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Ruling on Offering Missed (Qada) Prayers in Congregation

Source: Ahkam wa Masail in Light of the Qur'an and Hadith, Volume 02

❖ Question:​

What do the scholars of Islam say regarding a situation where Maghrib prayer has already been offered in congregation at a mosque, and now the time for 'Isha has arrived? Two individuals come to the mosque and offer the missed Maghrib prayer in congregation with Adhan and Iqamah. In such a case, should missed (Qada) prayers be offered in congregation with Adhan and Iqamah, or individually without them?

❖ The Answer:​

When the congregational prayer has already been performed in a mosque, it is not prohibited to perform another congregational prayer in that mosque. In fact, it is permissible, and this is supported by evidence from Hadith.

As narrated by Abu Sa'id رضي الله عنه and recorded in Abu Dawood and Tirmidhi:
"A man entered the mosque after the Prophet ﷺ had already performed the prayer with his companions. The Prophet ﷺ said: ‘Who among you will give charity by praying with this man?’ So, one person stood up and prayed with him.”
(Abu Dawood, Tirmidhi)

In the explanation of this Hadith in Nayl al-Awtar, it is stated that this Hadith proves the permissibility of performing a second congregational prayer in a mosque where the first congregation has already taken place. This view is also held by Imam Ahmad and Imam Ishaq.

❖ Ruling Regarding Adhan and Iqamah:​

As for the necessity of Adhan and Iqamah for a second congregation, there is no marfu' (directly traceable to the Prophet ﷺ) Hadith that mandates Adhan for a subsequent congregation.

However, it is established from Anas رضي الله عنه that he performed prayer in a mosque, where the prayer had already been held, by calling the Adhan and Iqamah before praying in congregation. As reported in Sahih Bukhari:
"Anas رضي الله عنه entered a mosque where the prayer had already been held. He then called the Adhan, gave the Iqamah, and prayed in congregation."
(Sahih Bukhari, Hadith No. 628)

Furthermore, the practice of giving Adhan and Iqamah for missed (Qada) prayers is proven from Hadith, such as the Hadith of Laylat al-Ta’rīs and the Hadith of the Day of the Trench, in which the Prophet ﷺ instructed Bilal رضي الله عنه to call the Adhan and give the Iqamah.

Nayl al-Awtar notes that this Hadith is evidence for the legitimacy of Adhan and Iqamah for Qada prayers, and scholars like Imam Abu Hanifa, Imam Ahmad ibn Hanbal, and others maintain that it is recommended (mustahabb) to offer Adhan and Iqamah for Qada prayers.

As stated in Alamgiriya:
"If a person has missed a prayer and wants to make it up, he should perform it with Adhan and Iqamah, whether individually or in congregation."
(Alamgiriya, Volume 1, Page 53)

❖ Summary:​

If a congregational prayer has already been offered in the mosque, it is still permissible to perform Qada prayer in congregation afterward.
Offering Adhan and Iqamah for Qada prayer is preferred (mustahabb), as established by the practice of Anas رضي الله عنه and various Hadiths.
Adhan and Iqamah are not obligatory for a second congregation, but for Qada prayers, they are recommended.
 
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