This excerpt is taken from Sheikh Muhammad Farooq's book Issues of the Two Eids.
If Eid falls on the day of Jumu'ah, it is permissible to skip the Jumu'ah prayer:
If Eid occurs on the day of Jumu'ah, the person attending Eid has the permission either to join the Jumu'ah prayer or to skip it.
Evidence:
❀ Muawiyah ibn Abi Sufyan رضي الله عنه asked Zaid ibn Arqam رضي الله عنه:
أشهدت مع رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم عيدين اجتمعا فى يوم؟ قال: نعم، قال: فكيف صنع؟ قال: صلى العيد ثم رخص فى الجمعة فقال: من شاء أن يصلي فليصل
"Have you ever participated with the Messenger of Allah صلى الله عليه وسلم in two Eid prayers (Friday and Eid) that fell on the same day?" Zaid ibn Arqam رضي الله عنه said: "Yes!" Then Muawiyah رضي الله عنه asked: "So what did the Prophet صلى الله عليه وسلم do?" He (Zaid) said: "The Prophet صلى الله عليه وسلم performed the Eid prayer, then dismissed the Friday prayer and said: Whoever wishes to pray the Friday prayer may do so."
Reference: Sunan Abu Dawood, Book of Prayer, Chapter: If Friday coincides with Eid: 1070 - Sunan an-Nasa'i, Book of Eid Prayers, Chapter: Concession for missing Friday for those who attended Eid: 1592 - Sunan Ibn Majah, Book of Establishing Prayers, Chapter: What was narrated about when both Eids coincide on one day: 1310 - Musnad Ahmad: 371/4 - Ibn Khuzaymah: 1464 - Mustadrak Hakim: 288/1 - The chain is Hasan. Iyās ibn Abi Ramlah al-Shami is a trustworthy narrator; Ibn Hibban mentioned him in Kitab al-Thiqat and Hakim authenticated his hadith, thus removing any doubt about his reliability.
❀ Abu Ubaid Mawla Ibn Azhar narrates:
ثم شهدت العيد مع عثمان بن عفان، وكان ذلك يوم الجمعة، فصلى قبل الخطبة، ثم خطب فقال: يا أيها الناس إن هذا يوم قد اجتمع لكم فيه عيدان، فمن أحب أن ينتظر الجمعة من أهل العوالي فلينتظر، ومن أحب أن يرجع فقد أذنت له
Then I attended Eid with Uthman ibn Affan رضي الله عنه and it was Friday. So he prayed before the sermon, then delivered the sermon and said: "O people! Indeed, on this day two Eids have coincided for you, so whoever among the people of Al-Awwalī wishes to wait for Friday, let him wait, and whoever wishes to return, I have permitted him."
Reference: Sahih Bukhari, Book of Sacrifices, Chapter: What is eaten from the meat of sacrifices and taken as provision: 5572 - Musnad Abu Ya'la: 152 - Sahih Ibn Hibban: 3600
It is recommended for the preacher to arrange Friday prayer if Eid falls on Friday:
If Eid occurs on the day of Friday, it is recommended for the Imam to hold the Friday prayer so that those who wish to participate in Friday prayer can do so. Also, the Prophet Muhammad ﷺ arranging Friday prayer on Eid day is evidence of its recommendation.
Evidence:
1. It is narrated from Sayyiduna Abu Hurairah (RA) that the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) said:
قد اجتمع فى يومكم هذا عيدان، فمن شاء أجزأه من الجمعة، وإنا مجمعون
"Indeed, on your day two Eids (Friday and Eid) have coincided, so whoever wishes that his participation in Eid suffices for Friday, then this act will suffice him (from participating in Friday), but surely we are the ones who establish Friday."
Reference: Sunan Abu Dawood, Book of Prayer, Chapter: If Friday coincides with Eid: 1073 - Sunan Ibn Majah, Book of Establishing Prayers, Chapter: What has been narrated about the two Eids coinciding on one day: 1311 - Sunan Bayhaqi: 318/3 - Its chain is authentic
2. It is narrated from Ibn Abbas (RA) that the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) said:
اجتمع عيدان فى يومكم هذا، فمن شاء أجزاه من الجمعة وإنا مجمعون إن شاء الله
"On your day two Eids have coincided, so whoever wishes that his inclusion in this Eid suffices for Friday (then he has the option to leave Friday), but undoubtedly, we, God willing, will perform Friday prayer."
Reference: Sunan Ibn Majah, Book of Establishing Prayers, Chapter: What has been narrated about the two Eids coinciding on one day: 1311 - Its chain is good
3. Sayyiduna Nu'man bin Bashir (RA) states:
كان رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم يقرأ فى العيدين وفي الجمعة بسبح اسم ربك الأعلى وهل أتاك حديث الغاشية، قال: وإذا اجتمع العيد والجمعة فى يوم واحد يقرأ بهما أيضا فى الصلاتين
The Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) used to recite سبح اسم ربك الأعلى and هل أتاك حديث الغاشية in the Eid prayers and the Friday prayer. The narrator states: And when Eid and Friday coincided on the same day, the Prophet (ﷺ) would recite these two Surahs in both prayers.
Reference: Sahih Muslim, Book of Prayer, Chapter: What is recited in Friday prayer: 878 - Abu Dawood, Book of Prayer, Chapter: What is recited on Friday: 1122 - Tirmidhi, Book of Prayer, Chapter: What has been narrated about the recitation in the two Eids: 533 - Nasai, Book of Eid Prayers, Chapter: Recitation in the two Eids "Subhana Isma Rabbika Al-A'la and Hal Ataaka Hadith Al-Ghashiyah": 1569 - Ibn Majah, Book of Establishing Prayers, Chapter: What has been narrated about the recitation in Eid prayers: 1281
Benefits:
1. When Eid and Friday coincide on the same day, the Friday prayer is omitted for those who attend Eid.
2. On the day of Eid coinciding with Friday, it is a recommended act for the Imam to hold the Friday prayer.
If Eid falls on Friday, it is also permissible not to hold the Friday prayer:
If Friday and Eid fall on the same day, it is recommended to perform the Friday prayer, but if Friday prayer is completely omitted, it is also permissible; however, in that case, the Zuhr prayer must be performed. Wahb bin Kaysan narrates:
اجتمع عيدان فى عهد ابن الزبير فأخر الخروج، ثم خرج فخطب، فأطال الخطبة، ثم صلى ولم يخرج إلى الجمعة، فعاب ذلك أناس عليه، فبلغ ذلك عند ابن عباس فقال: أصاب السنة، فبلغ ابن الزبير فقال: شهدت العيد مع عمر فصنع كما صنعت
During the caliphate of Abdullah bin Zubair (may Allah be pleased with him), two Eids (on the same day) coincided, so he delayed going to the Eidgah, then proceeded, delivered the sermon, gave a long sermon, then performed the prayer and did not go out for Friday prayer. People criticized him for not attending the Friday prayer, and when this reached Ibn Abbas (may Allah be pleased with both of them), he said: "He acted according to the Sunnah." When Ibn Zubair (may Allah be pleased with him) learned of this, he said: "When I attended Eid with Umar (may Allah be pleased with him), he did the same as I did."
Reference: Sunan an-Nasa'i, Book of the Prayer of the Two Eids, Chapter on the concession of missing Friday prayer for those who attended it: 1593 - Musannaf Ibn Abi Shaybah: 5835 - Mustadrak Hakim: 435/1 - Sahih Ibn Khuzaymah: 1465 - Its chain is Hasan
Fiqh of Hadith:
If the blessed Friday coincides with Eid, it is permissible for the Imam not to lead the Friday prayer, as indicated by the phrase "أصاب السنة" (they followed the Sunnah) and the actions of Umar ibn Khattab (may Allah be pleased with him) and Abdullah ibn Zubair (may Allah be pleased with him) which serve as evidence for its permissibility.
Those who do not perform the Friday prayer on Eid day will offer the Zuhr prayer:
If Jumu'ah (Friday prayer) and Eid fall on the same day, it is permissible to either perform or skip the Jumu'ah prayer; however, those who skip Jumu'ah must perform the Dhuhr prayer. The evidences are as follows:
1. Jumu'ah is not obligatory for women, slaves, travelers, and minor children, but if they cannot perform Jumu'ah, according to the preferred opinion, they should perform the Dhuhr prayer.
Sayyid Sabiq states: Jumu'ah is not obligatory on the mentioned individuals; rather, only the Dhuhr prayer is obligatory on them. Whoever among them performs Jumu'ah, their prayer is valid and the obligation of Dhuhr is lifted from them.
Reference: Fiqh al-Sunnah: 287/1
When it is obligatory for these individuals to perform Dhuhr if Jumu'ah is not obligatory on them, then on the day of Eid, if the obligation of Jumu'ah is lifted, it is also obligatory to perform Dhuhr because Jumu'ah is a substitute for Dhuhr, and if the substitute is lifted, the original obligation of Dhuhr remains, which must be performed in any case.
2. Amir San'ani says: The opinion that on the day of Jumu'ah, the Jumu'ah prayer is the original obligation and Dhuhr is a substitute for Jumu'ah is a weak opinion. Rather, Dhuhr is the original obligation, which was made obligatory on the night of Mi'raj, and the obligation of Jumu'ah came later. Therefore, when Jumu'ah is missed, the Dhuhr prayer becomes obligatory by consensus.
Reference: Asbil al-Salam 468/2
Fatwa of Sheikh Ibn Baz:
Fadhilat Sheikh Abdul Aziz bin Baz, may Allah have mercy on him, states: Whoever participates in the Eid prayer, it is permissible for him to skip Friday prayer and to perform Dhuhr prayer at home or in congregation with those companions who attended Eid. However, it is better and more complete for him to perform Friday prayer with the people. Then, if he leaves Friday prayer due to attending and performing Eid prayer, there is no sin upon him, but it is obligatory for him to pray Dhuhr alone or in congregation.
Reference: Majmoo' Fatawa Ibn Baz: 283/12
Fatwa of Sheikh Ibn Uthaymeen:
Fadhilat Sheikh Ibn Uthaymeen, may Allah have mercy on him, states that whoever attends the Eid prayer is excused from attending Friday prayer, but it is obligatory for him to pray Dhuhr because Dhuhr prayer is a time-bound obligation that cannot be neglected.
Reference: Majmoo' Fatawa wa Rasa'il Ibn Uthaymeen: 109/16
The narrations from which it is inferred that if Eid falls on Friday, Dhuhr prayer can be omitted
Evidence 1:
❀ Ata bin Abi Rabah, may Allah have mercy on him, narrates:
اجتمع يوم جمعة ويوم فطر على عهد ابن الزبير فقال: عيدان اجتمعا فى يوم واحد فجمعهما جميعا، فصلاهما ركعتين بكرة لم يزد عليهما حتى صلى العصر
"During the caliphate of Ibn Zubair, when Friday and Eid al-Fitr coincided on the same day, he said: Two Eids have come together on one day, so he combined both (Eid prayer and Friday prayer) and performed these two rak'ahs in the morning and did not offer any additional prayer after these two rak'ahs until (afterwards) he prayed Asr prayer."
Reference: Sunan Abu Dawood, Book of Prayer, Chapter: If Friday coincides with Eid day: 1072 - Its chain is Hasan. Yahya bin Khalaf is truthful and the other narrators are trustworthy
In this chain, Ibn Jurayj's 'an'anah' (continuous narration) is present. Ibn Jurayj is a mudallis narrator, and it is a Muslim principle that the 'an'anah' of a mudallis is detrimental to the authenticity of the hadith. However, in this hadith, Ibn Jurayj's 'an'anah' is not detrimental because Ibn Jurayj's narration from Ata bin Abi Rabah is based on hearing (sama').
Reference: See: Al-Tarikh Al-Kabir by Ibn Abi Khaythamah, pp. 152, 157, with reference to Al-Fath Al-Mubeen in the verification of the classes of mudallis narrators, p. 56
Shawkani's Argument:
Shawkani says: From the apparent meaning of this hadith, it appears that Ibn Zubair (may Allah be pleased with him) did not perform the Zuhr prayer. Also, this hadith is evidence that when Jumu'ah is missed due to a permissible excuse, performing Zuhr prayer is not obligatory, and Ata also holds this view. However, this reasoning is invalid for several reasons.
❀ Amir San'ani writes:
In this narration, the fact that Ibn Zubair (may Allah be pleased with him) did not attend Jumu'ah prayer does not conclusively prove that he performed Zuhr prayer at home. Therefore, it is not correct to assert with certainty that Ibn Zubair (may Allah be pleased with him) held the same view that the Zuhr prayer is dropped for the one who performs the Eid prayer, because it is possible that he performed Zuhr prayer at home.
Reference: 'Awn al-Ma'bud: 269/3
And the author of 'Awn al-Ma'bud' states that Shawkani's reasoning is invalid, and Amir San'ani's statement is more correct in this regard.
Reference: 'Awn al-Ma'bud: 270/3
فجمعهما جميعا فصلاهما ركعتين
From the words of the hadith, it is understood that Abdullah ibn Zubair (may Allah be pleased with him), due to his personal ijtihad, delayed the Eid prayer and performed the Jumu'ah prayer earlier. Because many elements (the sermon and the prayer) are common to both prayers, he considered both prayers as one and deemed two rak'ahs sufficient for the performance of both prayers. This ijtihad does not prove abandoning the Zuhr prayer; rather, he performed Jumu'ah prayer based on his personal opinion, so there was no need to perform Zuhr prayer as a substitute. The Zuhr prayer will be performed by the one who misses Jumu'ah prayer. The words of the hadith support this meaning.
Argument 2:
❀ Hasan Basri, may Allah have mercy on him, states:
اجتمع عيدان على عهد على فصلى أحدهما ولم يصل الآخر
During the caliphate of Ali, may Allah be pleased with him, two Eids coincided, so he performed one Eid prayer and did not perform the other prayer (Jumu'ah).
Reference: Ahkam al-Eidayn by al-Firyabi: 9 - Its chain is weak
In this hadith, Qatadah bin Du'ama al-Sudusi is an 'an'anah narrator and Qatadah is a mudallis narrator.
What if the news of the Eid crescent is received after midday in Ramadan?
If the sighting of the Eid al-Fitr moon is reported after the zenith of the sun in Ramadan, then the fast of that day will be abandoned and the Eid prayer will be performed the next day, because the time for Eid prayer is from after the sun has fully risen until the zenith of the sun.
Shawkani states that it is established in the sea of knowledge that the time for Eid prayer is from after sunrise until the zenith of the sun, and there is no disagreement among scholars on this matter.
Reference: Nail al-Awtar: 310/3
❀ Ibn Qudamah Hanbali says:
إذا لم يعلم بيوم العيد إلا بعد زوال الشمس خرج من الغد، وهو قول الأوزاعي، والثوري، وإسحاق وابن المنذر وصوبه الخطابي
When the Imam learns about the day of Eid after the zenith of the sun in Ramadan, he should head towards the Eid ground the next day for the Eid prayer. This is the position of Awza'i, Thawri, Ishaq ibn Rahwayh, and Ibn Mundhir, and Khatabi has considered it the strongest opinion.
The evidence for this position is the following narrations.
1. It is narrated from Rubai ibn Harash, may Allah have mercy on him, that a companion of the Prophet, peace be upon him, said:
اختلف الناس فى آخر يوم من رمضان، فقدم أعرابيان فشهدا عند النبى صلى الله عليه وسلم بالله لقد رأينا الهلال أمس عشية، فأمر رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم الناس أن يفطروا وأن يغدوا إلى صلاتهم
On the last day of Ramadan, there was a dispute among the people regarding the sighting of the crescent, and two villagers came to the Prophet, peace be upon him, swearing by Allah that they had indeed seen the moon the previous evening. Upon this, the Messenger of Allah, peace be upon him, ordered the people to break their fast and to proceed early the next morning towards their Eid ground.
Reference: Sunan Abu Dawood, Book of Fasting, Chapter on the Testimony of Two Men on the Sighting of the Shawwal Crescent: 3339 - Bayhaqi: 4/250 - Its chain of narration is authentic
2. Abu Umair ibn Anas, may Allah be pleased with him, narrates from his uncles who were companions of the Prophet, peace be upon him, that:
أن ركبا جاءوا إلى النبى صلى الله عليه وسلم يشهدون أنهم رأوا الهلال بالأمس فأمرهم أن يفطروا وإذا أصبحوا بغدوا إلى مصلاهم
A caravan came to the Prophet, peace be upon him, and testified that they had certainly seen the Eid moon the previous day, so the Prophet, peace be upon him, ordered the people to abandon fasting and when morning came, to head early towards their Eid ground.
Reference: Abu Dawood, Book of Prayer, Chapter: If the Imam Does Not Go Out for Eid on Its Day, He Goes Out the Next Day: 1157 - Nasai, Book of the Two Eid Prayers, Chapter on Going Out for the Two Eids the Next Day: 1558 - Ibn Majah, Book of Fasting, Chapter on Testimony Regarding the Sighting of the Crescent: 1653 - Musnad Ahmad: 58/5 - Sunan Bayhaqi: 316/3 - Its chain of narration is authentic
Although these narrations do not clarify whether the testimony of the crescent sighting was given before or after the zenith of the sun, the following narration explicitly states that the report was made in the last part of the day.
It is narrated from Abu Umair ibn Anas, may Allah be pleased with him, that his uncles, who were companions of the Prophet, peace be upon him, said:
غم علينا هلال شوال فأصبحنا صياما، فجاء ركب من آخر النهار فشهدوا عند رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم أنهم رأوا الهلال بالأمس، فأمر رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم أن يفطروا من يومهم، وأن يخرجوا لعيدهم من الغد
Due to clouds or haze, we did not see the Eid crescent on the night of the 29th of Ramadan, so (the next day) we were fasting, then in the last part of the day, a group of travelers came and testified before the Messenger of Allah, peace be upon him, that they had certainly seen the Eid crescent the previous day. Upon hearing this, the Messenger of Allah, peace be upon him, ordered the people to break their fast that day and to proceed the next day for the Eid prayer.
Reference: Musnad Ahmad: 58/5 - Ibn Majah, Book of Fasting, Chapter on Testimony Regarding the Sighting of the Crescent: 1653 - Bayhaqi: 316/3 - Its chain of narration is authentic
If a confirmed report of the Eid crescent sighting is received before the zenith of the sun on the day of Eid, then the Eid prayer will be arranged on that same day, because the time for Eid prayer is until the zenith of the sun, so delaying the prayer without excuse is not correct.
If the report of the crescent sighting is received after the zenith of the sun on the day of Eid, then the Eid prayer will be performed the next day.
It is the responsibility of those who sight the Eid crescent to convey the report of the sighting to the ruler of the time.
