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Is Marriage Valid Through a Representative Without a Guardian?

❖ Question:​


Can a woman appoint a representative (wakīl) and marry in the presence of two witnesses?


Source: Fatāwā Amunpuri by Shaykh Ghulam Mustafa Zaheer Amunpuri


✿ Answer:​


No, such a marriage does not take place unless the guardian (walī) has granted permission. A marriage conducted through a wakīl without the walī’s consent is invalid.


Sayyidah ʿĀ’ishah رضي الله عنها narrated that the Messenger of Allah ﷺ said:


جو عورت اپنے ولی کی اجازت کے بغیر نکاح کرتی ہے، اس کا نکاح باطل ہے، اس کا نکاح باطل ہے، اس کا نکاح باطل ہے، اگر مرد اس کے ساتھ دخول کر لیتا ہے، تو اس عورت کو مرد کی طرف سے شرمگاہ کو حلال کرنے کے عوض حق مہر ملے گا اور اگر ان (باپ کے علاوہ ولیوں) میں اختلاف ہو جائے، تو حاکم وقت اس کا ولی ہے، جس کا کوئی ولی نہیں ہے۔


(Musnad Isḥāq: 499; Musnad Aḥmad: 6/165; Musnad al-Ḥumaydī: 228; Musnad al-Ṭayālisī: 1/305; Sunan Abī Dāwūd: 2083; Sunan Ibn Mājah: 1879; Sunan al-Tirmidhī: 1102; al-Sunan al-Kubrā al-Nasā’ī: 5394; Musnad Abī Yaʿlā: 2083; Sunan al-Dāraqutnī: 3/221; al-Sunan al-Kubrā al-Bayhaqī: 7/105 – sanad ḥasan)


Imām al-Tirmidhī رحمه الله and Ibn ʿAsākir رحمه الله graded it ḥasan, while Imām Ibn al-Jārūd, Abū ʿAwānah, Ibn Khuzaymah, Ibn Ḥibbān, al-Bayhaqī, Ibn al-Jawzī, and al-Ḥākim declared it ṣaḥīḥ.


✅ Conclusion:​

  • A woman cannot marry herself off through a wakīl without the permission of her walī.
  • Even if witnesses are present, the marriage remains invalid without the walī’s approval.
  • If there is no walī, the ruler or judge acts as her walī.
 
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