This excerpt is taken from Dr. Yusuf al-Qaradawi's book Halal and Haram in Islam, translated into Urdu by Muhammad Tahir Naqqash.
Gold and pure silk are forbidden for men:
مصنف كے كلام سے ظاهر هوتا هے كه خالص ريشم پهننا مردوں كے ليے حرام هے جبكه كسي چيز سے ملا هوا ريشم پهننا جائز هے حالانكه اس كي تفصيل كچه اس طرح هے. اگر ريشم غائب هو تو اس كا حكم خالص رشيم والا هے كه وه مردوں كے ليے حرام هے اور اگر ريشم كم هو اور دوسري چيزيں اس پر غالب هو تو جمهور كے نزديك جائز هے كيونكه ريشم پر دوسري چيز غالب آچكي هے.
Reference: See: Al-A'lam's critique of the book Al-Halal wal-Haram by Al-Fawzan: 28.26
Islam has declared adornment permissible and even desirable, and has condemned declaring something forbidden on its own authority, as stated in the Qur'an:
قُلْ مَنْ حَرَّمَ زِينَةَ اللَّهِ الَّتِي أَخْرَجَ لِعِبَادِهِ وَالطَّيِّبَاتِ مِنَ الرِّزْقِ
"Say: Who has forbidden the adornment of Allah which He has produced for His servants and the good things of provision?"
Reference: (Al-A'raf: 32)
At the same time, it has forbidden two types of adornment for men, while declaring both permissible for women. That is, gold jewelry and pure silk clothing. Sayyiduna Ali (may Allah be pleased with him) narrates that the Prophet (peace be upon him) held silk in his right hand and gold in his left hand and said:
إِنَّ هَذَيْنِ حَرَامٌ عَلَى ذُكُورِ أُمَّتِي
"These two things are forbidden for the men of my Ummah."
Reference: Musnad Ahmad (1/115), Abu Dawood, Book of Clothing, Chapter on Silk for Women, Hadith: 4057 - Nasa'i, Book of Adornment, Chapter on the Prohibition of Gold for Men, Hadith: 5147, 5148 - Ibn Majah, Book of Clothing, Chapter on Wearing Silk and Gold for Women, Hadith: 3595
And Sayyiduna Umar (may Allah be pleased with him) narrates that he heard the Prophet (peace be upon him) say:
لا تلبسوا الحرير فإن من لبسه فى الدنيا لم يلبسه فى الآخرة
"Do not wear silk, for whoever wears silk in this world will be deprived of it in the Hereafter."
Reference: Sahih al-Bukhari, Book of Clothing, Chapter on Wearing Silk for Men, Hadith No.: 5832 - Sunan Abi Dawood, Book of Clothing, Chapter on Wearing Silk, Hadith No.: 4040 - Sunan Ibn Majah, Book of Clothing, Chapter on Disliking Wearing Silk, Hadith No.: 3588 - Musnad Ahmad ibn Hanbal (1/201), Hadith No.: 132 - Sahih Muslim, Book of Clothing and Adornment, Chapter on Prohibition of Using Gold and Silver Vessels, Hadith No.: 2069
Regarding a set of silk clothing, he said:
إنما هذه لباس من لا خلاق له
"This is the clothing of those who will have no share in the Hereafter."
Reference: Bukhari, Book of Clothing: Chapter on Wearing Silk for Men, Hadith: 5834 - Muslim, Book of Clothing: Chapter on Prohibition of Wearing Silk: 11/2069, wording is his
The Prophet (peace be upon him) saw a man wearing a gold ring, took it off and threw it away, saying:
يعمد أحدكم إلى جمرة من نار فيجعلها فى يده
"Do you want to hold a burning coal in your hand?"
Reference: Bukhari, Book of the Two Eids, Chapter on the Two Eids and Adornment in Them, Hadith: 948 - Muslim, Book of Clothing, Chapter on Prohibition of Wearing Silk, Hadith: 2068/8
After the Prophet (peace be upon him) passed away, someone told that man to pick up the ring and use it, but he said:
لا والله لا آخذه وقد طرحه رسول الله
"By Allah! I will not pick it up while the Messenger of Allah (peace be upon him) has thrown it away."
Reference: Muslim, Book of Clothing: Chapter on Prohibition of Gold Rings for Men, Hadith: 2090
Like the gold ring, other items used by luxury seekers today, such as gold pens, gold watches, gold cigarette lighters, gold cigarette cases, and gold cigarette holders, are also included.
However, the silver ring has been declared permissible for men by the Prophet (peace be upon him).
Sayyiduna Ibn Umar (may Allah be pleased with him) narrates:
اتخذ رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم خاتما من ورق، وكان فى يده ثم كان بعد فى يد أبى بكر، ثم كان بعد فى يد عمر، ثم كان بعد فى يد عثمان حتى وقع بعد فى بئر أريس
"The Messenger of Allah (peace be upon him) had a silver ring which was on his blessed hand. After him, it was with Sayyiduna Abu Bakr (may Allah be pleased with him), then with Sayyiduna Umar (may Allah be pleased with him), and finally with Sayyiduna Uthman (may Allah be pleased with him) until it fell into a well called Aris."
Reference: Bukhari, Book of Clothing, Chapter on the Seal Ring, Hadith: 5873; Muslim, Book of Clothing, Chapter on the Prophet (peace be upon him) Wearing a Ring Made of Silver, Hadith: 2091/54
As for rings made of other metals, such as iron, there is no authentic narration proving their permissibility, but in Sahih Bukhari, it is mentioned that the Messenger of Allah (peace be upon him) said to a man about a seal:
التمس ولو خاتما من حديد
"Find something, even if it is an iron ring."
Reference: Bukhari, Book of Clothing, Chapter on Iron Rings, Hadith: 5871; Muslim, Book of Marriage, Chapter on Dowry, Hadith: 1425
From this, Imam Bukhari (may Allah have mercy on him) deduced the permissibility of iron rings.
سنن ميں سيدنا بريده رضى الله عنه كي روايت ميں هے كه ايك شخص رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم كي خدمت ميں لوهے كي انگوٹهي پهنے حاضر هوا تو آپ صلى الله عليه وسلم نے اسے فرمايا كيا هے كه ميں ديكه رها هوں كه تو نے دوزخيوں كا زيور پهن ركها هے؟ پهر رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم نے اسے چاندي كي انگوٹهي پهننے كا كها.
Reference: (Abu Dawood, Book of Rings: What is mentioned about Iron Rings: Hadith 4223; Tirmidhi, Book of Clothing, Chapter on What is Mentioned about Iron Rings, Hadith 1785; Nasa'i, Book of Adornment, Chapter on the Amount to be Placed in a Ring of Silver, Hadith 5198)
يه حديث حسن لذاته هے اور اس سے لوهے كي انگوٹهي كي ممانعت نكلتي هے. امام بخاري رحمه الله كا استدلال درست نهيں هے كيونكه نبي كريم صلى الله عليه وسلم كا اس شخص سے كهنا كه تلاش كرو اگر چه لوهے كي انگوٹهي هي كيوں نه هو. اس كا يه مطلب نهيں كه لوهے كي انگوٹهي پهننا جائز هے. اگر نبي كريم صلى الله عليه وسلم ريشم و ديباج تلاش كرنے كا كهتے تو كيا ان كا پهننا بهي درست هو جاتا ؟ بلكه اس سے كم سے كم قيمت والي حقير چيز كا تلاش كرنا اور لانا مراد هے. اور شعب الايمان ميں عبد الله بن عمرو رضي الله عنهما سے مرفوعا روايت هے كه : نهي رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم عن خاتم الذهب وعن خاتم الحديد
Reference: (Sahih al-Jami' al-Saghir: 6955 and Sahihah: 1242; Shu'ab al-Iman: 6349)
اس حديث سے صراحتا لوهے كي انگوٹهي كا پهننا ممنوع قرار پاتا هے. والله اعلم !
Reference: Also see: Fath al-Bari under the mentioned hadith, Adab al-Zifaf (pp. 133-134), Ghaya al-Maram (p. 60), and others (Nasir Ahmad Kashif)
Warning :
مصنف رحمه الله نے اس حديث سے لوهے كي انگوٹهي پهننے كے جواز پر استدلال كيا هے. اس كے آگے فرماتے هيں : ديگر معدنيات مثلا : لوها، پيتل، سلور وغيره اس كو حرام قرار دينے ميں كوئي بهي صحيح نص (حكم) وارد نهيں هوئي بلكه صحيح بخاري ميں وارد اس مذكوره حديث هي كے ذريعه بخاري رحمه الله نے لوهے كي انگوٹهي پهننے كي اجازت پر استدلال كيا هے.
ميں كهتا هوں اس پر دو طرح مزيد غور كرنے كي ضرورت هے :
➊ يه هے كه فتح الباري ميں حافظ ابن حجر رحمه الله نے مذكوره استدلال كي ترديد كي هے. فرماتے هيں : ”اس ميں لوهے كي انگوٹهي كي اجازت كي حجت نهيں. كيونكه لوهے كي انگوٹهي بنانے كے جواز سے اس كے پهننے كا جواز لينا لازم نهيں آتا. اس ميں احتمال هے كه لوهے كي انگوٹهي كے حاصل كرنے كا آپ صلى الله عليه وسلم نے اس ليے كها هو كه اس كي قيمت سے بيوي فائده اٹها سكے.“
➋ يه هے كه لوهے كي انگوٹهي پهننے كي ممانعت صحيح سند سے وارد هے. امام بخاري رحمه الله نے الادب المفرد رقم نمبر 1021 ميں روايت بيان كي هے جو كه امام احمد رحمه الله نے عمرو بن شعيب سے انهوں نے اپنے باپ سے اور دادا سے بيان كي هے. ايك آدمي نبي صلى الله عليه وسلم كے پاس حاضر هوا اس نے هاته ميں سونے كي انگوٹهي پهن ركهي تهي تو نبي صلى الله عليه وسلم نے اس سے اعراض كيا جب آدمي نے آپ صلى الله عليه وسلم كي ناپسنديدگي ملاحظه كي تو انگوٹهي پهينك دي اور لوهے كي انگوٹهي بنوائي اسے پهن كر نبي صلى الله عليه وسلم كے پاس آيا تو آپ صلى الله عليه وسلم نے فرمايا : ”يه اس سے بهي بدتر هے يه تو دوزخ كے باسيوں كا زيور هے.“ پهر اس نے وه بهي پهينك دي اور چاندي كي انگوٹهي پهن لي پهر نبي صلى الله عليه وسلم خاموش رهے. تنقيد نه فرمائي.
ميں كهتا هوں: اس كي سند جيد هے. امام بخاري رحمه الله نے صحيح كے علاوه ديگر مقامات پر اس قسم كي سند سے حجت لي هے. امام احمد، ابن راهويه اور ترمذي وغيرهم نے اسے قابل حجت سمجها هے.
اور اسي پر زياده تر فقهي احكام كا دارومدار هے جيسا كه اعلام الموقعين ميں علامه ابن قيم رحمه الله نے واضح كيا هے جبكه اس حديث كي دوسري سنديں اور تائيدي احاديث بهي هيں جنهيں ميں نے (آداب الزفاف رقم : 145) It is mentioned. Therefore, this hadith is completely authentic. In light of this, a group of the Imams of Fiqh have adopted this practice.
اسحاق بن منصور مروزي رحمه الله اپني كتاب ”مسائل“ ميں امام احمد رحمه الله اور امام اسحاق بن راهويه رحمه الله سے بيان كرتے هيں، سونے يا لوهے كي انگوٹهي پهننا ناجائز هے (صفحه نمبر : 234) And they say: By Allah! Just as Imam Ahmad, may Allah have mercy on him, gave this fatwa, similarly Imam Ishaq, may Allah have mercy on him, also gave it, and likewise Imam Malik, may Allah have mercy on him, said so as Abdullah bin Wahb, may Allah have mercy on him, has narrated in "Al-Jami'"
Reference: page number: 101-110
, and Ibn Saad, may Allah have mercy on him, narrated it from Sayyiduna Umar, may Allah be pleased with him, in "Tabaqat al-Kubra"
Reference: page number: 4114
, and similarly Abdul Razzaq, may Allah have mercy on him, and Bayhaqi, may Allah have mercy on him, narrated it in "Shu'ab al-Iman". Likewise, in "Al-Jami' al-Kabir", Sayuti, may Allah have mercy on him, narrated it.
Reference: (91/J)
Reference: (Nasiruddin al-Albani, may Allah have mercy on him)
And wearing silk fabric is permissible only when there is a genuine need for it. The Prophet, peace be upon him, permitted Sayyiduna Abdur Rahman bin Awf, may Allah be pleased with him, and Sayyiduna Zubair bin Awwam, may Allah be pleased with him, to wear silk clothes due to itching.
Reference: Bukhari, Book of Jihad, Chapter on Silk in War, Hadith: 2919, 2920; Muslim, Book of Clothing, Chapter on Permissibility of Wearing Silk for Men, Hadith: 2076
The wisdom behind prohibiting silk for men:
Silk and gold have been prohibited for men due to very important educational and ethical reasons. Islam, which is a religion of jihad and strength, opposes those manifestations that cause weakness, laxity, and moral decline in character. Allah Almighty has given men a different physical structure than women, so it is not appropriate in any way for men to compete with beautiful women by adorning themselves with jewelry and wearing beautiful clothes.
Moreover, there are social benefits behind this prohibition. Islam's program against luxury includes the prohibition of gold and silk. In the view of the Quran, indulgence in luxury is a moral decline that has led many nations to destruction. This luxury is a manifestation of social injustice because a small privileged class enjoys at the expense of a large, impoverished class. This class has always opposed truth, goodness, and reform. The Quran says:
وَإِذَا أَرَدْنَا أَنْ نُهْلِكَ قَرْيَةً أَمَرْنَا مُتْرَفِيهَا فَفَسَقُوا فِيهَا فَحَقَّ عَلَيْهَا الْقَوْلُ فَدَمَّرْنَاهَا تَدْمِيرًا
"And when We intend to destroy a city, We command its affluent but they defiantly disobey therein; so the word comes into effect upon it, and We destroy it with [complete] destruction."
Reference: (Al-Isra: 16)
وَ مَاۤ اَرۡسَلۡنَا فِیۡ قَرۡیَۃٍ مِّنۡ نَّذِیۡرٍ اِلَّا قَالَ مُتۡرَفُوۡہَاۤ ۙ اِنَّا بِمَاۤ اُرۡسِلۡتُمۡ بِہٖ کٰفِرُوۡنَ
"And whenever We sent a warner to any city, the affluent among its people said, 'Indeed, we are, in [respect of] the message with which you have been sent, disbelievers.'"
Reference: (Saba: 34)
In light of this spirit of the Quran, the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) declared all manifestations of luxury forbidden in the life of a Muslim. Just as gold and silk were prohibited for men, similarly, the use of gold and silver utensils was declared forbidden for both men and women.
Reference: Bukhari, Book of Drinks, Chapter: Silver utensils, Hadith: 5633; Muslim, Book of Clothing, Chapter: Prohibition of using gold and silver utensils, Hadith: 2067
Besides all these reasons, there is also significant economic weight in this, because gold is internationally considered a secure investment for cash, so its use for men's jewelry or utensils should never be allowed.
The Permissibility for Women and Its Wisdom:
This ruling excludes women. This exception is a concession in favor of women and also a requirement of femininity, and it is also in accordance with their nature that likes adornment, provided that its purpose is not to attract non-mahram men and to arouse lustful desires. The hadith states:
أيما امرأة استعطرت فمرت على قوم ليجدوا ريحها فهي زانية وكل عين زانية
"A woman who applies perfume and passes by people so that its scent reaches them, she is a fornicator, and every evil eye is a fornicator."
Reference: Abu Dawood, Kitab al-Tarajjul, Chapter on Women’s Perfume for Going Out, Hadith: 4173; Tirmidhi, Kitab al-Adab, Chapter on the Dislike of Women Going Out Perfumed, Hadith: 2786; Nasa’i, Kitab al-Zeenah, Chapter on What is Disliked for Women Regarding Perfume, Hadith: 5129; Sahih Ibn Hibban (Al-Ihsan), Hadith: 4407
And Allah Almighty has warned women, saying:
وَلَا يَضْرِبْنَ بِأَرْجُلِهِنَّ لِيُعْلَمَ مَا يُخْفِينَ مِنْ زِينَتِهِنَّ
"And do not stamp your feet to make known what you conceal of your adornment."
Reference: Surah An-Nur: 31
