Muslim Thought and Science: Key Questions in Philosophy and Reasoning

✦ Muslim Thought, Rationality, Science, and Philosophy: An Overview of Core Challenges ✦

❖ Introduction to the Series​

This summary presents a categorized list of articles previously published on the themes of Muslim thought and philosophy, rationalism, epistemology, science, and philosophical challenges facing the modern mind. All articles are available on our website for detailed reading. Each item below addresses a key concern and invites critical reflection from an Islamic perspective.

① Rationalism (عقلیات)​

• Is Reason Limited in Scope?
• Faith, Reason, and Science (Repeated Topic)
• Can a Shar‘i Argument Also Be Rational?
• Deceptions Faced by Rational Justification
• Acceptance or Rejection of Islamic Rulings Based on Rational Wisdom
• Religion, Reason, and Modernity
• Debates on Religion and Science
• Historical Background of the Religion vs. Science Divide
• How Did the Clash Between Reason and Revelation Begin?

② Philosophy (فلسفہ)​

• Introduction and Purpose of Philosophy
• What Is Logic? – Introduction and Objective
• How to Study Philosophy?
• Why Study Philosophy?
• Recommended Books on Philosophy in Urdu
• Logical Fallacies Explained
• Logic and the Law of Non-Contradiction
• Ibn Taymiyyah’s Critique of Greek Philosophy and Its Muslim Followers
• Futility of Philosophy in Theological Matters
• The Rise of Greek Philosophy in the Muslim World and Imam Ghazali
• The Ghazali vs. Ibn Rushd Debate
• Examining the Objections in the Ghazali-Ibn Rushd Dispute
• Was Imam Ghazali Responsible for Muslim Decline? A Historical Review (Two Parts)
• “Let Me Show You the Destiny of Nations” – Philosophical Reflections
• The Myth of the Islamic Golden Age
• What Is the Real Problem Modernists Have with Imam Ghazali?
• Ghazali on Reason and Science
• Ghazali’s Methodology and Major Intellectual Challenges
• Imam Ghazali’s Intellectual Journey Through al-Munqidh min al-Dalal
• Was Imam Ghazali Ever Inclined Toward Atheism?
• The Meaning and Importance of Skepticism in Ghazali’s Thought

③ Science (سائنس)​

• Freedom of Scientific Inquiry in Ancient Greece, Rome, and the Islamic World
• The Role of the Qur’an in the Advancement of Philosophy and Science
• Were All Great Muslim Scientists Secular or Atheist?
• Was Ibn Rushd an Atheist? Did ‘Mullahs’ Burn His Books?
• Was the Famous Scientist al-Razi a Heretic?
• Major Muslim Scientific Discoveries and Inventions – A Review
• Ibn Taymiyyah and Scientific Concepts: Gravity, Earth's Shape, Latitude and Longitude
• Have Muslims Been Intellectual Parasites for 1,000 Years?
• Was There No Scientific Progress During the Ottoman and Mughal Periods?
• Western Knowledge Grew on the Foundation of Islamic Knowledge
• The Eurocentrism Hypothesis in Science and Civilization
• Are Religious Scholars Anti-Science? A Rebuttal
• Did Scholars Declare the Printing Press Haram?
• Muslims Were the First to Invent the Printing Press
• The Clerics' Opposition to Loudspeakers
• Is There Any Invention Attributed to a Religious Scholar?
• Every Task Has Its Own Significance

④ Epistemology (تصورِ علم)​

• Philosophy and Epistemology
• Faith, Atheism, and Existential Presuppositions
• Pre-Rational Existential State and Faith vs. Atheism
• Relationship Between Intellect, Prophethood, and Metaphysics
• The Islamic Worldview and Modern Science (Repeated Entry)
• Interview: Islam, Science, and Muslims – Seyyed Hossein Nasr (Repeated Entry)
• The Challenge of Islamizing Human Sciences
• Why and How Did the Secularization of Nature Occur?
• Foundations of Western and Islamic Research Methodologies