Tirmidhi

Benefits and Issues:
Sayyiduna Abu Bakr and Sayyiduna Uthman (radi Allahu anhuma) were already pure-natured even before Islam; Islam further refined and polished their righteousness.

Benefits and Issues:

➊
This incident took place in the final days of the blessed life of Uthman (radi Allahu anhu), when a large number of rebels from various cities had gathered in Madinah Tayyibah and wanted to martyr Uthman.
Uthman (radi Allahu anhu) continued to try until the end to reason with them and satisfy them so that they would desist from rebellion and so that bloodshed would not occur on the sacred land of Madinah Munawwarah.
On this occasion, he said the words that are mentioned in this narration.

➋
To kill a Muslim unjustly is a very grave crime.

➌
Apart from the aforementioned reasons, every other killing is unjust.
Even in these cases, it is not the job of an ordinary person to carry out the killing; rather, only the Islamic government or a Shari‘ah court can decide on someone’s death penalty.

➍
The crime of adultery (zina) is severe.
Nevertheless, if the offender is unmarried, he cannot be given the death penalty; rather, the punishment is one hundred lashes, and if the judge (qadi) deems it appropriate, after the flogging he may exile the person from the city for one year.

➎
If a married man or woman commits adultery (zina), then the punishment is stoning (rajm), meaning he or she is killed by being pelted with stones.

➏
A Muslim who abandons Islam and adopts another religion is called a murtadd (apostate), and his punishment is also death. However, if he repents and accepts Islam again, he will be forgiven.
Mu‘adh ibn Jabal (radi Allahu anhu) went to Abu Musa al-Ash‘ari (radi Allahu anhu) in Yemen and saw that a man had been detained.
Upon inquiring about the reason, it was found that he was a Jew who, after accepting Islam, had reverted to Judaism.
Mu‘adh (radi Allahu anhu) demanded that he be killed immediately, so Abu Musa al-Ash‘ari (radi Allahu anhu) had him executed. (Sahih al-Bukhari, Kitab al-Istitabah al-Murtaddin wa al-Mu‘anidin wa Qitalihim, Chapter: The Ruling on the Apostate Man and Woman and Their Repentance, Hadith: 2963)
Hafiz Ibn Hajar, in his commentary, has mentioned this same incident with reference to Musnad Ahmad.
In that narration, Abu Musa (radi Allahu anhu) said:
“We have been asking him to accept Islam for about two months—” (Fath al-Bari, 12/343)

➐
From this incident, the lofty status of Uthman (radi Allahu anhu) and his exalted and superior character in terms of chastity and purity become evident.

(1) "Balaat" was a kind of platform built outside the Prophet’s Mosque (Masjid al-Nabawi) upon which people would generally sit and converse so that the sanctity of the Prophet’s Mosque would be maintained. In this hadith, those referred to as the people of Balaat are the seditious individuals who gathered from other regions with the intent to abolish the caliphate. In the end, they carried out their threats. May Allah curse them.

(2) In this hadith, the magnificent virtue and merit of Uthman (radi Allahu anhu) is mentioned. This is in the sense that, both in the era of ignorance (Jahiliyyah) and in the era of Islam, noble character traits were always an inseparable part of his sound nature. He always remained distant and withdrawn from evil and indecency.

(3) Those who killed Uthman (radi Allahu anhu) by committing excess and rebellion committed a great injustice, because Uthman (radi Allahu anhu) had not committed any such crime for which it would be permissible to kill a Muslim. Radi Allahu ta'ala anhu wa ardah.