Atheism in the Modern Age and Its Historical Background

Written by: Haseeb Ahmad Haseeb

✿ Atheism is Not a New Phenomenon​

Atheism is not a novel idea; rather, it is an ancient misconception linked to Greek philosophy. The Holy Qur’an itself addresses this notion:

أَمْ خُلِقُوْا مِنْ غَيْرِ شَيْءٍ أَمْ هُمُ الْخَالِقُوْنَ(۳۵)
"Were they created out of nothing, or are they the creators (of themselves)?" (Surah At-Tur: 35)

This verse highlights that disbelief and irreligion are not new but long-standing thoughts that have historically led humans into confusion and doubt. Allah has clarified the reality of such deniers.

❀ Scientific Theories and Atheism​

Modern scientific research neither affirms nor denies the existence of God. Therefore, to reject religion solely based on science is illogical and baseless. Scientific theories are subject to change, and science cannot issue definitive verdicts on religious or divine matters.

❀ The Call to Faith and the Refutation of Atheism​

Responding to atheism and irreligion has always been a vital responsibility. Today, this issue notably affects the educated class, increasing its significance. Many youth are actively engaged in spreading the message of Islam beyond sectarian boundaries — a commendable effort — yet often lack a deep understanding of religious sciences and the principles of da’wah.

❀ Principles and Stages of Da’wah​

The Holy Qur’an outlines the method of inviting others to the faith:

ادْعُ إِلٰی سَبِيْلِ رَبِّکَ بِالْحِكْمَةِ وَالْمَوْعِظَةِ الْحَسَنَةِ ۖ وَجَادِلْهُمْ بِالَّتِيْ هِيَ أَحْسَنُ
(Surah An-Nahl: 125)
"Invite to the way of your Lord with wisdom and good advice, and argue with them in a manner that is best."

This verse identifies three essential stages:
① Wisdom – Presenting the truth through philosophical insight and understanding of religious mysteries.
② Good Advice – Appealing to hearts through sincere and kind admonition.
③ Debate – Engaging in discourse in the most excellent and respectful manner.

❀ The Importance of Religious Knowledge​

Mufti Muhammad Shafi (رحمه الله) emphasized that wisdom and good counsel are the foundational principles of da’wah. If debate becomes necessary, it must be conducted with excellence, ensuring the objectives of da’wah are met.

❀ Scientific Knowledge and Faith​

The core difference between science and religion lies in their respective aims: religious knowledge seeks the reformation of the soul, while scientific knowledge pertains to material and worldly life. Scientific discoveries, although beneficial, only serve to highlight signs of Allah's power. They may strengthen the faith of believers, but for atheists, they rarely lead to belief.

✿ Conclusion​

In today’s era, effective Islamic outreach requires a thorough understanding and application of fundamental religious principles. Logical arguments alone are insufficient — what truly influences hearts is the spiritual state of faith within the caller.