Surah An-Nisaa (4) — Ayah 29

(Ayah 29) ➊ { لَا تَاْكُلُوْۤا اَمْوَالَكُمْ بَيْنَكُمْ بِالْبَاطِلِ: } All forms of unlawful earning are included in {’’ بِالْبَاطِلِ ‘‘}, even consuming someone’s wealth through trickery is forbidden, and squandering one’s own wealth in a wrongful manner is also included in this. (Razi, Ibn Kathir)

➋ {اِلَّاۤ اَنْ تَكُوْنَ تِجَارَةً عَنْ تَرَاضٍ مِّنْكُمْ :} That is, the trade and transactions (industry, crafts, etc.) in which there is genuine mutual consent—earn and consume through these. In mutual consent, it is also necessary that it should not be against the Shariah, because that is not true consent, but compelled consent. For example, in bribery and usury, there appears to be consent, but it is not genuine, because one party is taking advantage of the other’s compulsion. Similarly, in gambling and lottery, both parties are acting under the deception of a hoped-for gain, and this deception cannot be called true consent. Complete mutual consent also includes that as long as the seller and buyer have not separated from the place of sale, both have the right to cancel the sale. The Messenger of Allah (peace be upon him) said: “Each of the two parties involved in a sale has the right (to cancel the sale) as long as they have not separated from each other, except in the transaction in which this option is retained.” [ بخاری، البیوع، باب البیعان بالخیار ما لم یتفرقا : ۲۱۱۱، عن ابن عمر رضی اللہ عنھما ]

➌ { وَ لَا تَقْتُلُوْۤا اَنْفُسَكُمْ:} This can have three meanings, and all three are intended. The first is that if you conduct transactions in opposition to the Shariah, without genuine mutual consent, the result will be mutual killing and bloodshed, as in gambling, where the loser sometimes kills the winner; therefore, do not do this. The second is: do not kill one another, because this is like killing your own self. And the third is: do not commit suicide. The Messenger of Allah (peace be upon him) said: “Whoever kills himself with a knife, the knife will be in his hand in Hell, and he will keep stabbing his belly with it, abiding therein forever. Whoever kills himself with poison, his poison will be in his hand in Hell, and he will keep sipping it, abiding therein forever. And whoever kills himself by falling from a mountain, he will keep falling in the Fire of Hell, abiding therein forever.” [ مسلم، الإیمان، باب بیان غلظ تحریم… : ۱۰۹۔ بخاری : ۵۷۷۸، عن أبی ہریرۃ رضی اللہ عنہ ]

29. 1 In الْبَاطِلِ are included all forms of deception, fraud, forgery, adulteration, as well as all businesses from which the Shariah has prohibited. Similarly, trading in prohibited and haram items is also included in batil, for example, unnecessary photography, radio, TV, VCR, video, making and selling films, etc., and repairing them is all unlawful.

29. 2 For this, it is also a condition that this transaction should be of halal items; trading in haram items will remain unlawful even with mutual consent. In addition, the issue of khiyar majlis (option of meeting) also falls under the topic of mutual consent, that as long as they have not separated from each other, the option to cancel the deal remains.

29. 3 By this, suicide can also be meant, which is a major sin, and committing a sin as well, which leads to destruction, and also killing a Muslim, because the Muslims are like a single body. Therefore, killing him is just like killing oneself.

29. O you who believe! Do not consume one another’s wealth unjustly [48], except that it be trade by mutual [49] consent among you. And do not kill yourselves [50]. Surely, Allah is Most Merciful to you.

[48] What are the false means? By false means is meant every source of income which has been declared haram by the Shariah. And there are many forms of this. For example:

1. Every act that causes financial loss to another, such as theft, robbery, usurpation, fraud, etc.
2. Interest (riba) and all its forms, whether it is simple interest, compound interest, discount, mark-up and mark-down, or whether it is interest on personal loans, and whether it is riba al-nasi’ah (interest for a period) or riba al-fadl (exchange of the same commodity with an increase).
3. Every act in which a large amount of wealth is obtained with little effort, such as gambling, lottery, speculation, etc., and in some cases, insurance policies.
4. Blind deals or deals of chance in which only one consideration is fixed and the other is not. (Consideration means, for example, the price of a book is one hundred rupees, so the consideration for the book is one hundred rupees and the consideration for one hundred rupees is the book.) Such as fixing the price of a single dive for a diver, bay’ mulamasah, munabadhah. Children’s games in which whatever the child hits becomes his for that price.
5. Every transaction in which the benefit of one party is certain, whether the other benefits or loses, such as interest and all such deals and transactions in which this condition is found.
6. Such deals that are settled merely by estimation and there is a possibility of deception, such as selling a heap of goods by rough estimate, or selling goods ahead without taking possession, or selling non-existent goods, and advance sales of orchards, etc. (In these, bay’ salam and bay’ araya are exceptions, which are on a small scale and have been permitted for the convenience of the poor.)
7. The sale in which the buyer tries to deceive, such as hiding defects, withholding the milk of an animal before selling, cheating in weight and measure, raising the bid to trap another, etc.
8. The buying and selling of things that are haram, such as trading in alcohol or items used in taverns, the meat of carrion, pictures and statues, books and pictures containing obscenity, renting a shop or house for a haram business, the earnings of a soothsayer, the earnings of a prostitute, the price of a dog, etc.
9. Amassing others’ wealth through the government, such as false lawsuits in transactions and bribery, etc., or the government seizing people’s land and forcing them to transact as it wishes. For example, government departments like LDA, KDA, etc., acquire other people’s lands without their consent.
10. Amassing wealth through distortion and misinterpretation of the Book of Allah and false fatwas, and this is especially related to the scholars.

Now, in this regard, consider the following ahadith:

1. Sayyiduna Abu Hurairahؓ says that the Prophetﷺ said: “The seller and the buyer should not separate except with mutual consent.” [ترمذی، ابواب البیوع، باب البیعان بالخیار مالم یتفرقا]
2. The Prophetﷺ said: “The seller and the buyer both have the option to complete or cancel the deal as long as they have not separated, except in bay’ khiyar (in which there is a condition to cancel the deal within a specified period).” [بخاری، کتاب البیوع، باب البیعان بالخیار مالم یتفرقا]
3. Abu Umamah says that the Prophetﷺ said: “Whoever swears an oath and thereby usurps the right of a Muslim, Allah makes Hell obligatory for him and forbids Paradise for him.” Someone asked: Even if it is a trivial matter? He replied: “Even if it is a twig of the arak tree.” [مسلم بحوالہ فقہ السنہ جلد 2 صفحہ 149]
4. Sayyiduna Abu Hurairahؓ says that the Prophetﷺ said: “Allah, the Mighty and Majestic, is an enemy to four types of people: one who swears oaths in trade, a poor person who is arrogant, an old adulterer, and an unjust ruler.” [نسائی، کتاب الزکوٰۃ، باب الفقیر المحتال]
5. Sayyiduna Abu Dharrؓ says that the Prophetﷺ said: “On the Day of Resurrection, Allah will neither speak to three types of people nor look at them, and they will have a painful punishment.” I asked: “O Messenger of Allahﷺ! Who are they? They are indeed losers and ruined.” He said: “One who lets his lower garment hang below the ankles, one who reminds others of his favors, and one who sells his goods by swearing false oaths.” [مسلم، کتاب الایمان۔ باب غلظ تحریم تنفیق السلعۃ بالحلف]
6. The Prophetﷺ said: “O group of traders! Useless talk and oaths become part of trading, so mix charity with it.” [ترمذی، ابواب البیوع، باب ماجاء فی التجار۔ نسائی، کتاب البیوع باب الحلف الواجب]
7. Regarding cheating in weight and measure, the Prophetﷺ said: “Indeed, you have been made responsible for two things for which the nations before you were destroyed for committing these crimes.” [ترمذی، کتاب البیوع، باب فی المکیال و المیزان]
8. Once the Prophetﷺ went to the market where a man was weighing some goods. Seeing him, the Prophetﷺ said: “Weigh and add a little more.”
[نسائی، کتاب البیوع، باب الرجحان فی الوزن]
9. Sayyiduna Umarؓ says that the Prophetﷺ said: “May Allah destroy the Jews; fat was made haram for them, so they melted it and sold it.” [بخاری، کتاب البیوع باب لایذاب شحم المیتۃ]
10. Jabir bin Abdullahؓ says that the Prophetﷺ said: “Indeed, Allah has forbidden the trade of alcohol, carrion, swine, and idols.” [بخاری، کتاب البیوع، باب بیع المیتۃ والاصنام]
11. Abu Mas’ud Ansariؓ says: “The Prophetﷺ forbade the price of a dog, the earnings of a prostitute, and the wages of a soothsayer.” [بخاری، کتاب البیوع، باب ثمن الکلب]
12. Sayyida Umm Salamahؓ says that the Prophetﷺ said: “I am only a human being. You bring your disputes to me. Sometimes one of you presents his case more eloquently than the other, and I decide according to what I hear. So if I give someone the right of his Muslim brother, he should not take it, for I am giving him a piece of Hellfire.” [بخاري، كتاب الحيل، باب بلاعنوان۔ بخاري، كتاب الاحكام، باب من قضي له من حق اخيه فلا يا خذه]
13. Sayyiduna Ibn Abbasؓ says that the Prophetﷺ said: “Whoever makes pictures, Allah will say to him on the Day of Resurrection: Now put life into it, and he will never be able to do so.” [بخاري، كتاب البيوع، باب بيع التصاوير التى ليس فيها الروح]
14. The Prophetﷺ said: “The one who brings grain to the market is blessed with sustenance, and the hoarder is accursed.” [ابن ماجه، دارمي بحواله مشكوة، كتاب البيوع، باب الاحتكار، فصل ثاني]
15. Wathilah bin al-Asqa’ says: I heard the Messenger of Allahﷺ say: “Whoever sells a defective item without disclosing its defect will remain under Allah’s wrath, and the angels will continue to curse him.” [ابن ماجه بحواله مشكوة، كتاب البيوع، باب المنهي عنها من البيوع۔ فصل ثالث]
16. The Prophetﷺ said: “The seller and the buyer both have the option as long as they have not separated. If they speak the truth and are honest, their transaction will be blessed. But if they hide defects and lie, the blessing will be removed from their transaction.” [بخاري، كتاب البيوع، باب اذابين البيعان نيز باب مايمحق الكذب والكتمان فى البيع]
17. Sayyiduna Abu Hurairahؓ says that (once) the Prophetﷺ passed by a heap of grain. He put his hand into it and felt moisture with his fingers. The Prophetﷺ asked: “O owner of the grain! What is this?” He replied: “O Messenger of Allahﷺ! Rain had fallen on it.” The Prophetﷺ said: “Why did you not put the wet grain on top so that people could see it?” Then he said: “Whoever deceives is not from me.” [مسلم، كتاب الايمان، باب قول النبى من غشنا فليس منا]
18. The Prophetﷺ said: “When any of you buys a she-camel or a goat whose milk has been increased (by withholding), after milking it, the buyer has the option of either keeping it or returning it and giving a sa’ of dates with it.” [مسلم، كتاب البيوع۔ باب حكم بيع المصراة]
19. According to another narration, this option is for three days. [حواله ايضاً]
20. Sayyiduna Jabir bin Abdullahؓ says that the Prophetﷺ forbade muhaqalah (selling crops in the field before they ripen), muzabanah (selling fresh dates or grapes for dried ones before they ripen), mukhabarah (giving land on sharecropping, which was later permitted), muaawamah (advance sale of crops for several years), and thaniya (excluding some trees or part of the crop at the time of sale), and permitted bay’ araya (a small-scale form of muzabanah for the needs of the poor). [بخاري، كتاب المساقات، باب الرجل يكون له ممرٌّ او شرب فى الحائط، مسلم، كتاب البيوع۔ باب النهي عن المحاقلة] And the concession in araya is up to five wasq (approximately twenty maunds). [مسلم، كتاب البيوع، باب تحريم الرطب بالتمر الا فى العرايا]
21. Sayyiduna Abdullah bin Umarؓ says that in the days of ignorance, people used to trade the meat of a camel up to habal al-habalah, and habal al-habalah is that a she-camel gives birth, then its offspring becomes pregnant and gives birth. The Messenger of Allahﷺ forbade this type of sale. [مسلم، كتاب البيوع، باب تحريم بيع الحبل الحبلة۔۔ بخاري كتاب البيوع، عنوان باب]
22. Sayyiduna Abdullah bin Umarؓ says that the Prophetﷺ forbade selling debt for debt (i.e., both sides on credit). [دار قطني بحواله مشكوة۔ كتاب البيوع۔ باب المنهي عنها من البيوع۔ فصل ثاني]
23. Sayyiduna Abu Hurairahؓ says that the Prophetﷺ forbade bay’ al-hasa (sale by throwing pebbles) and deceptive sales. [بخاري، كتاب البيوع، باب بيع الغر ر۔۔ مسلم، كتاب البيوع، باب بطلان بيع الحصاة والبيع الذى فيه غر ر]
24. Sayyiduna Abu Hurairahؓ says that we were forbidden from two types of sales: mulamasah and munabadhah. Mulamasah is when either of the two touches the other’s cloth without thinking, and munabadhah is when each throws his cloth to the other, and neither sees the other’s cloth (and thus the sale becomes binding). [بخاري، كتاب البيوع، باب الملامسة و المنابذة۔۔ مسلم۔ كتاب البيوع۔ باب ابطال بيع الملامسته و المنابذة]
25. Sayyiduna Ibn Umarؓ says that the Prophetﷺ forbade bay’ najash (where people appointed by the seller encourage the buyer to pay a higher price, i.e., false bidding). [بخاري، كتاب البيوع، باب النجش]
26. Sayyiduna Aliؓ says that the Prophetﷺ forbade taking advantage of a helpless person in a deal, deceptive sales, and selling fruits before they ripen. [ابو داؤد، كتاب البيوع، باب ماجاء فى بيع المضطر]
27. Sayyiduna Amr bin Shu’ayb from his father from his grandfather narrates that the Prophetﷺ forbade us from bay’ urban (a deal in which the deposit is forfeited). [مؤطا، كتاب البيوع، باب بيع العربان]
28. Sayyiduna Ibn Abbasؓ says that when the Prophetﷺ came to Madinah, people used to make advance sales of fruits for one, two, or three years. The Prophetﷺ said: “Whoever makes an advance sale should do so for a specified measure, specified weight, and specified period.” [ بخاري، كتاب السلم، باب السلم فى كيل معلوم۔۔ مسلم، كتاب المساقات، باب السلم]
29. The Prophetﷺ said: “Whoever does bay’ salam should not transfer the deal to another before taking possession of the goods.” [ابو داؤد۔ كتاب الاجارة، باب السلف لايحول]

Now we present ahadith under various headings:

(1) Explanation of Profit:

Muhammad bin Sirin (Tabi’i) says that there is no objection in selling goods bought for ten at eleven, and the same profit can be taken on the expenses incurred on it. [بخاري، كتاب البيوع، باب من اجري امرالامصار على مايتعارفون]

(2) Single Statement:

Sayyidah Qaylahؓ Umm Anmar says: I said, “O Messenger of Allahﷺ! I do buying and selling, and when I want to buy something, I quote a low price, then gradually increase it until I reach my intended price. Similarly, if I want to sell something, I quote a high price and then gradually reduce it to my intended price.” The Prophetﷺ said: “Qaylah! This is not good. Whatever price you want to sell at, say that price. If the buyer wants, he will buy, otherwise not. And whatever you want to buy, say one price; if the seller wants, he will sell, otherwise not.” [ ابن ماجه، ابواب التجارات، باب السوم]

(3) The First to Buy Has the Right:

Sayyiduna Samurah bin Jundubؓ and Uqbah bin Amirؓ both say that the Prophetﷺ said: “When two people with authority buy the same thing, it belongs to the one who bought it first.” [ابن ماجه۔ كتاب البيوع۔ باب السابق فالسابق]

(4) Setting the Price:

The Prophetﷺ said: “The owner of the goods has the most right to set the price of his goods.” [بخاري۔ كتاب البيوع۔ باب صاحب السلعة احق بالسوم]

(5) Sale of Unseen Goods:

The Prophetﷺ said: “Whoever buys something he has not seen, after seeing it, he has the option to keep the deal or cancel it.” [دار قطني بيهقي بحواله فقه السنهج 2ص 136]

(6) Dispute Over Price:

The Prophetﷺ said: “When there is a dispute between the seller and the buyer and there is no evidence or proof, the statement of the owner of the goods will be accepted, or they should leave the deal.” [ترمذي ابواب البيوع، باب اذا اختلف البيعان]

(7) The Seller Bears the Cost of Weighing and Measuring:

Sayyiduna Uthmanؓ says that the Prophetﷺ said: “When you sell, give by measure, and when you buy, take by measure.” [بخاري، كتاب البيوع۔ باب الكيل على البائع و المعطي]

(8) Liability for Purchased Goods:

Sayyiduna Abdullah bin Umarؓ says that if the goods present at the time of sale (if the buyer leaves them with the seller) are destroyed, the loss is on the buyer. [بخاري، كتاب البيوع، باب من اشتري متاعا اودابة فوضعه عندالبائع]

(9) Argumentative and Quarrelsome Person:

Sayyidah Aishaؓ says that the Prophetﷺ said: “The most disliked person in the sight of Allah is the argumentative and quarrelsome one (who creates disputes unnecessarily).” [بخاري، كتاب المظالم۔ باب قول الله و هوالد الخصام]

(10) Buying Back a Gifted Item:

Sayyiduna Umarؓ says: I gave a horse to a mujahid. He made the horse weak and brought it to the market to sell. I wanted to buy it now that it was available at a low price. I asked the Prophetﷺ, and he said: “Do not buy it, even if he gives it to you for one dirham, because the one who takes back his charity is like a dog that vomits and then licks it up.” [بخاري، كتاب الهبه، باب لايحل لاحدان يرجع فى هبته و صدقته]

(11) Sale of Non-Existent Goods:

Hakim bin Hizamؓ says that the Prophetﷺ forbade me from selling something that was not in my possession. [ترمذي، ابواب البيوع، باب ماجاء فى الكراهية ماليس عنده]

(12) Do Not Intercept Goods on the Way:

Sayyiduna Abu Hurairahؓ says that the Prophetﷺ said: “Do not go out to meet caravans of grain, etc., ahead of the market. Whoever buys goods ahead, and later the owner comes to the market, he has the option to cancel the deal.” [مسلم، كتاب البيوع، باب تحريم تلقي الجلب]

(13) Do Not Sell Without Measuring or Weighing:

Sayyiduna Jabirؓ says: “The Prophetﷺ forbade the sale of a heap of dates (or any other grain) whose quantity was not known by its standard measure.” [مسلم۔ كتاب البيوع باب تحريم صبرالتمر]

(14) Do Not Sell Before Taking Possession:

Sayyiduna Ibn Umarؓ says that people used to buy goods in the upper part of the market and then sell them there. So the Messenger of Allahﷺ forbade selling at that place until the goods were moved, i.e., until they were taken into possession. [بخاري كتاب البيوع، باب ما ذكر فى الاسواق۔۔ مسلم، كتاب البيوع، باب بطلان بيع المبيع قبل القبض] Sayyiduna Umarؓ says: I saw that in the time of the Messenger of Allahﷺ, those who bought heaps of grain without measuring or weighing were beaten, so that they would not sell the goods until they took them home. [بخاري كتاب البيوع، باب مايذكر فى بيع الطعام والحكرة] The Prophetﷺ said: Whoever buys grain should not sell it until he is satisfied with its completion. And in the narration of Ibn Abbasؓ: until he measures it. [بخاري، كتاب البيوع، باب الكيل على البائع و المعطي]

(15) No Third Party Should Intervene Between Seller and Buyer:

Sayyiduna Abdullah bin Umarؓ says that the Prophetﷺ said: “No one should buy over his brother’s deal, nor should he propose over his brother’s proposal, unless he permits it.” [مسلم، كتاب البيوع، باب تحريم بيع الرجل عليٰ بيع اخيه]

(16) Spoiling a Deal:

Sayyiduna Abu Hurairahؓ says that the Prophetﷺ said: “No Muslim should finalize a deal over the deal of his brother (i.e., by offering more money and spoiling the deal).” [ مسلم، كتاب البيوع، باب تحريم بيع الرجل على بيع اخيه و سومه]

(17) Undercutting Prices to Harm Others:

Sayyiduna Sa’id bin Musayyib, may Allah have mercy on him, says that Sayyiduna Umarؓ passed by Hatib bin Abi Balta’ah in the market, who was selling raisins at a price lower than the market rate. He said to him: “Either raise the price or leave our market.” [موطا، كتاب البيوع، باب الحكرة والتربص] However, some scholars say that the owner of the goods has the right to sell his goods at a lower price (reference ibid), provided that the intention is not to harm others.

(18) Taking Advantage of Someone’s Compulsion is Oppression:

Abu Hurrah Raqashi narrates from his uncle that the Prophetﷺ said: “Beware! Do not commit oppression. Beware! The wealth of another is not halal for anyone without his consent.” [بيهقي، دارقطني بحواله مشكوة، كتاب البيوع، باب الغصب والعارية۔ فصل ثاني]

(19) After Giving a Loan, Do Not Make Deals with the Debtor:

(20) Profit on Goods Not Yet Possessed is Not Permissible:

Sayyiduna Amr bin Shu’ayb from his father from his grandfather narrates that the Prophetﷺ said: “(1) Advance loan and sale are not permissible. (2) Two transactions in one sale are not permissible (cash price less, credit price more). (3) Profit on goods not yet possessed (nor payment made) is not halal for the buyer. (4) And do not sell what you do not possess.” [ابو داؤد، كتاب البيوع، باب فى الرجل يبيع ماليس عنده]

(21) Mixed Goods Should Be Separated Before Sale:

Fadala bin Ubaidؓ says: On the day of Khaybar, I bought a necklace for twelve dinars, which contained gold and gems. I separated them, and found that the gold alone was worth more than twelve dinars. I mentioned this to the Messenger of Allahﷺ, and he said: “Do not buy or sell anything until it is separated.” [مسلم، كتاب المساقاة و المزارعة باب الربا]

(22) Sale of Stolen Goods:

(1) The Prophetﷺ said: “Whoever finds his own goods with someone, he has more right to them, and the buyer of stolen goods should look for the person who sold them to him.” [نسائي، ابو داؤد، كتاب الاجارة، باب فى الرجل يجد عين ماله عندر جل]
(2) The Prophetﷺ also said: “Whoever buys stolen goods and knows that they are stolen, he is equally guilty of theft and its punishment.” [بيهقي بحواله فقه السنةج 3ص 146]

(23) Returning a Deal:

Amr bin Shu’ayb from his father from his grandfather narrates that I heard the Messenger of Allahﷺ say: “The seller and the buyer both have the option as long as they have not separated, unless the condition of khiyar has been made, and neither of them should try to separate quickly out of fear that the deal may be returned.” [ترمذي، ابواب البيوع، باب البيعان بالخيار] Sayyiduna Abu Hurairahؓ says that the Prophetﷺ said: “Whoever returns a deal, Allah will forgive his slips (mistakes) on the Day of Judgment.” [ابو داؤد، كتاب الاجارة فى فضل الاقالة]

(24) Buying and Selling in the Mosque:

The Prophetﷺ said: “When you see someone buying or selling in the mosque, say to him: May Allah not give you profit in your trade. And when you see someone looking for a lost item in the mosque, say to him: May Allah not let you find it.” [ترمذي، ابواب البيوع، باب النهي عن البيع فى المسجد]

(25) Buying and Selling During Prayer Times:

After the adhan of Jumu’ah, trade or other occupations are haram. [سوره جمعه: 9] The same applies to the times of regular prayers.

(26) Auction:

Sayyiduna Anasؓ says that the Messenger of Allahﷺ wanted to sell a mat and a bowl. He asked: “Who will buy this mat and bowl?” A man said: “I will take both for one dirham.” The Prophetﷺ asked: “Will anyone give more than one dirham?” Then a man gave two dirhams for them, so the Prophetﷺ sold them. [ترمذي، ابواب البيوع، باب ماجاء فى من يزيد]

(27) Partnership:

Sayyiduna Abu Hurairahؓ narrates that Allah, the Mighty and Majestic, says: “I am the third partner between two partners as long as neither of them betrays the other. But when one of them betrays, I leave from between them.” [ابو داؤد، كتاب البيوع، باب فى الشركه] And Razin added: “And (in Allah’s place) Satan comes.” [مشكوٰة، كتاب البيوع، باب الشركة والوكالة فصل ثالث]

[49] Apparently, in interest, gambling, and bribery, there is mutual consent between the parties. But this consent is forced. For example, if the borrower could get a qard hasan (interest-free benevolent loan), he would never agree to take a loan on interest. The gambler is willing because everyone hopes to win; otherwise, if someone feared losing, he would never gamble. Similarly, if the bribe-giver knew that he could get his right without giving a bribe, he would never give a bribe. Moreover, if in a deal one party is not fully consenting and is forced into it, it also falls under this category. In Shariah terminology, this is called bay’ khiyar.

[50]
The Prohibition of Suicide:

This sentence can have three meanings. One is that it is related to the previous subject. In this case, it would mean: Do not destroy yourselves by consuming others’ wealth through false means. And if it is considered a separate sentence, then it has two meanings. One is: Do not kill one another, i.e., unlawful killing, which is the greatest sin among the rights of people, and on the Day of Judgment, the first cases to be decided among the rights of people will be those of unlawful killing. The second meaning is: Do not commit suicide, because even a person’s own authority over his own life is forbidden, and suicide is a major sin. Thus, Hasan Basri, may Allah have mercy on him, says that among the people before you, someone developed a boil. When the pain became severe, he took an arrow from his quiver and cut open the boil. Then the bleeding did not stop until he died. Then Allah Almighty said: “I have made Paradise haram for him.” (After narrating this hadith) Hasan stretched his hand towards the mosque and said: By Allah, Jundub (bin Abdullah Bajali) narrated this hadith to me from the Messenger of Allahﷺ in this mosque. [مسلم۔ کتاب الایمان۔ باب غلظ تحریم قتل الانسان نفسہ]