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سنن سعید بن منصور
Sunan Sa'id
كتاب الفرائضBook of Obligatory Duties (Fara'id)
بَابُ أُصُولِ الْفَرَائِضِChapter on the fundamentals of inheritance
Hadith 1182
اُردوEn
سَعِيدٌ قَالَ: نا عَبْدُ الرَّحْمَنِ بْنُ أَبِي الزِّنَادِ، عَنْ أَبِيهِ، عَنْ خَارِجَةَ بْنِ زَيْدِ بْنِ ثَابِتٍ، إِنَّ مَعَانِيَ هَذِهِ الْفَرَائِضِ كُلِّهَا وَأُصُولَهَا عَنْ زَيْدِ بْنِ ثَابِتٍ، وَأَبُو الزِّنَادِ فَسَّرَهَا عَلَى مَعَانِي زَيْدِ بْنِ ثَابِتٍ يَرِثُ الرَّجُلُ مِنِ امْرَأَتِهِ إِذَا هِيَ لَمْ تَتْرُكْ وَلَدًا وَلَا وَلَدَ ابْنٍ النِّصْفَ، فَإِنْ تَرَكَتْ وَلَدًا أَوْ وَلَدَ ابْنٍ ذَكَرًا أَوْ أُنْثَى وَرِثَهَا زَوْجُهَا الرُّبُعَ، لَا يَنْقُصُ مِنْ ذَلِكَ شَيْئًا، وَتَرِثُ الْمَرْأَةُ مِنْ زَوْجِهَا إِذَا هُوَ لَمْ يَتْرُكْ وَلَدًا وَلَا وَلَدَ ابْنٍ الرُّبُعَ، فَإِنْ تَرَكَ وَلَدًا أَوْ وَلَدَ ابْنٍ وَرِثَتْهُ امْرَأَتُهُ الثُّمُنَ. وَمِيرَاثُ الْأُمِّ مِنْ وَلَدِهَا إِذَا تُوُفِّيَ ابْنُهَا أَوِ ابْنَتُهَا فَتَرَكَ وَلَدًا أَوْ وَلَدَ ابْنٍ ذَكَرًا أَوْ أُنْثَى، أَوْ تَرَكَ اثْنَيْنِ مِنَ الْإِخْوَةِ فَصَاعِدًا، ذُكُورًا أَوْ إِنَاثًا مِنْ أَبٍ وَأُمٍّ، أَوْ مِنْ أَبٍ، أَوْ مِنْ أُمٍّ، السُّدُسُ، فَإِنْ لَمْ يَتْرُكِ الْمُتَوَفَّى وَلَدًا، وَلَا وَلَدَ ابْنٍ، وَلَا اثْنَيْنِ مِنَ الْإِخْوَةِ فَصَاعِدًا، فَإِنَّ لِلْأُمِّ الثُّلُثَ كَامِلًا، إِلَّا فِي فَرِيضَتَيْنِ، وَهُمَا: أَنْ يُتَوَفَّى رَجُلٌ وَيَتْرُكَ امْرَأَتَهُ وَأَبَوَيْهِ، فَيَكُونَ لِامْرَأَتِهِ الرُّبُعُ، وَلِلْأُمِّ ثُلُثُ مَا بَقِيَ، وَهُوَ الرُّبُعُ مِنْ رَأْسِ الْمَالِ، وَأَنْ تُتَوَفَّى امْرَأَةٌ فَتَتْرُكَ زَوْجَهَا وَأَبَوَيْهَا، فَيَكُونَ لِلزَّوْجِ النِّصْفُ، وَلِأُمِّهَا الثُّلُثُ مِمَّا بَقِيَ، وَهُوَ السُّدُسُ مِنْ رَأْسِ الْمَالِ. وَمِيرَاثُ الْإِخْوَةِ لِلْأُمِّ أَنَّهُمْ لَا يَرِثُونَ مَعَ الْوَلَدِ، وَلَا مَعَ وَلَدِ ابْنٍ، ذَكَرًا كَانَ أَوْ أُنْثَى، شَيْئًا، وَلَا مَعَ الْأَبِ، وَلَا مَعَ الْجَدِّ أَبِي الْأَبِ، وَهُمْ فِي كُلِّ مَا سِوَى ذَلِكَ يُفْرَضُ لَهُمْ لِلْوَاحِدِ مِنْهُمُ السُّدُسُ، ذَكَرًا كَانَ أَوْ أُنْثَى، فَإِنْ كَانُوا اثْنَيْنِ فَصَاعِدًا، ذُكُورًا أَوْ إِنَاثًا، فُرِضَ لَهُمُ الثُّلُثُ يَقْتَسِمُونَهُ بِالسَّوَاءِ، لِلذَّكَرِ مِثْلُ حَظِّ الْأُنْثَى. وَمِيرَاثُ الْأَبِ مِنِ ابْنِهِ وَابْنَتِهِ إِذَا تُوُفِّيَ أَنَّهُ إِنْ تَرَكَ الْمُتَوَفَّى وَلَدًا ذَكَرًا أَوْ وَلَدَ ابْنٍ ذَكَرًا، فَإِنَّهُ يُفْرَضُ لِلْأَبِ السُّدُسُ، وَإِذَا لَمْ يَتْرُكِ الْمُتَوَفَّى وَلَدًا ذَكَرًا وَلَا وَلَدَ ابْنٍ ذَكَرًا، فَإِنَّ الْأَبَ يُخَلَّفُ، وَيُبْدَأُ بِمَنْ شَرَكَهُ مِنْ أَهْلِ الْفَرَائِضِ فَيُعْطَوْنَ فَرَائِضَهُمْ، فَإِنْ فَضَلَ مِنَ الْمَالِ السُّدُسُ وَأَكْثَرُ كَانَ لِلْأَبِ، وَإِنْ لَمْ يَفْضُلْ عَنْهَا السُّدُسُ فَأَكْثَرُ مِنْهُ فُرِضَ لِلْأَبِ السُّدُسُ فَرِيضَةً. وَمِيرَاثُ الْوَلَدِ مِنْ وَالِدِهِمْ، أَوْ مِنْ وَالِدَتِهِمْ، أَنَّهُ إِذَا تُوُفِّيَ رَجُلٌ أَوِ امْرَأَةٌ، فَتَرَكَ ابْنَةً وَاحِدَةً، كَانَ لَهَا النِّصْفُ، فَإِنْ كَانَتَا اثْنَتَيْنِ فَمَا فَوْقَ ذَلِكَ مِنَ الْإِنَاثِ كَانَ لَهُنَّ الثُّلُثَانِ، فَإِنْ كَانَ مَعَهُنَّ ذَكَرٌ فَإِنَّهُ لَا فَرِيضَةَ لِأَحَدٍ مِنْهُمْ، وَيُبْدَأُ بِأَحَدٍ إِنْ شَرَكَهُنَّ بِفَرِيضَةٍ فَيُعْطَى فَرِيضَتَهُ، فَإِنْ بَقِيَ بَعْدَ ذَلِكَ فَهُوَ لِلْوَلَدِ بَيْنَهُمْ، لِلذَّكَرِ مِثْلُ حَظِّ الْأُنْثَيَيْنِ . وَمِيرَاثُ وَلَدِ الْأَبْنَاءِ إِذَا لَمْ يَكُنْ دُونَهُمْ وَلَدٌ كَمَنْزِلَةِ الْوَلَدِ سَوَاءً، ذُكُورُهُمْ كَذُكُورِهِمْ، وَإِنَاثُهُمْ كَإِنَاثِهِمْ، يَرِثُونَ كَمَا يَرِثُونَ، وَيُحْجَبُونَ كَمَا يُحْجَبُونَ، فَإِنِ اجْتَمَعَ الْوَلَدُ وَوَلَدُ الِابْنِ، فَإِنْ كَانَ فِي الْوَلَدِ ذَكَرٌ فَإِنَّهُ لَا مِيرَاثَ مَعَهُ لِأَحَدٍ مِنْ وَلَدِ الِابْنِ، وَإِنْ لَمْ يَكُنْ فِي الْوَلَدِ ذَكَرٌ وَكَانَتَا اثْنَتَيْنِ فَأَكْثَرَ مِنْ ذَلِكَ مِنَ الْبَنَاتِ فَإِنَّهُ لَا مِيرَاثَ لِبَنَاتِ الِابْنِ مَعَهُنَّ إِذَا لَمْ يَكُنْ مَعَ بَنَاتِ الِابْنِ ذَكَرٌ هُوَ مِنَ الْمُتَوَفَّى بِمَنْزِلَتِهِنَّ أَوْ هُوَ أَطْرَفُ مِنْهُنَّ، فَيَرُدُّ عَلَى مَنْ هُوَ بِمَنْزِلَتِهِ وَمَنْ فَوْقَهُ مِنْ بَنَاتِ الْأَبْنَاءِ فَضْلًا إِنْ فَضَلَ، فَيَقْتَسِمُونَهُ لِلذَّكَرِ مِثْلُ حَظِّ الْأُنْثَيَيْنِ، فَإِنْ لَمْ يَفْضُلْ شَيْءٌ فَلَا شَيْءَ لَهُنَّ، وَإِنْ لَمْ يَكُنِ الْوَلَدُ إِلَّا ابْنَةً وَاحِدَةً وَتَرَكَ ابْنَةَ ابْنٍ فَأَكْثَرَ مِنْ ذَلِكَ مِنْ بَنَاتِ الِابْنِ بِمَنْزِلَةِ وَاحِدَةٍ فَلَهُنَّ السُّدُسُ، تَتِمَّةَ الثُّلُثَيْنِ، فَإِنْ كَانَ مَعَ بَنَاتِ الِابْنِ ذَكَرٌ هُوَ بِمَنْزِلَتِهِنَّ فَلَا سُدُسَ لَهُنَّ وَلَا فَرِيضَةَ، وَلَكِنْ إِنْ فَضَلَ بَعْدَ فَرِيضَةِ أَهْلِ الْفَرَائِضِ كَانَ ذَلِكَ الْفَضْلُ لِذَلِكَ الذَّكَرِ وَلِمَنْ بِمَنْزِلَتِهِ مِنَ الْإِنَاثِ، لِلذَّكَرِ مِثْلُ حَظِّ الْأُنْثَيَيْنِ، وَلَيْسَ لِمَنْ هُوَ أَطْرَفُ مِنْهُنَّ شَيْءٌ، وَإِنْ كَانَ لَمْ يَفْضُلْ شَيْءٌ فَلَا شَيْءَ لَهُمْ . وَمِيرَاثُ الْإِخْوَةِ مِنَ الْأُمِّ وَالْأَبِ، لَا يَرِثُونَ مَعَ الْوَلَدِ الذَّكَرِ، وَلَا مَعَ وَلَدِ الِابْنِ الذَّكَرِ، وَلَا مَعَ الْأَبِ شَيْئًا، وَهُمْ مَعَ الْبَنَاتِ وَبَنَاتِ الْأَبْنَاءِ مَا لَمْ يَتْرُكِ الْمُتَوَفَّى جَدًّا أَبَا أَبٍ يُخَلَّفُونَ، وَيُبْدَأُ بِمَنْ كَانَتْ لَهُ فَرِيضَةٌ فَيُعْطَوْنَ فَرَائِضَهُمْ، فَإِنْ فَضَلَ بَعْدَ ذَلِكَ فَضْلٌ كَانَ لِلْإِخْوَةِ لِلْأُمِّ وَالْأَبِ بَيْنَهُمْ عَلَى كِتَابِ اللَّهِ، إِنَاثًا كَانُوا أَوْ ذُكُورًا، لِلذَّكَرِ مِثْلُ حَظِّ الْأُنْثَيَيْنِ، وَإِنْ لَمْ يَفْضُلْ شَيْءٌ فَلَا شَيْءَ لَهُمْ، فَإِنْ لَمْ يَتْرُكِ الْمُتَوَفَّى أَبًا وَلَا جَدًّا أَبَا أَبٍ، وَلَا وَلَدًا وَلَا وَلَدَ ابْنٍ ذَكَرًا وَلَا أُنْثَى، فَإِنَّهُ يُفْرَضُ لِلْأُخْتِ الْوَاحِدَةِ لِلْأُمِّ وَالْأَبِ النِّصْفُ، فَإِنْ كَانَتَا اثْنَتَيْنِ فَأَكْثَرَ مِنْ ذَلِكَ مِنَ الْأَخَوَاتِ فُرِضَ لَهُنَّ الثُّلُثَانِ، فَإِنْ كَانَ مَعَهُنَّ أَخٌ ذَكَرٌ فَإِنَّهُ لَا فَرِيضَةَ لِأَحَدٍ مِنَ الْأَخَوَاتِ، وَيُبْدَأُ بِمَنْ شَرَكَهُنَّ مِنْ أَهْلِ الْفَرَائِضِ فَيُعْطَوْنَ فَرَائِضَهُمْ، فَمَا فَضَلَ بَعْدَ ذَلِكَ كَانَ بَيْنَ الْإِخْوَةِ لِلْأُمِّ وَالْأَبِ، لِلذَّكَرِ مِثْلُ حَظِّ الْأُنْثَيَيْنِ، إِلَّا فِي فَرِيضَةٍ وَاحِدَةٍ فَقَطْ لَمْ يَفْضُلْ لَهُمْ مِنْهَا شَيْءٌ فَأُشْرِكُوا مَعَ بَنِي أُمِّهِمْ، وَهِيَ امْرَأَةٌ تُوُفِّيَتْ فَتَرَكَتْ زَوْجَهَا وَأُمَّهَا وَإِخْوَتَهَا لِأُمِّهَا وَإِخْوَتَهَا لِأَبِيهَا وَأُمِّهَا، فَكَانَ لِزَوْجِهَا النِّصْفُ، وَلِأُمِّهَا السُّدُسُ، وَلِبَنِي أُمِّهَا الثُّلُثُ، فَلَمْ يَفْضُلْ فَيُشْرَكُ بَنُو الْأُمِّ وَالْأَبِ فِي هَذِهِ الْفَرِيضَةِ مَعَ بَنِي الْأُمِّ فِي ثُلُثِهِمْ، فَيَكُونُ لِلذَّكَرِ مِثْلُ حَظِّ الْأُنْثَيَيْنِ؛ مِنْ أَجْلِ أَنَّهُمْ كَانُوا كُلُّهُمْ بَنِي أُمِّ الْمُتَوَفَّى . وَمِيرَاثُ الْإِخْوَةِ لِلْأَبِ إِذَا لَمْ يَكُنْ مَعَهُمْ أَحَدٌ مِنْ بَنِي الْأُمِّ وَالْأَبِ كَمِيرَاثِ الْإِخْوَةِ لِلْأُمِّ وَالْأَبِ سَوَاءً، ذُكُورُهُمْ كَذَكَرِهِمْ، وَإِنَاثُهُمْ كَإِنَاثِهِمْ، إِلَّا أَنَّهُمْ لَا يُشْرَكُونَ مَعَ بَنِي الْأُمِّ فِي هَذِهِ الْفَرِيضَةِ الَّتِي شَرَكَهُمْ فِيهَا بَنُو الْأُمِّ وَالْأَبِ، فَإِذَا اجْتَمَعَ الْإِخْوَةُ مِنَ الْأُمِّ وَالْأَبِ، وَالْإِخْوَةُ مِنَ الْأَبِ، فَكَانَ فِي بَنِي الْأَبِ وَالْأُمِّ ذَكَرٌ، فَلَا مِيرَاثَ مَعَهُ لِأَحَدٍ مِنَ الْإِخْوَةِ مِنَ الْأَبِ، فَإِنْ لَمْ يَكُنْ بَنُو الْأُمِّ وَالْأَبِ إِلَّا امْرَأَةً وَاحِدَةً، وَكَانَ بَنُو الْأَبِ امْرَأَةً وَاحِدَةً أَوْ أَكْثَرَ مِنْ ذَلِكَ مِنَ الْإِنَاثِ لَا ذَكَرَ فِيهِنَّ، فَإِنَّهُ يُفْرَضُ لِلْأُخْتِ مِنَ الْأُمِّ وَالْأَبِ النِّصْفُ، وَيُفْرَضُ لِلْأَخَوَاتِ مِنَ الْأَبِ السُّدُسُ تَتِمَّةَ الثُّلُثَيْنِ , فَإِنْ كَانَ مَعَ بَنَاتِ الْأَبِ ذَكَرٌ فَلَا فَرِيضَةَ لَهُنَّ، وَيُبْدَأُ بِأَهْلِ الْفَرَائِضِ فَيُعْطَوْنَ فَرَائِضَهُمْ، فَإِنْ فَضَلَ بَعْدَ ذَلِكَ فَضْلٌ كَانَ بَيْنَ بَنِي الْأَبِ لِلذَّكَرِ مِثْلُ حَظِّ الْأُنْثَيَيْنِ، وَإِنْ لَمْ يَفْضُلْ لَهُمْ شَيْءٌ فَلَا شَيْءَ لَهُمْ، وَإِنْ كَانَ بَنُو الْأُمِّ وَالْأَبِ امْرَأَتَيْنِ فَأَكْثَرَ مِنْ ذَلِكَ مِنَ الْإِنَاثِ فُرِضَ لَهُنَّ الثُّلُثَانِ، وَلَا مِيرَاثَ مَعَهُنَّ لِبَنَاتِ الْأَبِ، إِلَّا أَنْ يَكُونَ مَعَهُنَّ ذَكَرٌ مِنْ أَبٍ، فَإِنْ كَانَ مَعَهُنَّ ذَكَرٌ بُدِئَ بِفَرَائِضِ مَنْ كَانَتْ لَهُ فَرِيضَةٌ فَأُعْطَوْهَا، فَإِنْ فَضَلَ بَعْدَ ذَلِكَ فَضْلٌ كَانَ بَيْنَ بَنِي الْأَبِ، لِلذَّكَرِ مِثْلُ حَظِّ الْأُنْثَيَيْنِ، وَإِنْ لَمْ يَفْضُلْ لَهُمْ شَيْءٌ فَلَا شَيْءَ لَهُمْ . وَمِيرَاثُ الْجَدِّ أَبِي الْأَبِ أَنَّهُ لَا يَرِثُ مَعَ الْأَبِ دِنْيًا شَيْئًا، وَهُوَ مَعَ الْوَلَدِ الذَّكَرِ وَمَعَ ابْنِ الِابْنِ يُفْرَضُ لَهُ السُّدُسُ، وَهُوَ فِيمَا سِوَى ذَلِكَ مَا لَمْ يَتْرُكِ الْمُتَوَفَّى أَخًا أَوْ أُخْتًا مِنْ أَبِيهِ يُخَلَّفُ الْجَدُّ، وَيُبْدَأُ بِأَحَدٍ إِنْ شَرَكَهُ مِنْ أَهْلِ الْفَرَائِضِ فَيُعْطَى فَرِيضَتَهُ، فَإِنْ فَضَلَ مِنَ الْمَالِ السُّدُسُ فَأَكْثَرُ مِنْهُ كَانَ لِلْجَدِّ، وَإِنْ لَمْ يَفْضُلِ السُّدُسُ فَأَكْثَرُ مِنْهُ فُرِضَ لِلْجَدِّ السُّدُسُ فَرِيضَةً. وَمِيرَاثُ الْجَدِّ أَبِي الْأَبِ مَعَ الْإِخْوَةِ مِنَ الْأُمِّ وَالْأَبِ أَنَّهُمْ يُخَلَّفُونَ وَيُبْدَأُ بِأَحَدٍ إِنْ شَرَكَهُمْ مِنْ أَهْلِ الْفَرَائِضِ فَيُعْطَوْنَ فَرَائِضَهُمْ، فَمَا بَقِيَ لِلْجَدِّ وَالْإِخْوَةِ مِنْ شَيْءٍ فَإِنَّهُ يُنْظَرُ فِي ذَلِكَ وَيُحْسَبُ أَيُّهُ أَفْضَلُ لِحَظِّ الْجَدِّ، الثُّلُثُ مِمَّا يَحْصُلُ لَهُ وَالْإِخْوَةُ، أَمْ أَنْ يَكُونَ أَخًا يُقَاسِمُ الْإِخْوَةَ فِيمَا يَحْصُلُ لَهُمْ وَلَهُ لِلذَّكَرِ مِثْلُ حَظِّ الْأُنْثَيَيْنِ، أَمِ السُّدُسُ مِنْ رَأْسِ الْمَالِ كُلِّهِ فَارِغًا، فَأَيُّ ذَلِكَ كَانَ أَفْضَلَ لِحَظِّ الْجَدِّ أُعْطِيَهُ الْجَدُّ، وَمَا بَقِيَ بَعْدَ ذَلِكَ بَيْنَ الْإِخْوَةِ لِلْأَبِ وَالْأُمِّ إِلَّا فِي فَرِيضَةٍ وَاحِدَةٍ تَكُونُ قِسْمَتُهُمْ فِيهَا عَلَى غَيْرِ ذَلِكَ. الْأَكْدَرِيَّةُ: وَهِيَ امْرَأَةٌ تُوُفِّيَتْ وَتَرَكَتْ زَوْجَهَا وَأُمَّهَا وَجَدَّهَا وَأُخْتَهَا لِأَبِيهَا، فَيُفْرَضُ لِلزَّوْجِ النِّصْفُ، وَلِلْأُمِّ الثُّلُثُ، وَلِلْجَدِّ السُّدُسُ، وَلِلْأُخْتِ النِّصْفُ، ثُمَّ يُجْمَعُ سُدُسُ الْجَدِّ وَنِصْفُ الْأُخْتِ فَيُقْسَمُ كُلُّهُ أَثْلَاثًا، لِلْجَدِّ مِنْهُ الثُّلُثَانِ، وَلِلْأُخْتِ الثُّلُثُ. وَمِيرَاثُ الْإِخْوَةِ مِنَ الْأَبِ مَعَ الْجَدِّ إِذَا لَمْ يَكُنْ مَعَهُمْ إِخْوَةٌ لِلْأُمِّ وَالْأَبِ كَمِيرَاثِ الْإِخْوَةِ مِنَ الْأُمِّ وَالْأَبِ سَوَاءً، ذَكَرُهُمْ كَذَكَرِهِمْ، وَأُنْثَاهُمْ كَأُنْثَاهُمْ، فَإِذَا اجْتَمَعَ الْإِخْوَةُ مِنَ الْأُمِّ وَالْأَبِ وَالْإِخْوَةُ مِنَ الْأَبِ، فَإِنَّ بَنِي الْأُمِّ وَالْأَبِ يُعَادُّونَ الْجَدَّ بِبَنِي أَبِيهِمْ، فَيَمْنَعُونَهُ بِهِمْ كَثْرَةَ الْمِيرَاثِ، فَمَا حَصَلَ لِلْإِخْوَةِ بَعْدَ حَظِّ الْجَدِّ مِنْ شَيْءٍ فَإِنَّهُ يَكُونُ لِبَنِي الْأُمِّ وَالْأَبِ، وَلَا يَكُونُ لِبَنِي الْأَبِ، إِلَّا أَنْ يَكُونَ بَنُو الْأُمِّ وَالْأَبِ إِنَّمَا هِيَ امْرَأَةٌ وَاحِدَةٌ، فَإِنْ كَانَتِ امْرَأَةً وَاحِدَةً فَإِنَّهَا تُعَادُّ الْجَدَّ بِبَنِي أَبِيهَا مَا كَانُوا، فَمَا حَصَلَ لَهَا وَلَهُمْ مِنْ شَيْءٍ كَانَ لَهَا دُونَهُمْ مَا بَيْنَهَا وَبَيْنَ أَنْ تَسْتَكْمِلَ نِصْفَ الْمَالِ، فَإِنْ كَانَ فِيمَا يُحَازُ لَهَا وَلَهُمُ فَضْلٌ عَلَى نِصْفِ الْمَالِ كُلِّهِ فَإِنَّ ذَلِكَ الْفَضْلَ يَكُونُ بَيْنَ بَنِي الْأَبِ، لِلذَّكَرِ مِثْلُ حَظِّ الْأُنْثَيَيْنِ، وَإِنْ لَمْ يَفْضُلْ شَيْءٌ فَلَا شَيْءَ لَهُمْ. وَمِيرَاثُ الْجَدَّاتِ أَنَّ أُمَّ الْأُمِّ لَا تَرِثُ مَعَ الْأُمِّ شَيْئًا، وَهِيَ فِيمَا سِوَى ذَلِكَ يُفْرَضُ لَهَا السُّدُسُ فَرِيضَةً، وَإِنَّ أُمَّ الْأَبِ لَا تَرِثُ مَعَ الْأُمِّ شَيْئًا، لَا مَعَ الْأَبِ، وَهِيَ فِيمَا سِوَى ذَلِكَ يُفْرَضُ لَهَا السُّدُسُ فَرِيضَةً، فَإِنْ تَرَكَ الْمُتَوَفَّى ثَلَاثَ جَدَّاتٍ بِمَنْزِلَةٍ وَاحِدَةٍ، لَيْسَ دُونَهُمْ أُمٌّ وَلَا أَبٌ ، فَالسُّدُسُ بَيْنَهُنَّ ثَلَاثَتِهِنَّ، وَهُنَّ أُمُّ أُمِّ الْأُمِّ، وَأُمُّ أُمِّ الْأَبِ، وَأُمُّ أَبِي الْأَبِ. وَقَالَ أَبُو الزِّنَادِ: فَإِذَا اجْتَمَعَتِ الْجَدَّتَانِ لَيْسَ لِلْمُتَوَفَّى دُونَهَا أَبٌ وَلَا أُمٌّ، فَإِنَّا قَدْ سَمِعْنَا أَنَّهَا إِنْ كَانَتِ الَّتِي مِنْ قِبَلِ الْأُمِّ هِيَ أَقْعَدَهُمَا كَانَ لَهَا السُّدُسُ مِنْ دُونِ الَّتِي مِنْ قِبَلِ الْأَبِ، وَإِنْ كَانَتَا مِنَ الْمُتَوَفَّى بِمَنْزِلَةٍ وَاحِدَةٍ أَوْ كَانَتِ الَّتِي مِنْ قِبَلِ الْأَبِ هِيَ أَقْعَدَهُمَا كَانَ السُّدُسُ بَيْنَهُمَا نِصْفَيْنِ
Kharijah bin Zaid bin Thabit, may Allah have mercy on him, said: All the meanings of the obligatory shares (farā’iḍ), and their foundations, are from Zaid bin Thabit, may Allah have mercy on him, and Abu al-Zinad, may Allah have mercy on him, explained them according to the meanings of Zaid bin Thabit, may Allah have mercy on him: That a man inherits half of his wife’s estate if she leaves no child or grandson, and if she leaves a child or grandson, whether male or female, then her husband inherits a quarter of her estate, and it is not less than that. And a woman inherits a quarter from her husband if he leaves no child or grandson, and if he leaves a child or grandson, then his wife inherits an eighth from him.
And the mother’s inheritance from her child, when her son or daughter dies and leaves a child or grandson, whether male or female, or leaves two or more brothers or sisters, whether male or female, whether from both parents, or only from the father, or only from the mother, then she gets a sixth. And if the deceased leaves neither a child, nor a grandson, nor two or more brothers or sisters, then the mother gets a full third, except in two obligatory cases, and they are: If a man dies and leaves his wife and his parents, then his wife gets a quarter, and the mother gets a third of what remains, which is a quarter of the original estate. And if a woman dies and leaves her husband and her parents, then the husband gets half, and the mother gets a third of what remains, which is a sixth of the original estate.
And the inheritance of the mother’s brothers and sisters is that, with a child or grandson, whether male or female, they inherit nothing, nor with the father, nor with the grandfather (i.e., the father’s father). In everything else, their share is fixed: for one of them, whether male or female, a sixth; and if they are two or more, whether male or female, then a third, which they divide equally, the male receiving the same as the female.
And the father’s inheritance from his son or daughter, when they die, is that if the deceased leaves a son or a son’s son, then the father gets a sixth. And if the deceased leaves neither a son nor a son’s son, then the father remains, and those who share obligatory shares with him are given their shares first, then if a sixth or more remains, it is for the father, and if less than a sixth remains, then the father is given a sixth as an obligatory share.
And the children’s inheritance from their parents is that if a man or woman dies and leaves a single daughter, she gets half, and if there are two or more daughters, they get two-thirds. And if there is a son with them, then none of them has a fixed share, and those who share obligatory shares with them are given their shares first, then what remains is for the children, the male receiving the share of two females.
And the inheritance of grandsons, if there is no nearer child, is that they are equal to the children: their sons are like the sons, and their daughters are like the daughters; they inherit as they do, and are deprived as they are deprived. Then, if children and grandsons are together, if among the children there is a son, then none of the grandsons inherit with him. And if among the children there is no son, and there are two or more daughters, then the grandsons’ daughters do not inherit with them unless there is a son among the grandsons who is in the same degree to the deceased or closer, then he returns to those in his degree or closer among the grandsons’ daughters; if anything remains, they divide it, the male receiving the share of two females, and if nothing remains, then they get nothing. And if among the children there is only one daughter, and the deceased leaves one or more grandsons’ daughters in the same degree, then they get a sixth, completing the two-thirds. And if there is a son among the grandsons in the same degree, then neither a sixth nor any fixed share is for them, but if anything remains after the obligatory shares, it is for that son and the girls in his degree, the male receiving the share of two females, and those closer than them get nothing, and if nothing remains, then they get nothing.
And the inheritance of paternal siblings is that they inherit nothing with a male child, or a male grandson, or with the father, and they are with the daughters and grandsons’ daughters, as long as the deceased did not leave a grandfather (i.e., father’s father), then they remain, and those with obligatory shares are given their shares first, then what remains is for the paternal siblings according to the Book of Allah, whether male or female, the male receiving the share of two females, and if nothing remains, then they get nothing. And if the deceased leaves neither a father, nor a grandfather, nor a child, nor a grandson, whether male or female, then for a single sister from both parents, half is fixed, and if there are two or more sisters, two-thirds is fixed, and if there is a brother with them, then none of the sisters has a fixed share, and those who share obligatory shares with them are given their shares first, then what remains is for the paternal siblings, the male receiving the share of two females, except in one obligatory case in which nothing remains for them, so they share with the maternal siblings in their third, and that is: If a woman dies and leaves her husband, her mother, her maternal siblings, and her paternal siblings, then her husband gets half, her mother a sixth, and her maternal siblings a third, so nothing remains, so the paternal siblings share with the maternal siblings in their third, the male receiving the share of two females, because they are all children of the deceased’s mother.
And the inheritance of the father’s siblings with the grandfather, if there are no paternal siblings, is like the inheritance of the paternal siblings: their males are like their males, and their females are like their females, except that they do not share with the maternal siblings in the obligatory case in which the paternal siblings shared with them. Then, if the paternal siblings and the father’s siblings are together, if among the paternal siblings there is a male, then none of the father’s siblings inherit with him. And if among the paternal siblings there is only one female, and among the father’s siblings there is one or more females, with no male among them, then the paternal sister gets half, and the father’s sisters get a sixth, completing the two-thirds. And if there is a male among the father’s siblings, then they have no fixed share, and those with obligatory shares are given their shares first, then what remains is for the father’s siblings, the male receiving the share of two females, and if nothing remains, then they get nothing. And if among the paternal siblings there are two or more females, then they get two-thirds, and the father’s sisters do not inherit with them unless there is a male among the father’s siblings, then those with obligatory shares are given their shares first, then what remains is for the father’s siblings, the male receiving the share of two females, and if nothing remains, then they get nothing.
And the inheritance of the grandfather (i.e., the father’s father) is that he inherits nothing with the father in this world, and with a male child or a son’s son, he gets a sixth, and in everything else, as long as the deceased did not leave a paternal brother or sister, the grandfather remains, and those who share obligatory shares with him are given their shares first, then if a sixth or more remains, it is for the grandfather, and if less than a sixth remains, then the grandfather is given a sixth as an obligatory share.
And the inheritance of the grandfather (i.e., the father’s father) with the paternal siblings is that they remain, and those who share obligatory shares with them are given their shares first, then what remains is for the grandfather and the siblings, and it is considered and calculated what is better for the grandfather: a third of what remains after the shares of the siblings, or that he joins the siblings as a brother and shares with them what they get, the male receiving the share of two females, or a sixth of the original estate alone; whichever is better for the grandfather is given to him, and what remains after that is for the paternal siblings, except in one obligatory case in which the division is otherwise.
And the Akdariyyah: and it is that a woman dies and leaves her husband, her mother, her grandfather, and her father’s sister, then the husband gets half, the mother a third, the grandfather a sixth, and the sister half, then the grandfather’s sixth and the sister’s half are combined, and all of this is divided into three parts: two-thirds for the grandfather, and a third for the sister.
And the inheritance of the father’s siblings with the grandfather, if there are no paternal siblings, is like the inheritance of the paternal siblings: their males are like their males, and their females are like their females, then if the paternal siblings and the father’s siblings are together, the paternal siblings compete with the father’s siblings for the grandfather, so they prevent him from a greater share, so what remains after the grandfather’s share for the siblings is for the paternal siblings, and not for the father’s siblings, unless among the paternal siblings there is only one female, then if she is one, she competes with the father’s siblings for the grandfather, however many they are, so what she and they get is for her, except what completes her half of the estate, then if what she and they get leaves anything from half the estate, the remainder is for the father’s siblings, the male receiving the share of two females, and if nothing remains, then they get nothing.
And the inheritance of grandmothers is that the mother’s mother inherits nothing with the mother, and in everything else, she gets a sixth as an obligatory share, and the father’s mother inherits nothing with the mother or the father, and in everything else, she gets a sixth as an obligatory share. Then, if the deceased leaves three grandmothers in the same degree, and neither the mother nor the father is closer, then the sixth is divided among the three, and they are: the mother’s mother’s mother, the father’s mother’s mother, and the father’s father’s mother.
And Abu al-Zinad, may Allah have mercy on him, said: Then, if two grandmothers are together, and neither the father nor the mother is closer to the deceased, we have heard that if the maternal grandmother is the closest, then she gets the sixth, to the exclusion of the paternal grandmother, and if they are both in the same degree to the deceased, or the paternal grandmother is the closest, then the sixth is divided equally between them.
And the mother’s inheritance from her child, when her son or daughter dies and leaves a child or grandson, whether male or female, or leaves two or more brothers or sisters, whether male or female, whether from both parents, or only from the father, or only from the mother, then she gets a sixth. And if the deceased leaves neither a child, nor a grandson, nor two or more brothers or sisters, then the mother gets a full third, except in two obligatory cases, and they are: If a man dies and leaves his wife and his parents, then his wife gets a quarter, and the mother gets a third of what remains, which is a quarter of the original estate. And if a woman dies and leaves her husband and her parents, then the husband gets half, and the mother gets a third of what remains, which is a sixth of the original estate.
And the inheritance of the mother’s brothers and sisters is that, with a child or grandson, whether male or female, they inherit nothing, nor with the father, nor with the grandfather (i.e., the father’s father). In everything else, their share is fixed: for one of them, whether male or female, a sixth; and if they are two or more, whether male or female, then a third, which they divide equally, the male receiving the same as the female.
And the father’s inheritance from his son or daughter, when they die, is that if the deceased leaves a son or a son’s son, then the father gets a sixth. And if the deceased leaves neither a son nor a son’s son, then the father remains, and those who share obligatory shares with him are given their shares first, then if a sixth or more remains, it is for the father, and if less than a sixth remains, then the father is given a sixth as an obligatory share.
And the children’s inheritance from their parents is that if a man or woman dies and leaves a single daughter, she gets half, and if there are two or more daughters, they get two-thirds. And if there is a son with them, then none of them has a fixed share, and those who share obligatory shares with them are given their shares first, then what remains is for the children, the male receiving the share of two females.
And the inheritance of grandsons, if there is no nearer child, is that they are equal to the children: their sons are like the sons, and their daughters are like the daughters; they inherit as they do, and are deprived as they are deprived. Then, if children and grandsons are together, if among the children there is a son, then none of the grandsons inherit with him. And if among the children there is no son, and there are two or more daughters, then the grandsons’ daughters do not inherit with them unless there is a son among the grandsons who is in the same degree to the deceased or closer, then he returns to those in his degree or closer among the grandsons’ daughters; if anything remains, they divide it, the male receiving the share of two females, and if nothing remains, then they get nothing. And if among the children there is only one daughter, and the deceased leaves one or more grandsons’ daughters in the same degree, then they get a sixth, completing the two-thirds. And if there is a son among the grandsons in the same degree, then neither a sixth nor any fixed share is for them, but if anything remains after the obligatory shares, it is for that son and the girls in his degree, the male receiving the share of two females, and those closer than them get nothing, and if nothing remains, then they get nothing.
And the inheritance of paternal siblings is that they inherit nothing with a male child, or a male grandson, or with the father, and they are with the daughters and grandsons’ daughters, as long as the deceased did not leave a grandfather (i.e., father’s father), then they remain, and those with obligatory shares are given their shares first, then what remains is for the paternal siblings according to the Book of Allah, whether male or female, the male receiving the share of two females, and if nothing remains, then they get nothing. And if the deceased leaves neither a father, nor a grandfather, nor a child, nor a grandson, whether male or female, then for a single sister from both parents, half is fixed, and if there are two or more sisters, two-thirds is fixed, and if there is a brother with them, then none of the sisters has a fixed share, and those who share obligatory shares with them are given their shares first, then what remains is for the paternal siblings, the male receiving the share of two females, except in one obligatory case in which nothing remains for them, so they share with the maternal siblings in their third, and that is: If a woman dies and leaves her husband, her mother, her maternal siblings, and her paternal siblings, then her husband gets half, her mother a sixth, and her maternal siblings a third, so nothing remains, so the paternal siblings share with the maternal siblings in their third, the male receiving the share of two females, because they are all children of the deceased’s mother.
And the inheritance of the father’s siblings with the grandfather, if there are no paternal siblings, is like the inheritance of the paternal siblings: their males are like their males, and their females are like their females, except that they do not share with the maternal siblings in the obligatory case in which the paternal siblings shared with them. Then, if the paternal siblings and the father’s siblings are together, if among the paternal siblings there is a male, then none of the father’s siblings inherit with him. And if among the paternal siblings there is only one female, and among the father’s siblings there is one or more females, with no male among them, then the paternal sister gets half, and the father’s sisters get a sixth, completing the two-thirds. And if there is a male among the father’s siblings, then they have no fixed share, and those with obligatory shares are given their shares first, then what remains is for the father’s siblings, the male receiving the share of two females, and if nothing remains, then they get nothing. And if among the paternal siblings there are two or more females, then they get two-thirds, and the father’s sisters do not inherit with them unless there is a male among the father’s siblings, then those with obligatory shares are given their shares first, then what remains is for the father’s siblings, the male receiving the share of two females, and if nothing remains, then they get nothing.
And the inheritance of the grandfather (i.e., the father’s father) is that he inherits nothing with the father in this world, and with a male child or a son’s son, he gets a sixth, and in everything else, as long as the deceased did not leave a paternal brother or sister, the grandfather remains, and those who share obligatory shares with him are given their shares first, then if a sixth or more remains, it is for the grandfather, and if less than a sixth remains, then the grandfather is given a sixth as an obligatory share.
And the inheritance of the grandfather (i.e., the father’s father) with the paternal siblings is that they remain, and those who share obligatory shares with them are given their shares first, then what remains is for the grandfather and the siblings, and it is considered and calculated what is better for the grandfather: a third of what remains after the shares of the siblings, or that he joins the siblings as a brother and shares with them what they get, the male receiving the share of two females, or a sixth of the original estate alone; whichever is better for the grandfather is given to him, and what remains after that is for the paternal siblings, except in one obligatory case in which the division is otherwise.
And the Akdariyyah: and it is that a woman dies and leaves her husband, her mother, her grandfather, and her father’s sister, then the husband gets half, the mother a third, the grandfather a sixth, and the sister half, then the grandfather’s sixth and the sister’s half are combined, and all of this is divided into three parts: two-thirds for the grandfather, and a third for the sister.
And the inheritance of the father’s siblings with the grandfather, if there are no paternal siblings, is like the inheritance of the paternal siblings: their males are like their males, and their females are like their females, then if the paternal siblings and the father’s siblings are together, the paternal siblings compete with the father’s siblings for the grandfather, so they prevent him from a greater share, so what remains after the grandfather’s share for the siblings is for the paternal siblings, and not for the father’s siblings, unless among the paternal siblings there is only one female, then if she is one, she competes with the father’s siblings for the grandfather, however many they are, so what she and they get is for her, except what completes her half of the estate, then if what she and they get leaves anything from half the estate, the remainder is for the father’s siblings, the male receiving the share of two females, and if nothing remains, then they get nothing.
And the inheritance of grandmothers is that the mother’s mother inherits nothing with the mother, and in everything else, she gets a sixth as an obligatory share, and the father’s mother inherits nothing with the mother or the father, and in everything else, she gets a sixth as an obligatory share. Then, if the deceased leaves three grandmothers in the same degree, and neither the mother nor the father is closer, then the sixth is divided among the three, and they are: the mother’s mother’s mother, the father’s mother’s mother, and the father’s father’s mother.
And Abu al-Zinad, may Allah have mercy on him, said: Then, if two grandmothers are together, and neither the father nor the mother is closer to the deceased, we have heard that if the maternal grandmother is the closest, then she gets the sixth, to the exclusion of the paternal grandmother, and if they are both in the same degree to the deceased, or the paternal grandmother is the closest, then the sixth is divided equally between them.
