Musannaf Ibn Abi Shaybah

Hazrat Abu Al-Bakhtari (may Allah have mercy on him) narrates that when Hazrat Salman (may Allah be pleased with him) participated in the battle against the people of Persia, he said: "Wait until I invite them, just as I heard the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) invite the disbelievers." So he (may Allah be pleased with him) went to them and said: "Indeed, I am a man from among you. And surely you know my status among those people. And I invite you to Islam. If you accept Islam, you will receive what is due to us, and upon you will be the same obligations as are upon us. And if you refuse, then pay the jizya with your hands and live in humility. And if you refuse even this, then we will fight you." So they refused all the options. Then he (may Allah be pleased with him) said to the people: "Stand firm before the enemy and begin the battle."

Hazrat Buraidah (may Allah be pleased with him) narrates that when the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) appointed someone as the commander of a detachment or an army, he would advise him that when you meet your enemy from among the polytheists, invite them to one of three things or practices. If they accept any of these, accept it from them and refrain from fighting them. First, invite them to Islam. If they accept, refrain from fighting them and accept their Islam. Then invite them to leave their land and come to the land of the Muhajirin, and inform them that if they do so, they will have the same reward and obligations as the Muhajirin. If they refuse and choose to remain in their own city, then inform them that they will be like Muslim villagers; Allah’s command will apply to them as it applies to the believers, but they will have no share in the spoils of war or booty unless they fight alongside the Muslims. If they refuse this as well, then invite them to pay the jizya. If they agree, accept it from them and refrain from fighting them. But if they refuse, then seek help from Allah and fight them.

Hasan (may Allah have mercy on him) said that the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) fought the people of the Arabian Peninsula for Islam and did not accept anything from them except Islam. And this was the most virtuous jihad. And after that, the second jihad was against the most despicable among the People of the Book, which is mentioned in the verse: { قَاتِلُوا الَّذِینَ لاَ یُؤْمِنُونَ بِاللہِ وَلاَ بِالْیَوْمِ الآخِرِ } to the end of the verse. Translation: Fight those who do not believe in Allah and the Last Day. Hasan (may Allah have mercy on him) said: Any situation other than these two is innovation and misguidance.

Hasan (may Allah have mercy on him) narrates that the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) wrote a letter to the people of Yemen: Whoever performs our prayer, faces our Qiblah, and eats our slaughtered animals, then he is a Muslim. For him is the protection of Allah and the protection of His Messenger (peace be upon him). And whoever rejects these matters, then Jizyah is obligatory upon him.

Hazrat Abu Wa'il (may Allah have mercy on him) and Ibrahim (may Allah have mercy on him) both state that the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) appointed Hazrat Mu'adh (may Allah be pleased with him) as the governor of Yemen and instructed him to take one dinar or its equivalent in Ma'afir from every adult.

Hazrat Aslam, may Allah have mercy on him, who was the freed slave of Hazrat Umar, may Allah be pleased with him, narrates that Hazrat Umar, may Allah be pleased with him, wrote a letter to the governors who collected jizya: Do not impose jizya except on one who is an adult, and do not impose jizya on children and women. The narrator states that Hazrat Umar, may Allah be pleased with him, used to place a seal on the necks of those who paid jizya.

Hazrat Laith (may Allah have mercy on him) narrates that Hazrat Mujahid (may Allah have mercy on him) said: Idol worshippers were fought on the basis of Islam, and the People of the Book were fought on the basis of jizya.

Hazrat Masruq (may Allah have mercy on him) narrates that when the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) appointed Hazrat Mu'adh (may Allah be pleased with him) as the governor of Yemen, he instructed him to take one dinar or its equivalent in Ma'afir from every adult.

Hazrat Abu Majliz (may Allah have mercy on him) narrates that Hazrat Umar (may Allah be pleased with him) fixed twenty-four dirhams per year for every person, and exempted women and children.

Hazrat Aslam, may Allah have mercy on him, who was the freed slave of Hazrat Umar, may Allah be pleased with him, narrates that Hazrat Umar, may Allah be pleased with him, wrote a letter to all his governors: Do not collect jizya from women and children, and collect it only from adult men, and put a seal on their necks. And fix the jizya according to the profession of those people. Those who have silver must pay forty dirhams. And along with this, the salaries of the Muslims as well. And those who have gold must pay four dinars. And for the people of Syria, two mudd of wheat, and three qist, two mann of olive oil. And for the people of Egypt, twenty-four sa’ of wheat, pairs of clothes, and honey… Hazrat Nafi’, may Allah have mercy on him, could not preserve the exact amount that was fixed. And for the people of Iraq, fifteen sa’ of wheat. The narrator says: Hazrat Ubaidullah also mentioned pairs of clothes, but I could not remember that.

Hazrat Tawus (may Allah have mercy on him) narrates that Hazrat Ibrahim bin Sa’d (may Allah have mercy on him) asked Hazrat Ibn Abbas (may Allah be pleased with them both) about the wealth taken from the dhimmis. He (may Allah be pleased with him) replied: More than necessity.

Hazrat Antarah Abu Waki’ (may Allah have mercy on him) narrates that Hazrat Ali (may Allah be pleased with him) used to collect goods as jizya: crops from the farmers, dates from the date growers, and ropes from the rope makers.

Hazrat Abu Awn Muhammad bin Ubaidullah Al-Thaqafi (may Allah have mercy on him) narrates that Hazrat Umar fixed the amount of jizya according to the condition of the people: forty-eight dirhams for the wealthy, twenty-four dirhams for the middle-class person, and twelve dirhams for the poor.

Hazrat Ma'qil (may Allah have mercy on him) narrates that Hazrat Umar bin Abdul Aziz (may Allah have mercy on him) wrote a letter to his governors: Only the original jizya will be collected from the People of the Book. Nothing will be collected from those who have fled or from the deceased. And in the case of the inhabitants of the land fleeing, nothing will be collected.