Surah Al-Hijr (15) — Ayah 29

(Ayah29) ➊ {فَاِذَا سَوَّيْتُهٗ …:} means when I have fashioned him, completed him. {’’ مِنْ رُّوْحِيْ ‘‘} and have breathed into him from My spirit. Here, in {’’ رُوْحِيْ ‘‘}, the attribution of the “ya” in {’’رُوْحٌ‘‘} is called an attribution of honor, meaning that to increase its dignity and honor, it was called “My spirit.” Here, “My spirit” refers to a spirit created by Allah, because nothing is like His essence; He is {’’ لَمْ يَلِدْ وَ لَمْ يُوْلَدْ ‘‘}, so Allah’s personal spirit can in no way be meant. Not only Adam, but elsewhere, the spirit of every human has been called Allah’s spirit; He said: «{ ثُمَّ سَوّٰىهُ وَ نَفَخَ فِيْهِ مِنْ رُّوْحِهٖ }» [ دیکھیے السجدۃ : ۷ تا ۹ ] and it is obvious that man is a creation. This is just like all the earth and everything in it belongs to Allah, but the Sacred Mosque is called the House of Allah (Allah’s house), and the she-camel of Salih (peace be upon him) is called Allah’s she-camel.
➋ For the detailed exegesis from this verse to verse (39), see the commentary in Surah Al-A’raf (11 to 18) and Surah Al-Baqarah (30 to 34).

29. 1. This command of prostration was as a gesture of respect, not as worship, and since it was the command of Allah, there is no doubt about its obligation. However, in the Shariah of Muhammad ﷺ, it is not permissible to prostrate to anyone even as a gesture of respect.

29. So when I have fashioned him and breathed into him of My spirit [19], then fall down in prostration before him.

[19]
The Command to the Angels to Prostrate Before Adam:

When the form of man was completed, Allah Almighty commanded the angels: "I am about to create a human being from sounding clay. When I have fashioned him and breathed into him of My spirit, then fall down in prostration before him." The purpose of breathing the spirit was that a faint reflection of Allah's attributes should be produced in man, and the superior intellect, discernment, willpower, ability to choose, knowledge of the properties of various things, and the ability to deduce results through contemplation and reflection that man has been given over all other living beings—all of this is the result of that divine breath. On this basis, man was made Allah's vicegerent on earth.

Refutation of the Doctrines of Hulul (Incarnation) and Evolution:

Some people have derived a very misleading meaning from the words of ﴿نَفَخْتُ فِيْهِ مِنْ رُّوْحِيْ﴾, claiming that Allah has incarnated in the being of man. Others have thought that the portion of Allah's spirit that was breathed into Adam was thereby diminished. «نعوذ باللہ من ذٰلك»
However, the example is like the sun casting its rays upon the earth, causing it to shine with light; yet the sun's light is not diminished, nor can it be said that the sun has incarnated into the earth.
Another noteworthy point is that the creation of man is not the result of any evolutionary process. This theory is currently taught in our colleges, and some Muslims have also been influenced by it. Moreover, this theory has created a kind of unrest in the religious world, so here we present some details: It should be noted that there are two types of theories regarding the creation of man and other animals. One is that Allah Almighty created man as a human being. As is clearly evident from this verse and some other verses of the Noble Quran, Allah created Sayyiduna Adam ؑ, then created his wife from him, and then from them, mankind spread throughout the world. When Allah made Adam's form, He breathed into it of His spirit, and such a spirit was not breathed into any other thing. It is the effect of this spirit that man possesses much greater intellect, consciousness, willpower, choice, and the faculty of speech than all other animals. The adherents of this view are mostly followers of revealed religions, but some Western thinkers have also supported this theory.

Different Theories Regarding Human Creation:

The second group consists of materialists who consider it purely the result of evolutionary development. According to this theory, life appeared billions of years ago from the seashore. From this, plants and their various species came into existence. Then, through the development of plants, animals were produced. From these animals, man developed through various non-human and semi-human stages until he reached the status of humanity. During this gradual and evolutionary journey, no specific point can be determined where the non-human state ended and the human species began. A study of history shows that this theory was first presented by Aristotle [384۔ 322ق م]. In ancient times, Thales, Anaximander, Anaximenes, Empedocles, and the atomist philosophers also believed in the theory of evolution. Among Muslim thinkers, Ibn Khaldun, Ibn Miskawayh, and Hafiz Masudi, having observed similarities in the objects of the universe, have to some extent supported the theory of evolution. [انسائيكلو پيڈيا مطبوعه فيروز سنز، زير عنوان ارتقائيت]

Is Man the Descendant of the Monkey?

Before the nineteenth century, this theory was rather obscure. In the nineteenth century, Sir Charles Darwin (1808–1882) formally presented this theory by writing the book "Origin of Species." Even among its adherents, there were many disagreements. Darwin considered monkeys and humans to be of the same species because of the considerable similarity in their sensory perception. According to Darwin's theory, man is the cousin of the monkey. But some extremists declared that man is actually the offspring of the monkey. Some went even further and said that all white-skinned humans are descended from chimpanzees, black-skinned humans from gorillas, and long-armed, red-handed humans from orangutans. Historians had attributed these variously colored humans to the sons of Sayyiduna Nuh ؑ—Ham, Sam, and Yafith—but these gentlemen attribute them to chimpanzees, gorillas, and orangutans. Then, some thinkers even believe that man is not the offspring of the monkey, but rather the monkey is the offspring of man. Examples of this regression are also found in this universe. The Quran also, to some extent, supports this theory, as Allah Almighty said to some of the wicked and disobedient people of Bani Israel: ﴿كُوْنُوْا قِرَدَةً خٰسِِٕيْنَ﴾
The third theory regarding the creation of the universe, including man, is Catastrophism, whose founder was Copier (1796–1832), a Frenchman and expert in anatomy. According to his theory, all species were created separately. They were destroyed by terrestrial and celestial catastrophes. Then, some other animals were created, which also perished after some time. In this way, in different eras, new animals kept being created and destroyed. [اسلام اور نظريه ارتقاء ص 85 از احمد باشميل۔ اداره معارف اسلامي كراچي مطبوعه البدر پبلي كيشنز لاهور]
According to Darwin's theory, the beginning of life occurred in shallow water on the seashore. Moss appeared on the surface of the water, and then movement began beneath this moss. This was the beginning of life. From this, various types of plants were formed. Then the germ of life developed into a small animal, which then became an animal. This animal, through development, turned into winged and limbed animals. Then it took the form of a vertebrate (having a backbone), then became an animal resembling a human, and after that, the first human was formed, who did not possess intellect, understanding, or the faculty of speech. Eventually, he became a human endowed with understanding and intelligence. The duration of all these changes, transformations, and the journey of the evolution of life is estimated as follows.

How Long Did the Evolutionary Human Take to Come Into Existence?

Two billion years ago, moss appeared in shallow water by the seashore. This was the beginning of life. Six hundred million years ago, unicellular animals were created. Then, thirty million years later, sponges and multicellular animals were created. Four hundred and fifty million years ago, plants without leaves appeared, and in the same era, vertebrate animals were created. Four hundred million years ago, fish and centipedes appeared. Three hundred million years ago, large marsh-dwelling animals were created. These gigantic animals were four feet long and weighed up to thirty-five tons. After another 130 million years, or 170 million years ago from today, the tailless ape began to walk upright (i.e., the monkey that is said to be the ancestor of man). After another three million years, or seven million years ago from today, a species of this tailless ape called Pithecanthropus produced the first human race. After another five million years, or two million years ago from today, the first intelligent human race was created, which used stone tools. After another two hundred thousand years, mental evolution occurred, and the human race began to live in caves. (Golden Information, published by Ferozsons, pp. 7–9) Darwin wrote his first book, "Origin of Species," in 1859, then "Origin of Man," and then "Descent of Man," further supporting his theory. He based his theory on the following four principles:
1. Struggle for Existence: This means the struggle for survival, in which only those living beings survive who are more complete and powerful, while the weak perish. For example, in a jungle, wild bulls graze together. The stronger one dominates the grass and thus becomes even stronger, while the weaker, due to lack of food, becomes weaker and eventually perishes. This struggle is called the struggle for existence.
2. The second principle is Natural Selection. For example, in the above case, only those wild bulls succeed in traveling long distances and traversing difficult paths who are strong and robust and can protect themselves from dangers, while the weak naturally perish. Thus, nature itself preserves the strong and robust and eliminates the weak and defective.
3. Adaptation to the Environment: For example, a lion is a carnivorous animal. Nature has given it claws for hunting and sharp teeth for eating meat. Now, if it does not get meat for a long time, there are only two possibilities: either it will die of hunger, or it will start eating plants. In the second case, its sharp teeth and claws will gradually disappear, and new organs will begin to develop according to its new form. Its intestines will also become longer, resembling those of herbivores. Similarly, if the only way for the lion to get food is to climb a tree, organs will begin to develop that will help it climb trees.
4. Law of Heritance: This means that the changes produced by difference in form and environment (principle 2) are transmitted from generation to generation until these differences become not just varietal but specific, and it appears as if these are two separate species. For example, the donkey and the horse are of the same species, but the donkey became different from the horse because its economic situation changed and its struggle for livelihood increased.
So this is the summary of Darwin's theory of evolution, which was only a theory then and remains so today. No solid foundation has been provided for this theory that would make it a scientific law. Later thinkers have raised severe objections to this theory, such as:

1.
Objections to the Theory of Evolution:

The first objection is: How did life begin? The effect is present, but the cause is missing; thus, the foundation of this theory is unscientific. In this regard, Mr. Parwez writes on page 55 of his book "Insan Ne Kya Socha" ("What Man Thought"): "This is what Darwin said, but the evolution expert of our time (Simpson), regarding the beginning of life and the first link in the chain of cause and effect, writes: 'How did life begin? The most honest answer is that we do not know. This mystery is beyond the reach of scientific discoveries and perhaps beyond human comprehension. I think the human mind will never be able to grasp this secret. If we wish, we can bow our heads before this First Cause (Allah Almighty) in our own way, but we can never bring it within the scope of our understanding.'"

2. The second objection is that not a single small event of evolution has ever been observed by man. That is, no bird has evolved into a rooster, nor has a donkey evolved into a horse, nor has anyone seen a chimpanzee, gorilla, monkey, or ape become a human. Nor has it been determined that evolution occurred in a particular era. Rather, animals have continued as they were created from the beginning of creation, and the evolutionary periods of billions and millions of years mentioned above are based merely on conjecture, which cannot be called scientific. However, there are some examples that strongly refute this theory of evolution. For example, weak creatures like insects should have become extinct by now, but they still exist and appear in their seasons. The life story of the silkworm strongly refutes it. Similarly, some lower marine animals that existed in the earliest times still exist in the same form and have maintained their existence. That is why many rejecters of this theory believe in Special Creation, i.e., that each species of life was created separately.

3. The third objection is that the intermediate links in the evolutionary chain are missing. For example, the link between jointed and non-jointed animals is missing. The link between vertebrate and invertebrate animals is also missing. The link between fish and those animals that live both on land and in water is also missing. Similarly, the intermediate links between reptiles and birds, and between reptiles and mammalian animals, are also missing. This difficulty in the theory has been under discussion for a hundred years. Some proponents of the theory answer that when the work of the intermediate link is done, it disappears by itself. You can judge for yourself how weighty or reasonable this answer is.

4. The fourth objection is that according to this theory, the first human is proven to be weak-bodied and deficient in intellect. Now the question is, if this was the case, how did he survive among lions and tigers? And despite this weakness and lack of intelligence, how did he succeed in the struggle for existence?

5. The fifth objection is a weighty one: the mental development from the beginning of life to the monkey that occurred over two billion years, and the mental difference between the monkey and man, would require billions of years according to this calculation, whereas the age of the earth is said to be only three billion years. Now the question is, how did such a tremendous mental development suddenly occur in man?

6. The sixth objection is that the principles of evolution given by Darwin are not proven correct by observation. For example:
a. Regarding the law of inheritance, Darwin says that people kept cutting off the tails of dogs for some time, resulting in tailless dogs being born. The objection is that Arabs and Hebrews have been performing circumcision for a long time, but no circumcised child has ever been born.
b. The objection to adaptation to the environment is: why does the unsightly mark of the human breast still remain, for which there was never any need in any era? Also, this mark is not found in lower animals (males), so how did it appear in man? Furthermore, why is there a difference among animals living in the same geographical environment?

7. The discovery of fossils (Paleontology) also invalidates the theory of evolution. Fossils refer to human skulls or the skeletons and bones of animals found buried in the earth. According to the theory of evolution, the bones of lower animals should be found in the lower layers of the earth, and the fossils of higher humans in the upper layers. But the opposite is true, and the discovery of fossils strongly refutes this theory. These are the objections that have shaken the very foundations of this theory. The past one and a half centuries have shaken its roots instead of strengthening it. Now, let us look at the statements of some Western thinkers regarding this theory:

Comments of Western Thinkers on the Theory of Evolution

1. An Italian scientist, Rosa, says that sixty years of experiments have invalidated Darwin's theory. [اسلام اور نظريه ارتقاء]
2. De Vries declares evolution invalid; instead, he believes in mutation, which is now called Emergent Evolution, and this theory is free from linking causes and effects. [ايضاً، ص 59]
3. Wallace believes in general evolution but makes an exception for man. [ايضاً ص 61]
4. Farquhar says that there is a great difference between man and monkey, and it is utterly absurd to say that man is the offspring of the monkey. [ايضاً]
5. Maffert says that it is impossible to support Darwin's doctrine, and his opinion is less valuable than children's talk.
6. Agassiz says that Darwin's doctrine is scientifically completely wrong and baseless, and such things can have nothing to do with science. [ايضاً ص 62]
7. Huxley says that the arguments given for evolution do not at all prove that any species of plants or animals has ever been produced by natural selection. [ايضاً ص 63]
8. Tyndall says that Darwin's theory is completely unworthy of attention because the premises on which it is based are not only unacceptable but also inadmissible. [ايضاً ص 63]

Reasons for the Popularity of the Theory of Evolution:

Now the question is, if the theory of evolution is so unscientific, how did it become popular? The answer is that its propagators include materialists, atheists, and communists. Atheism, materialism, agnosticism, and communism are, in themselves, separate religions. Since this theory leads to atheism and denial of the existence of Allah, it serves as an argument for all of them. Before writing "Origin of Species," Darwin was a believer in God. After writing this book, he became agnostic. Then, after writing two more books and becoming firm in his theory, he became a denier of Allah's existence, and the clergy declared him an infidel and atheist.

The Import of the Theory of Evolution in the Subcontinent and the Deniers of the Quran:

Among us, those Quranic thinkers who were overawed by Western ideas immediately adopted it. Sir Syed Ahmad Khan, who spent a long time in Europe, was a contemporary of Darwin and was greatly influenced by Swami Dayanand. When he found this theory in accordance with nature, he accepted it, and today the institution "Tolu-e-Islam," following Sir Syed, is actively propagating this theory. It is worth considering that a theory which many Western thinkers have rejected even on material and scientific grounds—why did our Quranic thinkers feel the need to reject the speculative knowledge of hadith and embrace this 'certain knowledge'? The state of scientific theories is such that even when they become scientific laws after passing through experimental and research stages, they cannot be considered the final truth. Later thinkers reject such laws. Einstein cast doubt on Newton's law of gravity, and the same is true for his laws of motion. So, in such a situation, can proving these theories through distortion and interpretation be considered a religious service or Quranic thought? Mr. Parwez adopted this theory of evolution with two conditions: first, that life did not arise spontaneously in the first germ of life, but that Allah gave it life; and second, that human thought and consciousness are not the result of evolution, but the result of divine inspiration, and this divine inspiration occurred as an emergency evolution. The founder of the theory of emergency evolution in the present era is Lloyd Morgan, who has proven that emergency evolution is possible. Now the question is, if Allah is to be accepted as the Creator of life and the divine inspiration as the agent of emergency evolution, then why not accept the special creation of Adam ؑ? This would also resolve many objections raised against the theory of evolution. For example, if the human species already existed, did the divine inspiration occur in all its individuals or in a single individual? And if it occurred in a single individual, who was he? And in which era did this event occur? These are questions for which these gentlemen have no answer.

Quranic Arguments in Favor of the Theory of Evolution:

Now let us examine the Quranic arguments from which these gentlemen derive their theory of evolution. The first argument is the first verse of Surah An-Nisa: "O mankind! Fear your Lord, who created you from a single soul, and from it created its mate, and from them spread many men and women throughout the earth." [4: 1]
This verse is clear in its meaning: the single soul refers to Adam ؑ, and the mate refers to his wife Hawwa, and this is what is known from the Book, the Sunnah, and the traditions. But our friends take the single soul to mean the first germ of life. The theory is that it split into two parts, and each part kept splitting into two, thus expanding life, which eventually reached from minerals to plants, from plants to animals, and from animals to man. This concept is incorrect because even today, germs reproduce in the same way, i.e., one germ splits into two, but has anyone ever seen a germ turn into a plant? Therefore, we must accept that the single soul refers to Adam, the mate refers to his wife, and their offspring spread across the earth through procreation.

2. The second argument is the first two verses of Surah Al-‘Alaq: "O Muhammad ﷺ, read in the name of your Lord who created (the universe), and created man from 'alaq (a clot of congealed blood)." [96: 1، 2]

The Second Argument: The Meaning of 'Alaq':

The literal meaning of 'alaq is that after the union of male and female, the sperm takes the form of a congealed blood clot. It is said: «علقت الانثيٰ بالولد» "The female became pregnant" (Al-Munjid), and since this congealed blood takes on an elongated, leech-like shape, the leech is also called 'alaq. Our friends take the second meaning, i.e., leech, and do not consider it a condition of the womb, but rather the evolutionary stage of life when leech-like creatures came into existence, and say that man is the evolutionary form of those creatures. As for whether this refers to the womb or the story of the evolution of life, this confusion is resolved by this verse of Surah Al-Mu’minun: "Then We made the sperm into a clot ('alaq), then We made the clot into a lump, then We made the lump into bones, then We clothed the bones with flesh, then We produced it as another creation. So blessed is Allah, the best of creators." [23: 14]
Now the question is, if 'alaq does not refer to the womb but to the era when leech-like creatures appeared, then it must also be explained which evolutionary stage is meant by sperm, because Allah made 'alaq from sperm. The second question is whether the first addressees of the Quran, i.e., the Companions ؓ, could have understood from 'alaq the meaning that these gentlemen want to instill today.

3.
The Third Argument: "Atwar Mukhtalifah" (Different Stages):

Their third argument is the verse of Surah Nuh: ﴿وَقَدْ خَلَقَكُمْ اَطْوَارًا﴾ All commentators have taken "atwar" to mean the stages of creation that occur in the womb, while Mr. Parwez takes this verse to refer to the stages of the evolution of life. The same questions arise here as were mentioned in the second argument.

4.
The Fourth Argument: Sprouting from the Earth:

The fourth argument is this verse from Surah Nuh: ﴿وَاللّٰهُ اَنْبَتَكُمْ مِّنَ الْاَرْضِ نَبَاتًا﴾ Mr. Parwez translates it as: "We have caused you to grow from the earth, a kind of growing," and takes it to mean that man came into existence through the path of plants and animals. As far as man's creation from clay or earth is concerned, there is no disagreement. The only difference is whether "anbat" means only to grow or something else as well. Linguistically, this word also means "to create." It is said: "Nabat thady al-jariyah" meaning "the girl's breasts developed or appeared." Thus, most commentators have taken "anbat" to mean "to create." The word also means "to nurture well," as Allah Almighty says: ﴿فَتَقَبَّلَهَا رَبُّهَا بِقَبُوْلٍ حَسَنٍ وَّاَنْبَتَهَا نَبَاتًا حَسَنًا﴾ "So Allah accepted Maryam with a good acceptance and nurtured her well." Therefore, this verse, being ambiguous, cannot serve as evidence for the theory of evolution.

5.
The Fifth Argument: The Angels Prostrating to Adam After the Human Race:

Mr. Parwez's fifth argument is this verse from Surah Al-A'raf:
﴿وَلَقَدْ خَلَقْنٰكُمْ ثُمَّ صَوَّرْنٰكُمْ ثُمَّ قُلْنَا لِلْمَلٰئِكَةِ اسْجُدُوْا لاِدَمَ ﴾ [11: 7]
"And We created you, then fashioned you, then We said to the angels: Prostrate to Adam." He wants to prove from this that the use of the plural form in the verse is evidence that the human species existed before Adam, because the command to prostrate to the angels came later. The answer is that at the beginning of Surah Al-A'raf, all the people present in the time of the Prophet are addressed: "Obey the revelation sent down from your Lord." Then, later, the story of Adam, his wife, and Iblis is mentioned. So, in the Quran, the use of pronouns is according to context. The addressees of these verses are Adam and his descendants, not Adam and his ancestors and relatives, who, according to Mr. Parwez, lived in the paradise about which Allah Almighty said: "O Adam! You and your wife dwell in Paradise." [2: 25]
If Adam and his ancestors were already living in that paradise, then the instruction for only Adam and his wife to live in paradise becomes completely meaningless.

Quranic Arguments for the Refutation of the Theory of Evolution:

Now we will present such arguments from the Quran that declare the theory of evolution invalid.

The Stages of Human Creation:

The first argument is the stages of human creation that are known from the Quran, and they are all related to clay, and they are as follows:
1. Allah created man from "turab," i.e., dry dust. [40: 67]
2. From "ard," i.e., earth or ordinary soil. [71: 17]
3. From "teen," i.e., wet clay or mud. [6: 2]
4. From "teen lazib," i.e., sticky and adhesive clay. [37: 11]
5. From "hama’ masnun," i.e., stinking mud and decayed sludge. [15: 26]
6. From "salsal," i.e., baked clay. [15: 26]
7. From "salsal kalfakhar," i.e., clay that rings like pottery. [55: 14]
These are the stages or phases that the Quran mentions, after which the form of Adam ؑ was completed. All these seven stages are completed within minerals. Water was mixed with the clay, but later it was completely dried. Now see, is there any mention of plants or animals in these stages, that man came into existence through them?

2. The second argument is the following verse:
﴿هَلْ اَتيٰ عَلَي الاِنْسَانِ حِيْنٌ مِّنَ الدّهَْرِ لَمْ يِكُنْ شَيْئًا مَّذْكُوْرًا﴾ [1: 76]
"Indeed, there came upon man a period of time when he was not a thing worth mentioning."

2.
The Time Before the Creation of Man Was Not Worth Mentioning:

Now see, "dahr" refers to the time that began with the creation of the heavens and the earth, and "asr" refers to the time that began with the creation of Adam, because Allah has presented "asr" as a witness to human actions and deeds, not "dahr." Allah says that in this "dahr," there came a time upon man when he was not a thing worth mentioning. If he were the offspring of plants, animals, or monkeys, all these things are worth mentioning, and if billions of years were spent in these stages, what harm would there be in mentioning them? In our opinion, this verse alone is sufficient to completely refute Darwin's theory of evolution.

3. The third argument for the refutation of the theory of evolution is this verse:
﴿قَالَ يٰٓاِبْلِيْسُ مَا مَنَعَكَ اَنْ تَسْجُدَ لِمَا خَلَقْتُ بِيَدَيَّ﴾
Allah said: "O Iblis! What prevented you from prostrating to the one whom I created with My hands?"

The Special Creation of Adam:

The Mu'tazilites and Parwezites do not accept that Allah has hands, so they translate "yad" as power or might or hand of power. Now the question is, here the word "biyadayya" is used, i.e., "with My two hands." If "yad" means power or might, then what would it mean to say, "the one whom I created with My two powers or two mights"? The second question is, Allah created everything with His power and might, so why was it necessary to mention specifically about Sayyiduna Adam ؑ that "I created Adam with My hands"?

4. The fourth argument for the refutation of the theory of evolution is this verse of the Quran:
﴿ اِنَّ مَثَلَ عِيْسيٰ عِنْدَ اللّٰهِ كَمَثَلِ اٰدَمَ خَلَقَهٗ مِنْ تُرَابٍ ثُمَّ قَالَ لَهٗ كُنْ فَيَكُوْنُ﴾ [59: 3]
"Indeed, the example of Jesus ؑ with Allah is like that of Adam; He created him from dust, then said to him, 'Be,' and he was."

Adam's Creation Without Parents:

In 9 AH, the Christians of Najran came to the Messenger of Allah ﷺ in Madinah and challenged him to a debate on the subject of the sonship of Christ. The Christians also believed in the fatherless birth of Sayyiduna Isa ؑ, and so did the Muslims. The Christian argument was that if you Muslims accept that Isa ؑ had no father and also accept that he raised the dead, then tell us, if he was not the son of Allah, who was his father? At that time, this verse was revealed. That is, Allah Almighty gave this answer: if the absence of a father can be proof of divinity or the godhood of Jesus, then Adam is more deserving of divinity, because he had neither a father nor a mother. But you do not call Adam a god, so how can Isa ؑ be a god? But today among Muslims, there is a group that accepts the fatherless birth of Adam, as there is no alternative, but does not accept the fatherless birth of Sayyiduna Isa ؑ, and another group of Quranic thinkers who accept neither the fatherless birth of Isa ؑ nor the fatherless and motherless birth of Sayyiduna Adam ؑ. This verse refutes both groups. In this way: Allah Almighty has made the birth of Isa ؑ like the birth of Adam ؑ, and the possible aspects of this similarity can be:

1. Both were created from clay. This interpretation is incorrect because all humans are created from clay; there is no special feature for Adam ؑ and Isa ؑ in this.
2. Both were born through parents. This interpretation is also incorrect because this is the general rule for human birth, and again, there is no special feature for Adam ؑ and Isa ؑ in this.
3. Now the third possibility remains: that both had no father, and this is the aspect of similarity in their birth, which does not apply to other humans. Thus, this verse also completely refutes the theory of evolution.