Islam and Evolution: A Religious Perspective on the Theory of Evolution

Many Muslim students today find themselves in a dilemma when it comes to the “Theory of Evolution.” This theory posits that all living beings on Earth are the descendants of earlier species and that the diversity we see today is a result of gradual changes across generations.

Understanding Natural Selection and Evolution​

The concept of natural selection, central to evolutionary theory, explains that individuals within a species exhibit variations. Those with traits best suited to their environment are more likely to survive and pass on these traits, while others may not. Over long periods, this process leads to the survival of the fittest.

The Islamic Perspective on Evolution​

This article does not aim to scientifically validate or refute evolution but to explore its compatibility with Islamic teachings. The primary questions for Muslims are:

① Is the concept of evolution and natural selection consistent with Islam?
② Can Muslims accept evolution purely as a scientific theory?
③ Could evolution be seen as one of God’s methods of creation?
④ Can the idea of human evolution be reconciled with Islamic belief?
⑤ If not, how should Muslims understand fossil evidence of bipedal, tool-using primates?

Reference from the Qur’an and Sunnah​

Islam teaches unequivocally that all humans are descendants of Prophet Adam (peace be upon him) and Hawwa (Eve). Adam was created from clay by Allah without parents — a miraculous creation that transcends scientific validation or refutation. This belief is explicitly affirmed in the Qur’an and forms a foundational tenet of Islamic faith.

Evolution of Plants and Animals​

The Qur’an provides no specific detail regarding the evolution of non-human species. When Adam and Hawwa were sent to Earth, the Qur’an does not specify the state of biological diversity. What matters is the belief that Allah created all life forms according to His will, as He states:

❝Allah is the Creator of all things, and He is the Guardian over all things.❞ (Surah Az-Zumar 39:62)
❝We made every living thing from water.❞ (Surah Al-Anbiya 21:30)

Qur’anic Silence on Evolution and Natural Selection​

The Qur’an neither confirms nor denies the biological theory of evolution or natural selection. Therefore, these remain scientific questions, to be evaluated using scientific criteria. If proven scientifically, they may be accepted as natural processes without theological conflict — as long as the core beliefs of creation and the uniqueness of Adam remain intact.

Religion and Science: Distinct Domains​

Science seeks to understand the phenomena of the natural world — a manifestation of divine power. The existence of fossils indicating intelligent, bipedal primates does not contradict Islamic belief, as long as these are not considered human ancestors.

Accepting evolution in animals is not inherently un-Islamic, especially if understood to have occurred before the arrival of Adam (peace be upon him). Revelation firmly separates humans from other beings in terms of origin and purpose.

Evolution and Belief in God​

It is a misconception that belief in evolution necessitates atheism. The theory describes a mechanism of development, not a cause of existence. Atheists may use evolution to support their worldview, but this is a misuse of science, not its mandate.

Concluding Thoughts​

Religion and science serve different purposes. Religion guides the soul and moral compass, while science explores natural mechanisms. Islam does not need to reshape itself to align with every scientific theory. While science evolves, revelation remains firm and clear.