Chapter of Oaths
رَوَى يَحْيَى بْنُ سَعِيدٍ، عَنْ بَشِيرِ بَنِ يَسَارٍ، عَنْ سَهْلِ بْنِ أَبِي حَثْمَةً، قَالَ يَحْيَى: وَحَسِبْتُ قَالَ: وَعَنْ رَافِعِ بْنِ خَدِيجٍ قَالَا: خَرَجَ عَبْدُ اللَّهِ بْنُ سَهْلِ بْنِ زَيْدٍ، وَمُحَبِّصِةُ بْنُ مَسْعُودٍ بْنِ زَيْدٍ، حَتَّى إِذَا كَانَا بِخَيْبَرَ تَفَرَّقَا فِي بَعْضِ مَا هُنَالِكَ، ثُمَّ إِذَا مُحَبِّصَةٌ يَجِدُ عَبْدَ اللَّهِ بْنَ سَهْلٍ) قَتِيلًا فَدَفَنَهُ، ثُمَّ أَقْبَلَ إِلَى رَسُولِ اللَّهِ مَا هُوَ وَحُوَيْصِةُ بْنُ مَسْعُودٍ، وَعَبْدُ الرَّحْمَنِ بْنُ سَهْلٍ، وَكَانَ أَصْغَرَ الْقَوْمِ فَذَهَبَ عَبْدُ الرَّحْمَنِ لِيَتَكَلَّمَ قَبْلَ صَاحِبَيْهِ، فَقَالَ لَهُ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ مَ: ( (كَبَرُ كبر في السِّنِّ)، (فَصَمَتَ وَتَكَلَّمَ صَاحِبَاهُ، وَتَكَلَّمَ مَعَهُمَا فَذَكَرُوا لِرَسُولِ اللَّهِ ) مَقْتَلَ عَبْدِ اللَّهِ بْنِ سَهْلٍ، فَقَالَ لَهُمْ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ) أَتَحْلِفُونَ خَمْسِينَ يَمِينًا فَتَسْتَحِقُونَ صَاحِبَكُمْ أَوْ قَاتِلَكُمْ؟ قَالُوا: وَكَيْفَ نَخْلِفُ وَلَمْ نَشْهَدُ، قَالَ: فَتُبْرِئُكُمْ يَهُودُ بِخَمْسِينَ يَمِينًا۔ قَالُوا وَكَيْفَ نَقْبَلُ إِيْمَانَ قَوْمٍ كُفَّارٍ؟ فَلَمَّا رَأَى – ذَلِكَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ عَلَيْهِ أَعْطَى عَقْلَهُ) هَذِهِ رِوَايَةٌ اللَّيْثِ، عَنْ يَحْيَى، عِنْدَ مُسْلِمٍ
Explanation of Oaths
Yahya bin Saeed narrated from Basheer bin Yasar, who narrated from Sahl bin Abi Hathmah, who said, I think he narrated from Rafi bin Khadeej that both Abdullah bin Sahl bin Zaid and Hathmah bin Masood bin Zaid set out until when both reached Khyber, they separated from each other. Then when Muhaisa saw Abdullah bin Sahl lying dead, he buried him. Then Harisa bin Masood and Abdul Rahman bin Sahl came to the Messenger of Allah (peace be upon him). Among the three, Abdul Rahman was the youngest. When he wanted to speak before the other two companions, the Messenger of Allah (peace be upon him) said: Let the elder in age speak first. He remained silent, and his two companions spoke to the Prophet (peace be upon him). He also spoke along with them. They mentioned the killing of Abdullah bin Sahl, and the Messenger of Allah (peace be upon him) said to them: “If you swear fifty times, will you be entitled to your companion or be able to control your killer?” They said, how can we swear when we did not see? He said: “Then the Jews will be acquitted by swearing fifty times.” They said, how can we accept the oath of a disbelieving nation? When the Messenger of Allah (peace be upon him) saw this situation, he paid the blood money. This is the narration of Laith from Yahya in Muslim.
Investigation and Authentication:
وَفِي رِوَايَةِ حَمَّادِ بْنِ زَيْدٍ، عَنْ
يَحْيَى بْنِ بُشَيْرٍ، عَنْ سَهْلِ بْنِ أَبِي حَثْمَةً وَرَافِعِ بْنِ خَدِيجٍ مِنْ غَيْرِ شَكٍّ وَفِيهِ: فَتَكَلَّمَا فِي أَمْرِ صَاحِبِهِمَا، فَقَالَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ مَ: (يُقْسِمُ خَمْسُونَ مِنْكُمْ عَلَى رَجُلٍ مِنْهُمْ، فَيُدْفَعُ بِرُمَتِهِ) قَالُوا: أَمْرٌ لَمْ نَشْهَدُهُ، كَيْفَ نَحْلِفُ؟ قَالَ: ( (فَتُبْرِئُكُمْ يَهُودُ بِأَيْمَانِ خَمْسِينَ مِنْهُمْ)) قَالُوا: يَا رَسُولَ اللَّهِ ، قَوْمٌ كُفَّارٌ الْحَدِيثَ .
Hammad bin Zaid narrated from Yahya bin Basheer, and he narrates from Sahl bin Abi Hathmah and Rafi bin Khadeej without doubt. It includes that these two spoke about their companion, so the Messenger of Allah (peace be upon him) said: “You will swear fifty oaths against their man, then his rope will be handed over.” They said, there is a matter that we did not see, so how can we swear? He said: “Then the Jews will swear fifty oaths and separate you.” They said, O Messenger of Allah, this is a disbelieving nation.
Investigation and Authentication:
وَفِي رِوَايَةِ سُلَيْمَانَ بْنِ بِلَالٍ عِنْدَ مُسْلِمٍ، عَنْ يَحْيَى بْنِ سَعِيدٍ، عَنْ بُشَيْرِ بْنِ يَسَارٍ أَنَّ عَبْدَ اللَّهِ بْنَ سَهْلِ بْنِ زَيْدٍ، وَمُحَيِّصِةَ ابْنَ مَسْعُودِ بنِ يَزِيدَ الْأَنْصَارِينِ [ثُمَّ] مِنْ بَنِي حَارِثَةَ، جَرَجًا إِلَى خَيْرَ فِي زَمَانِ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ مَا ، وَهِيَ يَوْمَئِذٍ صُلح، وَأَهْلُهَا يَهُودُ وَفِيهِ: فَمَشَى أَخُو الْمَقْتُولِ عَبْدُ الرَّحْمَنِ بْنُ سَهْلٍ وَمُحَبِّصِةٌ وَحُوَيْصِةٌ فَذَكَرُوا لِرَسُولِ اللَّهِ اللهِ شَأْنَ عَبْدِ اللَّهِ، وَحَيْثُ قُتِلَ، قَالَ: فَزَعَمَ بشَيْرٌ وَهُوَ يُحَدِّثُ عَمَّنْ أَدْرَكَ مِنْ أَصْحَابِ رَسُولِ اللهِ مَا أَنَّهُ قَالَ لَهُمْ: تَحْلِفُونَ خَمْسِينَ يَمِينًا وَتَسْتَحِقُونَ قَاتِلَكُمْ أَوْ صَاحِبَكُمْ؟ )) قَالُوا: يَارَسُولَ اللَّهِ، مَا شَهِدْنَا وَلَا حَضَرُنَا فَزَعَمَ أَنَّهُ قَالَ: ( (فَتُبْرِئُكُمْ يَهُودُ بِخَمْسِينَ يَمِينًا)) وَفِيهِ: فَزَعَمَ بِشَيْرٌ: ( (أَنَّ رَسُولَ اللَّهِ مَا عَقَلَهُ مِنْ عِنْدِهِ))
It is narrated in Muslim Sharif from Sulaiman bin Bilal that he narrated from Yahya bin Saeed, who narrated from Basheer bin Yasar that Abdullah bin Sahl bin Zaid and Muhaisa bin Masood bin Yazid were both Ansaris and then both were from Banu Haritha. They both went to Khyber during the time of the Messenger of Allah (peace be upon him). It was the day of peace, and its inhabitants were Jews. It includes that the brother of the deceased, Abdul Rahman bin Sahl, Muhaisa, and Harisa went and informed the Messenger of Allah (peace be upon him) about Abdullah that he was killed. The narrator said, Basheer thinks he is narrating from those companions of the Messenger of Allah (peace be upon him) that he said to them: “You will swear fifty oaths and become entitled to your killer or your companion?” They said, O Messenger of Allah, we neither witnessed nor were present. It is thought that he said: “Then the Jews will acquit you by swearing fifty oaths.” Basheer thinks that the Messenger of Allah (peace be upon him) paid the blood money from himself.
Investigation and Authentication:
وَكَذَلِكَ فِي رِوَايَةِ هُشَيْمٍ عَنْ يَحْيَى: فَوَدَاهُ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ
Similarly, Hashim narrated from Yahya: “The Messenger of Allah (peace be upon him) had paid it.”
Investigation and Authentication:
وَكَذَا فِي رِوَايَةِ بُشَيْرِ بْنِ الْمُفَضَّلِ عَنْ يَحْيَى: فَعَقَلَهُ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ عَلَ مِنْ عِنْدِهِ
In the narration of Basheer bin Mufassal, he narrated from Yahya that the Messenger of Allah (peace be upon him) paid the blood money from himself.
Investigation and Authentication:
وَفِي رِوَايَةِ سَعِيدِ بْنِ عُبَيْدٍ، عَنْ بُشَيْرٍ بْنِ يَسَارٍ، عَنْ سَهْلِ بْنِ أَبِي حَثَمَةَ: فَكَرِهَ رَسُولُ اللهِ عَلى أَن يُبْطِلَ دَمَهُ، فَوَدَاهُ بِمِائَةٍ مِنْ إِبْلِ الصَّدَقَةِ
In the narration of Saeed bin Ubaid, it is narrated from Basheer bin Yasar, who narrated from Sahl bin Hathmah that the Messenger of Allah (peace be upon him) disliked that his blood be wasted. He paid his blood money with one hundred camels as charity.
Investigation and Authentication:
قَوْمِهِ الْحَدِيثَ وَفِيهِ: فَأَتَى يَهُودَ فَقَالَ: أَنتُمْ وَاللَّهِ قَتَلْتُمُوهُ قَالُوا: وَاللَّهِ مَا قَتَلْنَاهُ وَفِيهِ: فَقَالَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ الله: إِمَّا أَنْ تَدُوا صَاحِبَكُمْ ، وَإِمَّا أَنْ تُؤْذَنُوا بِحَرْبٍ فَكَتَبَ إِلَيْهِمْ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ مَن فِي ذَلِكَ فَكَتَبُوا: إِنَّا وَاللَّهِ مَا قَتَلْنَاهُ، فَقَالَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ مَا لِحُوَيْصِةَ، وَمُحَبِّصِةً، وَعَبْدِ الرَّحْمَنِ: أَتَحْلِفُونَ وَتَسْتَحِقُونَ دَمَ احِبِكُمْ؟ قَالُوا: لَا وَاللَّهَ، قَالَ: فَتَحْلِفُ لَكُمْ يَهُودُ قَالُوا: لَيَسُوا مُسْلِمِينَ فَوَدَاهُ رَسُولُ اللهِ مَا مِنْ عِنْدِهِ، فَبَعَثَ إِلَيْهِمْ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ مِائَةَ نَاقَةٍ حَتَّى أَدْخَلَتْ عَلَيْهِمُ الدَّارَ قَالَ سَهُلْ: فَلَقَدْ رَكَضَتَنِي مِنْهَا نَاقَةٌ حَمْرَاءُ
In a narration of Malik, he narrates from Abulila that Abdullah bin Abdul Rahman bin Sahl narrated from Sahl bin Abi Khathmah that the elders of his tribe informed him that Jews were brought to you. You said: “By Allah, you have killed him.” They said: “By Allah, we did not kill him.” It includes that the Messenger of Allah (peace be upon him) said: Either give the blood money of your companion or prepare for battle against them. The Messenger of Allah (peace be upon him) wrote. They wrote: “By Allah, we did not kill him.” The Messenger of Allah (peace be upon him) asked Huwaisa, Tumhisa, and Abdul Rahman: Do you swear and claim the blood of your companion? They said: “No, by Allah!” He said: Let the Jews swear. They said: They are not Muslims. The Messenger of Allah (peace be upon him) paid the blood money from himself. The Messenger of Allah (peace be upon him) sent one hundred camels on their behalf, and they were delivered to their homes. Sahl said that one of the red she-camels kicked me.
Investigation and Authentication:
Benefits:
1. Giving an oath or testimony on proof and denial by both parties falls under the category of oath-taking.
2. If a deceased is found in a settlement, neighborhood, street, or tribe, and the killer of the deceased is not certainly known, then fifty people from the flowing neighborhood, tribe, or settlement will be sworn. They will jointly swear that they did not kill him nor do they know his killer. In this case, they will be acquitted. Oaths will be taken from adult men selected by the claimant, whether they are suspects or not.
3. The heirs of the deceased will swear that these are the killers of our deceased. There are two cases:
1) They will present proof and witnesses.
2) They will swear.
If the heirs of the deceased do not present both, the opposing parties will swear fifty oaths and will be acquitted. Otherwise, blood money will be obligatory on them. If the blood is established, retribution (Qisas) will be obligatory. One should not declare anyone’s blood wasted casually.
4. This is the only case in which fifty oaths are taken. If no one accepts the blood money, the blood money of the deceased can be paid from the public treasury (Bait-ul-Mal).
5. It is necessary for the less experienced and younger to allow the more experienced and elder to speak first. Rather, it should be said that the younger and less experienced should remain silent in the presence of the elder and experienced person. In matters and rulings, the elder should be given the opportunity to speak first, then speak themselves. The Noble Prophet (peace be upon him) taught his followers the etiquette of living and social conduct through words and gestures.
