❖ Introduction:
In the discipline of ḥadīth sciences, distinguishing between authentic (صحيح) and weak (سقيم) narrations is a delicate and multi-layered process. Among the prominent authorities in this field is Imām al-Ḥākim al-Naysābūrī, whose work Maʿrifat ʿUlūm al-Ḥadīth outlines 52 categories of ḥadīth knowledge, including the critical category of:
❝General Recognition of Ṣaḥīḥ and Weak Ḥadīths❞
(معرفة الحديث الصحيح والسقيم معرفة عامة)
This principle has stirred some confusion, especially regarding its alignment with the methodology of Ahl al-Ḥadīth. Let us explore the reality based on classical sources.
✦ ① Imām Ḥākim’s Statement – Misunderstood?
Imām Ḥākim mentioned:
❝Aḥādīth cannot be recognized as ṣaḥīḥ merely by examining their isnād (chain of narrators). True recognition requires:
– Deep understanding
– Strong memory
– Abundant listening
– Regular scholarly discussions.❞
(Maʿrifat ʿUlūm al-Ḥadīth, pp. 58-60)
✔ Conclusion:
This statement is not in conflict with Ahl al-Ḥadīth methodology. It only affirms that the apparent soundness of an isnād is not sufficient unless hidden defects and anomalies are also ruled out.
✦ ② Classical Scholars on This Principle
Numerous scholars from various schools echo the same point:
❀ Ḥāfiẓ Zaylaʿī Ḥanafī:
“A sound isnād based on trustworthy narrators doesn’t guarantee ḥadīth authenticity unless shudhūdh (anomalies) and ʿillah (defects) are also eliminated.”
(Naṣb al-Rāyah 1/347)
❀ Ḥāfiẓ ʿIrāqī:
“Even if narrators are thiqah, a ḥadīth may still not be ṣaḥīḥ if there is a defect or contradiction.”
(Fatḥ al-Mughīth)
❀ Ḥāfiẓ Ibn Ḥajar:
“One cannot declare a ḥadīth ṣaḥīḥ solely on the basis of thiqah narrators.”
(Talakhīṣ al-Ḥabīr, p. 239)
❀ Shaykh Mubārakpūrī:
“When al-Haythamī says 'the narrators are trustworthy', that alone doesn't prove the ḥadīth is authentic—there may be hidden defects or anomalies.”
(Tuḥfat al-Aḥwadhī 1/190)
✦ ③ Case Example: The Ḥadīth "Ṣalāt al-Layl wa al-Nahār Mathnā Mathnā"
◈ Though all narrators are thiqah, scholars such as Imām al-Ḥākim, al-Nasāʾī, and Yaḥyā ibn Maʿīn identified the phrase “wa al-nahār” as a mudaṭraj (inserted) addition or mistake by a narrator.
❀ Ḥāfiẓ Ibn Ḥajar writes:
“Most scholars considered this addition as defective because the reliable students of Ibn ʿUmar did not narrate it.”
(Fatḥ al-Bārī 2/479)
✦ ④ Recognizing Ṣaḥīḥ Aḥādīth: Eight Core Principles
① Strong isnād is necessary but not sufficient.
② All narrators must be thiqah (trustworthy).
③ Must be free from shudhūdh (contradictions).
④ Must be free from ʿillah (hidden defects).
⑤ Scholar must possess deep understanding of narration science.
⑥ Continuous scholarly dialogue and comparison required.
⑦ Broad exposure to other reports is crucial.
⑧ Knowledge of narrator biographies and their hearing chronology is essential.
✦ ⑤ The Balance Between Isnādi and Rational Analysis (Dirāyah)
The claim that Ahl al-Ḥadīth rely only on isnād and ignore rational evaluation (dirāyah) is incorrect.
Definition of Dirāyat al-Ḥadīth:
“A discipline that discusses extracting meanings from ḥadīths, interpreting their content, and aligning them with sharʿī rulings.”
(Miftāḥ al-Saʿādah, Ṭāshkubrī Zādah 2/2)
✔ Ahl al-Ḥadīth utilize both isnād and dirāyah, as evident in their critiques and validations.
✦ ⑥ The Dirāyah Ahl al-Ḥadīth Reject
These types of dirāyah are invalid according to Ahl al-Ḥadīth:
➊ Ibn Khaldūn’s sociological dirāyah – based on customs, politics, and social patterns.
➋ Sīrat al-Nuʿmān’s human-based dirāyah – grounded in human temperament and psychology.
➌ Mutakallimīn’s speculative dirāyah – rejecting narrations that oppose speculative theology.
➍ Modernist (nechari/orientalist) dirāyah – rejecting ḥadīths under Western-influenced reasoning.
✦ ⑦ Shaykh al-Islām on Authenticity Principles
Ibn al-Ṣalāḥ:
“The science of ʿilal al-ḥadīth is the highest and most complex level of ḥadīth knowledge, known only to elite scholars.”
(Muqaddimah Ibn al-Ṣalāḥ, p. 115)
✔ This confirms that judging ḥadīth authenticity is not merely mechanical but a highly analytical process.
✦ ⑧ Summary: The Balanced Methodology
Al-ʿAllāmah Ṭāhir al-Jazāʾirī divides approaches into three:
➊ Those who rely only on isnād
➋ Those who rely only on dirāyah
➌ Moderate group (Ahl al-Ḥadīth) who combine isnād and dirāyah with balanced scrutiny.
✦ Concluding Note: Allegations Against Ahl al-Ḥadīth
Sadly, some scholars—particularly from certain Deobandī or later Ḥanafī circles—oppose Ahl al-Ḥadīth by:
➤ Attacking Imām Bukhārī
➤ Rejecting ṣaḥīḥ narrations
➤ Preventing Ahl al-Ḥadīth students from enrolling in madāris
➤ Promoting biased views against hadith verification methods
Likewise, some of Mawlānā Mawdūdī’s writings reflect inclinations toward such positions—similar to Ibn Hammām and Zāhid al-Kawtharī—under the guise of “moderation.”
❖ Final Prayer:
“May Allāh grant us sound understanding, the ability to authenticate the Prophet’s ﷺ ḥadīths properly, and protect us from the deceptions of the enemies of Sunnah.”
آمِين يَا رَبَّ الْعَالَمِينَ
هٰذا ما عندي والله أعلم بالصواب
