This excerpt is taken from the book of Sheikh al-Islam Imam Ibn Taymiyyah, may Allah have mercy on him, Al-Jawab al-Bahir fi Zuwar al-Maqabir, translated by Sheikh Ataullah Saqib.
Monotheism of Divinity for Allah
Anyone other than Allah who is worshiped is called a deity. As Allah Almighty says:
قُلْ أَيُّ شَيْءٍ أَكْبَرُ شَهَادَةً ۖ قُلِ اللَّهُ ۖ شَهِيدٌ بَيْنِي وَبَيْنَكُمْ ۚ وَأُوحِيَ إِلَيَّ هَٰذَا الْقُرْآنُ لِأُنذِرَكُم بِهِ وَمَن بَلَغَ ۚ أَئِنَّكُمْ لَتَشْهَدُونَ أَنَّ مَعَ اللَّهِ آلِهَةً أُخْرَىٰ ۚ قُل لَّا أَشْهَدُ ۚ قُلْ إِنَّمَا هُوَ إِلَٰهٌ وَاحِدٌ وَإِنَّنِي بَرِيءٌ مِّمَّا تُشْرِكُونَ ﴿١٩﴾
"Ask them, 'Whose testimony is the greatest?' Say, 'Allah is witness between me and you, and this Qur'an has been revealed to me so that I may warn you and whomever it reaches. Can you truly bear witness that besides Allah there are other deities?' Say, 'I do not bear witness.' Say, 'Allah is the One, and I disassociate myself from what you associate [with Him].'"
Reference: (6-Al-An'am:19)
وَجَاوَزْنَا بِبَنِي إِسْرَائِيلَ الْبَحْرَ فَأَتَوْا عَلَىٰ قَوْمٍ يَعْكُفُونَ عَلَىٰ أَصْنَامٍ لَّهُمْ ۚ قَالُوا يَا مُوسَى اجْعَل لَّنَا إِلَٰهًا كَمَا لَهُمْ آلِهَةٌ ۚ قَالَ إِنَّكُمْ قَوْمٌ تَجْهَلُونَ ﴿١٣٨﴾ إِنَّ هَٰؤُلَاءِ مُتَبَّرٌ مَّا هُمْ فِيهِ وَبَاطِلٌ مَّا كَانُوا يَعْمَلُونَ ﴿١٣٩﴾ قَالَ أَغَيْرَ اللَّهِ أَبْغِيكُمْ إِلَٰهًا وَهُوَ فَضَّلَكُمْ عَلَى الْعَالَمِينَ ﴿١٤٠﴾
"We brought the Children of Israel across the sea. Then they journeyed and came upon a people who were devoted to their idols. They said, 'O Moses! Make for us a god like they have gods.'... Moses said, 'You are indeed a people behaving ignorantly. The way these people are following is doomed to destruction, and what they are doing is utterly false.' Then Moses said, 'Shall I seek for you a god other than Allah, while He has favored you above all the nations?'"
Reference: (7-Al-A'raf:138-140)
Only Allah is Sufficient
وَلَئِن سَأَلْتَهُم مَّنْ خَلَقَ السَّمَاوَاتِ وَالْأَرْضَ لَيَقُولُنَّ اللَّهُ ۚ قُلْ أَفَرَأَيْتُم مَّا تَدْعُونَ مِن دُونِ اللَّهِ إِنْ أَرَادَنِيَ اللَّهُ بِضُرٍّ هَلْ هُنَّ كَاشِفَاتُ ضُرِّهِ أَوْ أَرَادَنِي بِرَحْمَةٍ هَلْ هُنَّ مُمْسِكَاتُ رَحْمَتِهِ ۚ قُلْ حَسْبِيَ اللَّهُ ۖ عَلَيْهِ يَتَوَكَّلُ الْمُتَوَكِّلُونَ ﴿٣٨﴾
"What do you think, if Allah intends to harm me, will your gods, whom you call upon instead of Allah, save me from His harm? And if Allah intends to show mercy to me, can they withhold His mercy? So just say, 'Allah is sufficient for me; in Him the trusting put their trust.'"
Reference: (39-Al-Zumar:38)
وَلَا يَأْمُرَكُمْ أَن تَتَّخِذُوا الْمَلَائِكَةَ وَالنَّبِيِّينَ أَرْبَابًا ۗ أَيَأْمُرُكُم بِالْكُفْرِ بَعْدَ إِذْ أَنتُم مُّسْلِمُونَ ﴿٨٠﴾
"He (the Prophet) will never tell you to take angels or prophets as your Lord. Is it possible for a prophet to command you to disbelieve while you are Muslims?"
Reference: (3-Al-Imran:80)
يَا صَاحِبَيِ السِّجْنِ أَأَرْبَابٌ مُّتَفَرِّقُونَ خَيْرٌ أَمِ اللَّهُ الْوَاحِدُ الْقَهَّارُ ﴿٣٩﴾ مَا تَعْبُدُونَ مِن دُونِهِ إِلَّا أَسْمَاءً سَمَّيْتُمُوهَا أَنتُمْ وَآبَاؤُكُم مَّا أَنزَلَ اللَّهُ بِهَا مِن سُلْطَانٍ
"O companions of the prison! Consider for yourselves: are many different lords better, or is the One Allah, who is dominant over all? Those whom you worship besides Him are nothing but names which you and your forefathers have invented. Allah has not sent down any authority for them."
Reference: (12-Yusuf:40)
In the above clear verses, all the things worshipped besides Allah are referred to by the word Ilah (god).
