers and sellers have the option as long as they have not separated from each other.”

Reference:

وإذا حصل الإيجاب والقبول لزم البيع ولا خيار لواحد منهما إلا من عيب أو عدم رؤية

Meaning, when an offer and acceptance occur regarding a sale, the sale becomes binding. Now neither of the two has any option except if a defect or non-visibility becomes apparent.

عن عمرو بن سلمة رضى الله عنه قال فقدموني بين أيديهم وأنا ابن سبع سنين

Our master Amr bin Salamah (may Allah be pleased with him) says that the Companions appointed me to lead the prayer (made me Imam) when I was seven years old.
Reference:

ولا يجوز للرجال أن يقتدوا بامرأة أو صبي

It means that it is not permissible for men to follow a woman or a child in leading the prayer.

عن أبى حميد الساعدي رضى الله عنه أنه قال فى نفر من أصحاب رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم أنا أحفظكم بصلاة رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم فإذا جلس فى الركعة الأخيرة قدم رجله اليسرى ونصب الأخرى وقعد على مقعدته

It is narrated from Sayyiduna Abu Humayd Al-Sa’idi رضي اللہ عنه that he said to a group of companions that he memorized the prayer of the Messenger of Allah صلى اللہ عليه وسلم the most. When the Prophet صلى اللہ عليه وسلم sat for the last Tashahhud (in which the Salaam is given), he would raise his right foot and pull his left foot out from underneath it and sit in a reclining position.
Takhreej:

وجلس فى الأخيرة كما جلس فى الأولى

This means that in the last Tashahhud of the prayer, one should sit in the same manner as is done in the first Tashahhud.

عن عبادة بن الصامت رضى الله عنه قال إن رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم قال لا صلاة لمن لم يقرأ بفاتحة الكتاب

It is narrated from Sayyiduna Ubada bin As-Samit رضي الله عنه that the Messenger of Allah صلى الله عليه وسلم said: Whoever does not recite Surah Al-Fatiha in the prayer, his prayer is not valid.
Reference:

وهو مخير فى الأخيرين، معناه إن شاء سكت وإن شاء قرأ وإن شاء سبح، كذا روي عن أبى حنيفة

This means that in the last two units, the worshiper has the choice; that is, if he wishes, he may remain silent, if he wishes, he may recite, if he wishes, he may say Subhan Allah. This is also narrated from Imam Abu Hanifa رحمه الله.

عن سعيد بن هشام رضى الله عنه فى وتره صلى الله عليه وسلم يصلي تسع ركعات لا يجلس إلا فى الثامنة فيذكر الله ويحمده ويدعو ثم ينهض ولا يسلم فيصلي التاسعة ثم يقعد فيذكر الله ويحمده ويدعوه ثم يسلم تسليما

It is narrated from Sayyiduna Saeed bin Hisham رضي الله عنه that the Messenger of Allah صلى الله عليه وسلم said about Witr that he صلى الله عليه وسلم used to pray nine (9) rak’ahs, continuously eight rak’ahs without sitting, then (after the eighth rak’ah) he would sit, recite At-Tahiyyat, then (standing up) pray the ninth rak’ah and then give salam.
Takhreej:

فأما نافلة الليل قال أبو حنيفة إن صلى ثمان ركعات بتسليمة جاز، وتكره الزيادة على ذلك، وقالا لا يزيد بالليل على ركعتين بتسليمة

Regarding the voluntary night prayer, Imam Abu Hanifa رحمه الله said that if eight rak’ahs are prayed with one salam, it is permissible; praying more rak’ahs (with one salam) is disliked. The two companions said that in night prayer, two rak’ahs with one salam are permissible; more than that with one salam is not permissible.

عن أبى هريرة رضى الله عنه عن النبى صلى الله عليه وسلم أنه قال إذا أقيمت الصلاة فلا صلاة إلا المكتوبة

It is narrated from Sayyiduna Abu Huraira رضي الله عنه that the Prophet صلى الله عليه وسلم said: When the call for prayer (Iqamah) is made, no prayer other than the obligatory prayer should be performed.
Reference:

إن تفوته الركعة ويدرك الأخرى يصلي ركعتي الفجر عند باب المسجد

Meaning, if one rak’ah of Fajr prayer has been missed and the second rak’ah can still be joined, then one may pray the Sunnah of Fajr near the mosque door.

عن أبى هريرة رضى الله عنه قال قال رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم الربا سبعون جزءا أيسرها أن ينكح الرجل أمه

It is narrated from Sayyiduna Abu Huraira رضي الله عنه that the Messenger of Allah صلى الله عليه وسلم said: There are seventy degrees of sin in usury (Riba), the least of which is that a man associates with his mother.
Reference:

ولا بيع بين المسلم والحربي فى دار الحرب

Meaning, any credit transaction between a Muslim and a non-Muslim in the land of war (Dar al-Harb) is not considered usury (Riba).

عن قيس ابن عمرو قال رأى النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم رجلا يصلي بعد صلاة الصبح ركعتين فقال رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم صلاة الصبح ركعتين ركعتين فقال الرجل إني لم أكن صليت الركعتين اللتين قبلها فصليتهما الآن فصمت رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم

It is narrated from Sayyiduna Qais bin Amr رضي الله عنه that the Messenger of Allah صلی اللہ علیہ وسلم saw a man praying two rak’ahs after the Fajr prayer. When the Messenger of Allah صلی اللہ علیہ وسلم asked, “Is the Fajr prayer two rak’ahs?” the man replied, “I had not prayed the earlier two rak’ahs (Sunnah), so I am praying them now.” Then the Messenger of Allah صلی اللہ علیہ وسلم remained silent.
Reference:

إذا فاتته الركعتا الفجر لا يقضيهما قبل طلوع الشمس

Meaning, when the two rak’ahs (Sunnah) of Fajr are missed, they cannot be performed before sunrise.

عن ابن عباس قال لعن رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم المحلل والمحلل له

It is narrated from Sayyiduna Ibn Abbas رضي الله عنه that the Messenger of Allah صلی اللہ علیہ وسلم cursed both the one who performs Halala and the one for whom (Halala) is performed.
Reference:

فإن طلقها بعد وطيها حلت للأول

That is, if the second husband divorces her after intercourse, then she will become lawful for the first husband.

عن عقبة بن حارث أنه تزوج ابنة لأبي إهاب فقالت امرأة قد أرضعت عقبة والتي تزوج بها فقال لها عقبة ما أعلم أنك أرضعتني ولا أخبرتني فارسل إلى آل أبي إهاب فسألهم فقالوا ما علمنا أرضعت صاحبتنا فركب إلى النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم بالمدينة فسأله فقال رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم كيف وقد قيل ففارقها عقبة ونكحت زوجها غيره

It is narrated from Sayyiduna Uqbah bin Harith, may Allah be pleased with him, that he married the daughter of Abu Ihab. Then a woman came to him and said, “I have breastfed both of you, husband and wife.” Then Uqbah, may Allah be pleased with him, said to that woman, “I do not know that you have breastfed me, nor did you inform me earlier.” Then Uqbah, may Allah be pleased with him, sent a message to Abu Ihab to inquire about this, but he also said that he did not know that their companion had been breastfed. Then Uqbah, may Allah be pleased with him, came to the Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings be upon him, in Medina and asked him about this. The Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings be upon him, said, “How can you remain together when this has been said about you?” So Uqbah, may Allah be pleased with him, separated from his wife by the command of the Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings be upon him, and she married another husband.
Reference:

ولا يقبل في الرضاع شهادة النساء منفردات إنما يثبت بشهادة رجلين أو رجل وامرأتين

Meaning, the testimony of only women will not be accepted regarding suckling (rada’ah). Suckling will be established by the testimony of two men or one man and two women.

عن أبي الصهباء قال لابن عباس أتعلم أنما كانت الثلاث تجعل واحدة على عهد رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم وأبي بكر وثلاثا من إمارة عمر فقال ابن عباس نعم

Abu al-Sibaa’ (may Allah have mercy on him) said to Sayyiduna Ibn Abbas (may Allah be pleased with him), “Do you know that during the time of the Messenger of Allah (peace be upon him), and during the time of Abu Bakr (may Allah be pleased with him), and the first three years of Umar’s (may Allah be pleased with him) caliphate, three divorces were counted as one?” He replied, “Yes.”
Reference:

وطلاق البدعة أن يطلقها ثلاثا بكلمة واحدة أو ثلاث في طهر واحد فإذا فعل ذلك وقع الطلاق وكان عاصيا

And an innovated divorce (Talaq Bad’i) is when three divorces are given in one period of purity (tuhr) with one word or three words. If (divorce) is given in this way, all three will be effected, but the one who gives the divorce will be sinful.

عن نعيم المجمر قال صليت وراء أبي هريرة رضي الله عنه فقرأ بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم ثم قرأ بأم القرآن حتى إذا بلغ غير المغضوب عليهم ولا الضالين فقال: آمين فقال الناس آمين ويقول كلما سجد الله أكبر وإذا قام من الجلوس في الإثنتين قال: الله أكبر وإذا سلم قال: والذي نفسي بيده إني لأشبهكم صلاة برسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم

Na’eem al-Mujmir, may Allah have mercy on him, says that I prayed behind Abu Hurairah, may Allah be pleased with him, and he recited Bismillah al-Rahman al-Rahim aloud, then recited Surah Al-Fatiha. When he reached “Ghairil Maghdubi ‘Alayhim wa la ad-Daalleen,” he said Ameen, and the people also said Ameen. When he prostrated, he said Allahu Akbar, and when he rose from the second rak’ah (for the third), he said Allahu Akbar. After finishing the prayer, he said, “I swear by the One in whose hand is my soul, I pray the prayer most similar to the prayer of the Messenger of Allah, peace be upon him.” (Meaning, my prayer is exactly like the prayer of the Messenger of Allah, peace be upon him.)
Source:

جہری نماز میں بسم اللہ جہراً (بلند آواز سے) پڑھنے کے متعلق خود صاحب ہدایہ لکھتے ہیں: قال الشافعي يجهر بالتسمية عند الجهر بالقراءة لما روي أن النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم جهر في صلوته بالتسمية

Imam Shafi’i, may Allah have mercy on him, says that in audible prayer, Bismillah should be recited aloud because the Messenger of Allah, peace be upon him, recited Bismillah aloud.

يسر بهما (التسمية والتعوذ)

Ta’awwudh and Bismillah should be recited quietly.

عن جندب بن سفيان قال شهدت الأضحى يوم النحر مع رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم فلم يعد أن صلى وفرغ من صلاته وسلم فإذا هو يرى لحم أضاحي قد ذبحت قبل أن يفرغ من صلوته فقال من كان ذبح قبل أن يصلي أو نصلي فليذبح مكانه الأخرى

It is narrated from Sayyiduna Jundub bin Sufyan رضي الله عنه that I was with the Messenger of Allah صلی اللہ علیہ وسلم on the day of Eid al-Adha. When the Prophet صلی اللہ علیہ وسلم finished the prayer, he saw the sacrificial meat (which had been slaughtered before the prayer). Then the Prophet صلی اللہ علیہ وسلم said: Whoever has slaughtered the sacrifice before the prayer should offer another sacrifice in its place.
Reference:

فأما أهل السواء فيذبحون بعد الفجر وحيلة المصري إذا أراد التعجيل أن يبعث بها إلى خارج مصر فيضحي بها لما طلع الفجر

That is, villagers can slaughter after Fajr, and for city dwellers, the solution is that if they intend to slaughter early, they should send the animals outside the city so that the villagers can slaughter them as soon as Fajr dawns.

عن ابن عمر أنه قال إذا قدم يوم العيد ويوم الأضحى جهر بالتكبير

Our master Ibn Umar (may Allah be pleased with him) used to say loud Takbeers while going for Eid al-Fitr and Eid al-Adha.
Reference:

ولتكبروا الله على ما هداكم

So that you may proclaim the greatness of Allah.

ولا يكبر عند أبي حنيفة في طريق المصلى

Takbeers cannot be said on the way while going towards the Eidgah. This is the opinion of Abu Hanifa (may Allah have mercy on him).

عن ابن عمر قال سأل عمر النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم قال كنت نذرت في الجاهلية أن أعتكف ليلة في المسجد الحرام قال أوف بنذرك

It is narrated from Sayyiduna Ibn Umar رضي الله عنه that Umar رضي الله عنه asked the Messenger of Allah صلی اللہ علیہ وسلم, “During the time of ignorance, I vowed that I would perform i’tikaf in the House of Allah for one night.” The Prophet صلی اللہ علیہ وسلم said, “Fulfill your vow.” From this hadith, it is clear that fasting is not a condition for i’tikaf.
Reference:

الاعتكاف مستحب وهو اللبث في المسجد مع الصوم ونية الاعتكاف والصوم من شرطه عندنا

I’tikaf is recommended, meaning to stay in the mosque while fasting and to have the intention of i’tikaf. According to us, fasting is among the conditions of i’tikaf.

عن ابن عباس قال صلى رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم الظهر بذي الحليفة ثم دعا بناقته فأشعرها في صفحة سنامها الأيمن

It is narrated from Sayyiduna Ibn Abbas رضي الله عنه that the Messenger of Allah صلی اللہ علیہ وسلم led the Zuhr prayer at Dhu al-Hilfah and then marked his she-camel’s hump, meaning he cut a mark on the right side of its hump as a sign.
Reference:

وأشعر البدنة عند أبي يوسف ومحمد ولا يشعر عند أبي حنيفة ويكره

According to Abu Yusuf رحمه الله and Muhammad رحمه الله, it is permissible to mark the she-camel, whereas according to Abu Hanifa رحمه الله, it is not permissible and is rather disliked.

عن عبد الرحمن بن أبي ليلى قال كان زيد يكبر على جنائزنا أربعا وإنه كبر على جنازة خمسا فسألناه فقال كان رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم يكبرها

It is narrated from Abdur Rahman bin Abi Layla رحمه الله that Sayyiduna Zaid رضي الله عنه used to say four Takbirs over our funerals, and on one funeral, he said five Takbirs. We asked him the reason, and he said the Messenger of Allah صلی اللہ علیہ وسلم also said five Takbirs.
Reference:

لو كبر الإمام خمسا لم ينابعه المؤتم

If the Imam says five Takbirs, the followers should not follow him.

عن طلحة بن عبد الله بن عوف قال صليت خلف ابن عباس على جنازة فقرأ بفاتحة الكتاب وقال لتعلموا أنها سنة

Sayyiduna Talhah bin Abdullah bin Awf (may Allah be pleased with him) says that I prayed the funeral prayer behind Ibn Abbas (may Allah be pleased with him). He recited Surah Al-Fatiha and said (I recited it) so that you know this is Sunnah.
Reference:

والبداية بالثناء ثم بالصلوة

The funeral prayer must begin with praise (Thana) and after that, Durood must be recited.

عن سمرة بن جندب قال صليت وراء رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم على امرأة ماتت في نفاسها فقام عليها وسطها

Sayyiduna Samrah bin Jundub رضي الله عنه says that a woman passed away during her postpartum period. I led her funeral prayer following the Prophet Muhammad صلی اللہ علیہ وسلم, and he صلی اللہ علیہ وسلم stood among the (funeral) procession.
Reference:

ويقوم الذي يصلي على الرجل والمرأة بحذاء الصدر

The person leading the funeral prayer for a man or woman should stand at the level of the (dead person’s) chest.

عن المغيرة بن شعبة أن النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم قال والسقط يصلى عليه ويدعى لوالديه بالمغفرة والرحمة

Narrated by Sayyiduna Mughirah bin Shu’bah رضي الله عنه that the Prophet صلی اللہ علیہ وسلم said: If a child is miscarried (lost during pregnancy), its funeral prayer will be performed and prayers for forgiveness and mercy will be made for its parents.
Reference:

ومن لم يستهل أدرج في خرقة كرامة لبني آدم ولم يصل عليه

And if a child is stillborn and does not make a sound, he will be wrapped in clean clothes out of respect for the children of Adam, and the funeral prayer will not be performed for him.

عن علي أن يهودية كانت تشتم النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم وتقع فيه فخنقها رجل حتى ماتت فأبطل النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم دمها

It is narrated from Sayyidina Ali (may Allah be pleased with him) that a Jewish woman used to insult the Prophet (peace be upon him) and show disrespect towards him. A man strangled her to death. The Prophet (peace be upon him) declared her blood to be unlawful.
Reference:

ومن امتنع من الجزية أو قتل مسلماً أو سب النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم أو زنى بمسلمة لم ينتقص عهده

Whoever (non-Muslim) refuses to pay Jizya, or kills a Muslim, insults the Prophet (peace be upon him), or commits adultery with a Muslim woman, his covenant will not be broken.

عن عمرو بن شعيب عن أبيه عن جده قال خطب رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم عام الفتح ثم قال دية الكافر نصف دية المسلم

It is narrated from Sayyiduna Amr ibn Shuayb رضي الله عنه that he narrated from his father, who narrated from his grandfather, that the Messenger of Allah صلی اللہ علیہ وسلم gave a sermon in the year of conquest and then said that the blood money (diyat) of a disbeliever is half the blood money of a Muslim.
Reference:

دية المسلم والذمي سواء

The blood money (diyat) of a Muslim and a Dhimmi are equal.

عن عائشة قالت كل ذلك قد فعل رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم قصر الصلاة وأتم

Sayyida Aisha رضي الله عنها says that the Messenger of Allah صلی اللہ علیہ وسلم prayed in travel in every manner, sometimes shortening the prayer (two rak’ahs) and sometimes completing it (four rak’ahs).
Reference:

فرض المسافر في الرباعية ركعتان لا يزيد عليهما

For a traveler, in the four-unit prayer, two units are obligatory; he cannot pray more than that.

عن أنس قال كان رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم إذا خرج مسيرة ثلاثة أميال أو فراسخ شعبة الشاك صلى ركعتين

It is narrated from Sayyiduna Anas رضي الله عنه that when the Messenger of Allah صلى الله عليه وسلم would set out for a distance of three miles or a farsakh, he would still shorten the prayer.
Authentication:

السفر الذي يتغير به الأحكام أن يقصد مسيرة ثلاثة أيام ولياليها بسير الإبل ومشي الأقدام

The journey which changes the rulings is a journey of three days and three nights, which is covered by camel pace or walking.

عن ابن عباس قال قال رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم أمني جبريل عند البيت مرتين فصلى بي الظهر حين زالت الشمس وكانت قدر الشراك وصلى بي العصر حين صار ظل كل شيء مثله

It is narrated from Sayyiduna Ibn Abbas رضي الله عنه that the Messenger of Allah صلی اللہ علیہ وسلم said that Jibra’il عليه السلام led me in prayer twice: Zuhr at the time of the sun’s decline and Asr when the shadow of everything becomes equal.

Reference:

وآخر وقتها أي الظهر عند أبي حنيفة إذا صار ظل كل شيء مثليه … وأول وقت العصر إذا خرج وقت الظهر

According to Imam Abu Hanifa رحمه الله, the last time for Zuhr is when the shadow of everything becomes twice its length, and the time for Asr begins at that time.

عن لبابة بنت الحارث أن رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم قال إنما يغسل من بول الأنثى وينضح من بول الذكر

It is narrated from Sayyida Lubabah bint Al-Harith رضي الله عنها that the Messenger of Allah صلی اللہ علیہ وسلم said: Clothes soiled by a girl’s urine should be washed, and it is sufficient to sprinkle water on clothes soiled by a child’s urine.
Reference:

ببول الصبي الذي لم يطعم

If the urine of a child who is not yet eating falls on clothes, it must be washed.

عن أبي هريرة قال كان النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم يقرأ في الفجر يوم الجمعة بالم تنزيل السجدة في الركعة الأولى وفي الثانية هل أتى على الإنسان

It is narrated from Sayyiduna Abu Hurairah (may Allah be pleased with him) that the Messenger of Allah (peace be upon him) used to recite Al-Munazzil As-Sajdah in the first rak’ah of the Fajr prayer on Friday and Hal Ata ‘Ala Al-Insan in the second rak’ah.
Reference:

عن عبيد الله بن أبي رافع قال استخلف مروان أبا هريرة على المدينة وخرج إلى مكة فصلى لنا أبو هريرة الجمعة فقرأ سورة الجمعة في السجدة الأولى وفي الآخرة إذا جاءك المنافقون فقال سمعت رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم يقرأ بهما يوم الجمعة

Ubaidullah ibn Abi Rafi’ (may Allah have mercy on him) says that Marwan appointed Abu Hurairah (may Allah be pleased with him) as his deputy over Medina and went towards Mecca. Then Abu Hurairah (may Allah be pleased with him) recited Surah Al-Jumu’ah in the first rak’ah and Surah Idha Ja’aka Al-Munafiqoon in the second rak’ah of the Friday prayer. Then he said, “I heard the Messenger of Allah (peace be upon him) recite these two Surahs on Friday.”
Reference:

ويكره أن يوقت بشيء من القرآن لشيء من الصلوات

It is disliked (makruh) to designate any specific Surah from the Qur’an for any prayer.

عن عقبة بن عامر قال قلت يا رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم في سورة الحج سجدتان قال نعم ومن لم يسجدهما فلا يقرأهما

It is narrated from Sayyiduna Uqbah bin Amir رضي الله عنه that I said, O Messenger of Allah صلی اللہ علیہ وسلم, there are two prostrations in Surah Al-Hajj? He said, yes. Whoever does not perform these two prostrations should not recite it.
Reference:

سجود التلاوة في القرآن أربعة عشر في آخر الأعراف وفي الرعد والنحل وبني إسرائيل ومريم والأولى من الحج

There are fourteen prostrations of recitation in the Quran, at the end of Surah Al-A’raf and in Ar-Ra’d, and in An-Nahl, Bani Isra’il, Maryam, and the first prostration of Surah Al-Hajj. (Meaning there is only one prostration in Surah Al-Hajj)

عن زيد بن ثابت قال قرأت على رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم والنجم فلم يسجد فيه

It is narrated from Sayyiduna Zaid bin Thabit رضي الله عنه that I recited Surah An-Najm to the Messenger of Allah صلی اللہ علیہ وسلم but he did not prostrate in it.
Reference:

والسجدة واجبة في هذه المواضع على التالي والسامع قصد سماع القرآن أو لم يقصد

After mentioning the places of prostration in Sajdah (which also includes Surah An-Najm), the author of Hidayah writes that prostration at these places is obligatory, both for the reciter and the listener, whether the listener intends to listen or not.

عن عبد الله بن زيد قال فمضمض واستنشق من كف واحد

It is narrated from Sayyiduna Abdullah bin Zaid (may Allah be pleased with him) regarding the method of ablution of the Messenger of Allah (peace be upon him) that he poured water into the mouth and nose with one handful.
Authentication:

وكيفيتها أن يمضمض ثلاثا، يأخذ لكل مرة ماء جديدا ثم يستنشق

One should rinse the mouth three times, each time using fresh water, and then similarly pour water into the nose.

وفي البعير عشرة

It is narrated from Sayyiduna Ibn Abbas (may Allah be pleased with him) that he narrated from the Messenger of Allah (peace be upon him) that a camel is sufficient as a sacrifice for ten people.
Reference:

أو بدنة عن سبعة

A camel’s sacrifice can only be made on behalf of seven people.

الانصاري كيف كانت الضحايا فيكم على عهد رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم قال كان الرجل في عهد النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم يضحي بشاة عنه وعن اهل بيته فيأكلون ويطعمون ثم تباهى الناس فصار كما ترى

During the blessed time of the Messenger of Allah (peace be upon him), a person would sacrifice a goat on behalf of himself and his family.
Reference:

ويذبح عن كل واحد منهم شاة

A separate goat should be slaughtered on behalf of each individual.

عن ابن عباس رضي الله عنه قال كان رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم يجمع بين صلاة الظهر والعصر إذا كان على ظهير سير ويجمع بين المغرب والعشاء

It is narrated from Sayyiduna Ibn Abbas (may Allah be pleased with him) that the Messenger of Allah (peace be upon him) used to combine Dhuhr and Asr prayers at one time, and Maghrib and Isha prayers at one time during travel preparations.
Reference:

ولا يجمع فرضان في وقت بلا حج

Combining two obligatory prayers at the same time is not permissible except during Hajj on other days.

ثلاث هن علي فرائض وهن لكم تطوع الوتر والنحر والاضحى

The Messenger of Allah (peace be upon him) said: Three things are obligatory upon me and voluntary upon you: (1) Witr, (2) Qurbani (sacrifice), and (3) Udhiya (sacrificial animal).
Reference:

الاضحية واجبة على كل مسلم

Qurbani (sacrifice) is obligatory upon every Muslim.

عن عبد الله بن عمر رضي الله عنه قال كان النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم يفصل بين الشفع والوتر بتسليم يسمعنا

Sayyiduna Abdullah bin Umar (may Allah be pleased with him) said that the Prophet (peace be upon him) used to separate the two rak’ahs within the Witr prayer and the third rak’ah with a salam.
Reference:

الوتر ثلاث ركعات لا يفصل بينهن بسلام

Witr consists of three rak’ahs. No salam is to be given in between.

عن علي رضي الله عنه قال قال رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم (يعني في الصلاة) تحريمها التكبير وتحليلها التسليم

It is narrated from Sayyiduna Ali (may Allah be pleased with him) that the Messenger of Allah (peace be upon him) said regarding prayer that one enters the prayer with Takbir and exits it with Salam.
Reference:

وإن تعمد الحدث في هذه الحالة أو تكلم أو عمل عملا ينافي الصلاة تمت صلاته

If any act was done in exchange for salam that was against prayer, or if during conversation one deliberately broke ablution, then his prayer was considered complete.

عن عائشة رضي الله عنها قالت سمعت رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم يقول لا طلاق ولا عتاق في إغلاق

Narrated from Sayyida Aisha (RA) that I heard the Messenger of Allah (SAW) say that neither forced divorce will take effect nor will a slave be freed by compulsion.
Authentication:

وإن أكره على طلاق امرأته أو عتق عبده ففعل وقع ما أكره عليه

Forced divorce will also take effect and the slave will also be freed.

عن حذيفة رضي الله عنه قال نهانا رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم عن لبس الحرير والديباج وأن نجلس عليه

It is narrated from Sayyiduna Hudhayfah رضي الله عنه that the Messenger of Allah صلی اللہ علیہ وسلم forbade us from wearing silk and brocade clothing and sitting on it.
Reference:

لا تركبوا الخز

The Messenger of Allah صلی اللہ علیہ وسلم said: Do not sit on silk cloth.
Reference:

ولا بأس بتوسده والنوم عليه عند أبي حنيفة رحمة الله

According to Abu Hanifah رحمه الله, there is no harm in resting on a silk pillow or sleeping on a silk bed.

عن عمرو بن شعيب عن أبيه عن جده أن النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم بعث مناديا في فجاج مكة ألا إن صدقة الفطر واجبة على كل مسلم ذكر أو أنثى حر أو عبد صغير أو كبير

The Prophet ﷺ called out in the streets of Makkah that Zakat al-Fitr is obligatory on every Muslim man and woman, free or slave, young and old.
Reference:

عن ابن عمر رضي الله عنه قال فرض رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم زكوة الفطر صاعا من تمر أو صاعا من شعير على العبد والحر والذكر والأنثى والصغير والكبير من المسلمين

It is narrated from Sayyiduna Ibn Umar (RA) that the Messenger of Allah ﷺ fixed Zakat al-Fitr as one Sa’ of dates or barley on every Muslim, whether slave or free, male or female, young or old.
Reference:

يؤدى المسلم الفطرة عن عبده الكافر

A Muslim must pay Zakat al-Fitr on behalf of his non-Muslim slave.

عن عبد الله بن مسعود رضي الله عنه أن رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم صلى الظهر خمسا فقيل له أزيد في الصلاة قال وما ذاك قالوا صليت خمسا فسجد سجدتين

It is narrated from Sayyiduna Abdullah bin Masood (may Allah be pleased with him) that the Messenger of Allah (peace be upon him) led the Zuhr prayer with five rak’ahs. Then it was said to him, “Has the prayer become more?” He said, “Why?” It was informed that he had prayed five rak’ahs. Then the Prophet (peace be upon him) performed two prostrations (sujood).
Reference:

وإن أقيد الخامسة بسجدة بطل فرضه عندنا

If the fifth rak’ah is prayed, then according to us (the Hanafis), the entire obligatory prayer becomes invalid.

عن جابر رضي الله عنه قال كان معاذ رضي الله عنه يصلي مع النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم ثم يأتي قومه فيصلي بهم

It is narrated from Sayyiduna Jabir رضي الله عنه that Sayyiduna Mu’adh رضي الله عنه used to pray with the Prophet ﷺ, then he would go to his people and lead them in prayer (meaning the prayer with Mu’adh رضي الله عنه was voluntary, and the other congregation’s prayer was obligatory).
Reference:

ولا يصلي المفترض خلف المتنفل

One who is performing an obligatory prayer cannot pray behind someone who is performing a voluntary prayer.

عن أبي سعيد الخدري رضي الله عنه قال قال رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم إذا شك أحدكم في صلاته ولم يدركم صلى ثلاثا أم أربعا فليطرح الشك وليبن على ما استيقن ثم ليسجد سجدتين قبل أن يسلم

It is narrated from Sayyiduna Abu Saeed Khudri (may Allah be pleased with him) that the Messenger of Allah (peace be upon him) said: When any one of you doubts about his prayer and does not know whether he has prayed three or four Rak’ahs, he should remove the doubt and perform the prostration of forgetfulness before the salam according to what he is certain of.
Reference:

ومن شك في صلاته فلم يدر أثلاثا صلى أم أربعا وذلك أول ما عرض استأنف

That is, if someone doubts in his prayer and cannot determine whether he has prayed three or four Rak’ahs, and this doubt occurs at the beginning of the prayer, then he should break the prayer and start it anew.

عن أبي حميد الساعدي رضي الله عنه في صفة الصلاة النبوية والي حدیث میں ہے کہ: ثم سجد فأمكن أنفه وجبهته الأرض

Then the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) prostrated and placed his nose and forehead on the ground during prostration.
Reference:

لا صلاة لمن لم يمس أنفه للأرض

Whoever does not place his nose on the ground during prostration, his prayer is not valid.
Reference:

فإن اقتصر على أحدهما جاز عند أبي حنيفة رحمة الله

Whoever places either one of these two (nose or forehead) on the ground, according to Abu Hanifa (may Allah have mercy on him), it is permissible.

عن عبادة بن الصامت رضي الله عنه قال قال رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم الذهب بالذهب والفضة بالفضة والبر بالبر والشعير بالشعير والتمر بالتمر والملح بالملح مثلا بمثل سواء بسواء يد بيد

Narrated from Sayyiduna Ubada bin Samit (may Allah be pleased with him) that the Messenger of Allah (peace be upon him) said: Gold is to be exchanged for gold, silver for silver, wheat for wheat, barley for barley, dates for dates, salt for salt, equal for equal, and hand to hand.
Reference:

ويجوز بيع البيضة بالبيضتين والتمرة بالتمرتين

It is permissible to sell one egg with two eggs and one date with two dates.

فجمع بها المغرب والعشاء بأذان وإقامتين

The Messenger of Allah ﷺ combined Maghrib and Isha prayers with one Adhan and two Iqamas.
Source:

ويصلي الإمام بالناس المغرب والعشاء بأذان وإقامة واحدة

The Imam leads the prayers for people for Maghrib and Isha with one Adhan and one Iqama.

عن سعيد بن المسيب رحمة الله أن رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم كان ينهى عن بيع اللحم بالحيوان

Saeed bin Al-Musayyib, may Allah have mercy on him, states that indeed the Messenger of Allah ﷺ prohibited the sale of meat in exchange for a live animal.
References:

ويجوز بيع اللحم بالحيوان

The sale of meat in exchange for a live animal is permissible.

عن سعد بن أبي وقاص رضي الله عنه قال سألت رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم عن شراء التمر بالرطب فقال أينقص الرطب إذا يبس قال نعم فنهى عن ذلك

Sayyiduna Saad bin Abi Waqqas رضي الله عنه says that I asked the Messenger of Allah صلی اللہ علیہ وسلم about buying dry dates in exchange for fresh dates, and the Prophet صلی اللہ علیہ وسلم said: When fresh dates dry up, do they decrease in quantity? I said yes, so the Prophet صلی اللہ علیہ وسلم forbade it.
References:

يجوز بيع الرطب بالتمر مثلا بمثل

Selling fresh dates in exchange for dry dates, on an equal basis, is permissible.

عن أبي هريرة رضي الله عنه أن رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم رخص في بيع العرايا بخرصها من التمر في ما دون خمسة أوسق أو في خمسة أوسق شك داود بن الحصين

Narrated by Sayyiduna Abu Hurairah رضي الله عنه that indeed the Messenger of Allah صلی اللہ علیہ وسلم permitted the sale of dates on the basis of ‘Araya’ when they reach five Wasq.

Reference:

فلا يجوز بطريق الخرص

It is not permissible to sell on the basis of estimation (‘Araya’).

عن ابن عمر رضي الله عنه أنه أصاب أرضا بخيبر فأتى النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم فقال يا رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم إني أصبت أرضا بخيبر لم أصب مالا قط أنفس عندي منه فما تأمرني به قال إن شئت حبست أصلها وتصدقت بها فتصدق بها عمر أنه لا يباع أصلها ولا يوهب ولا يورث وتصدق بها في الفقراء وفي القربى وفي الرقاب وفي سبيل الله وابن السبيل والضعيف لا جناح على من وليها أن يأكل منها بالمعروف أو يطعم صديقا غير متمول فيه

Sayyiduna Umar (may Allah be pleased with him) said that he came to the Messenger of Allah (peace be upon him) and said, “O Messenger of Allah (peace be upon him)! The most precious wealth to me is the land that I have received in Khyber. What do you command me regarding it?” The Prophet (peace be upon him) said, “If you wish, you can keep its ownership with yourself and give its produce as charity, because ownership (i.e., the thing that is endowed) cannot be sold, given away, or inherited. However, its produce can be distributed among the poor, close relatives, freeing slaves, in the way of Allah, travelers, and guests. And the caretaker of it should eat from it in a reasonable manner, so he may eat.”

Reference:

قال أبو حنيفة رحمة الله لا يزول ملك الواقف عن الوقف إلا أن يحكم به الحاكم

Until the ruler gives a decision, it will remain the property of the one who endowed it.

عن جابر رضي الله عنه أنه سمع رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم يقول عام الفتح وهو بمكة إن الله ورسوله حرم بيع الخمر والميتة والخنزير والأصنام

Narrated by Sayyiduna Jabir رضي الله عنه that he heard the Messenger of Allah صلی اللہ علیہ وسلم in the year of the conquest of Makkah in Makkah saying that Allah and His Messenger صلی اللہ علیہ وسلم have declared the sale of alcohol, carrion, swine, and idols to be forbidden.
Reference:

وإذا أمر المسلم نصرانيا ببيع خمر وبشرائها ففعل ذلك جاز عند أبي حنيفة رحمة الله

If a Muslim orders a Christian to buy and sell alcohol, according to Abu Hanifa رحمه الله, it is permissible.

عن عبد الله بن أبي صغير عن أبيه قال قال رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم أما فقيركم فيرد عليه أكثر مما أعطاه

The Messenger of Allah, peace be upon him, said that Allah will grant more to your poor by giving Zakat al-Fitr. (Meaning the poor should also pay Zakat al-Fitr.)
Reference:

صدقة الفطر واجبة على الحر المسلم إذا كان مالكا النصاب

Zakat al-Fitr is obligatory on a free Muslim when he possesses the nisab of Zakat.

تحريمها التكبير

To enter the prayer, only Takbeer is required.
Reference:

كان إذا دخل في الصلاة كبر

The Messenger of Allah, peace be upon him, used to say Allahu Akbar when entering the prayer.
Reference:

فإن قال بدل التكبير الله أجل أو الله أعظم أو الرحمن أكبر أو لا إله إلا الله أو غيره من أسماء الله تعالى أجزأه عند أبي حنيفة رحمة الله

If the person praying says Allah Ajall, Allah A’zam, Ar-Rahman Akbar, La ilaha illallah, or any other name of Allah Tabarak wa Ta’ala instead of Allahu Akbar, it is permissible according to Abu Hanifa رحمه الله.

فإن افتتح الصلاة بالفارسي أو قرأ بالفارسية أو ذبح وسمى بالفارسية وهو يحسن العربية أجزأه عند أبي حنيفة رحمة الله

If the prayer is started in Persian or the recitation is in Persian, or if Bismillah is recited in Persian while slaughtering an animal, and the person is well acquainted with the Arabic language, still according to Abu Hanifa رحمه الله, this is permissible.

عن وائل بن حجر رضي الله عنه قال صليت مع النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم فوضع يده اليمنى على اليسرى على صدره

Sayyiduna Wa’il bin Hujr رضي الله عنه narrates that I prayed with the Prophet صلى الله عليه وسلم, and he placed his right hand over his left hand on his chest.

Authentication:

ويعتمد بيده اليمنى على اليسرى تحت سرة

The worshiper places the right hand over the left hand below the navel.