Daraqutni

Sayyiduna ‘Adi bin Hatim (may Allah be pleased with him) narrates that the Noble Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) said: “There are two types of vows. So whoever makes a vow for the sake of Allah, let him fulfill it, and whoever makes a vow concerning disobedience to Allah, its expiation is the same as the expiation for breaking an oath.”

Sayyiduna Abdullah bin Abbas (may Allah be pleased with them both) narrates that the Noble Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) said: "Whoever makes a vow without mentioning its name, its expiation will be the expiation for breaking an oath. And whoever makes a vow concerning disobedience to Allah Almighty, its expiation will be the expiation for breaking an oath. And whoever makes a vow that is beyond his ability (i.e., he cannot fulfill it), its expiation will be the expiation for breaking an oath. And whoever makes a vow in the name of Allah Almighty, which he is able to fulfill, then he should fulfill it."

Sayyiduna Abdullah bin Abbas (may Allah be pleased with them both) narrates that the Noble Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) said: "A vow is only regarding that matter in which obedience to Allah Almighty is observed. There is no validity to a vow concerning something usurped, or regarding divorce, or freeing a slave that is not in a person's ownership."

Lady Aisha (may Allah be pleased with her) narrates that the Noble Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) said: “Whoever makes a vow regarding something that involves disobedience to Allah, its expiation is the same as the expiation for breaking an oath. And whoever makes a vow upon himself without specifying it, its expiation is the same as the expiation for breaking an oath. And whoever sends his wealth as a gift to the Ka’bah for any purpose other than seeking the pleasure of Allah, its expiation is the same as the expiation for breaking an oath. And whoever gives his wealth in charity to the poor for any purpose other than seeking the pleasure of Allah, its expiation is also the same as the expiation for breaking an oath. And whoever obligates upon himself to walk to the House of Allah (the Ka’bah) for any reason other than seeking the pleasure of Allah, its expiation is the same as the expiation for breaking an oath. Whoever makes a vow to walk to the House of Allah for something with the intention of seeking Allah’s pleasure, then he should go riding, not walking; when he reaches Makkah, he should fulfill his vow. And whoever makes a vow in the name of Allah with the intention of seeking Allah’s pleasure, he should fear Allah and strive to fulfill it, as long as the vow does not exhaust him (i.e., as long as he is not rendered incapable of fulfilling it).”

Abdullah bin Abbas (may Allah be pleased with them) narrates that the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) said: "Whoever makes a vow without specifying it, its expiation is the same as the expiation for breaking an oath. And whoever makes a vow that he is unable to fulfill, its expiation is the same as the expiation for breaking an oath. And whoever makes a vow that he is able to fulfill, then he should fulfill it."

Ibn Harmalah narrates that a man asked Sa'id bin al-Musayyib, he said: "I have made a vow that I will walk to the House of Allah (the Ka'bah) on foot." So Sa'id said: "Did you use the word 'vow' (nadhar)?" He replied: "No!" So Sa'id said: "Nothing is obligatory upon you."

Abdullah bin Abbas (may Allah be pleased with them both) narrates that the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) passed by a man named Abu Isra’il, who was standing in the sun. The Prophet (peace be upon him) inquired: “What is the matter with him?” They informed him that he had vowed not to speak, not to seek shade, not to sit down, and to fast. The Prophet (peace be upon him) said: “Tell him to speak, to come into the shade, to sit down, and to continue his fast.” (The narrator says:) The Prophet (peace be upon him) did not instruct him to offer any expiation.

It is similar to the previous hadith with a difference in the chain of narration.

This same narration is also transmitted with another chain of narration from Sayyiduna Abdullah bin Abbas (may Allah be pleased with them both).

Abdullah bin Abbas (may Allah be pleased with them both) narrates that once the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) passed by Abu Isra'il (after that, the narrator has reported the hadith as previously mentioned).

Sayyiduna Abdullah bin Abbas (may Allah be pleased with them both) narrates that once the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) saw a man standing in the sun while delivering a sermon. The Prophet (peace be upon him) inquired about him, and the people informed him that he was Abu Isra’il, who had vowed to stand and not sit, not come into the shade, to fast, and not speak to anyone. The Prophet (peace be upon him) said: “Tell him to sit down, come into the shade, and speak with others, but let him complete his fast.”

Sayyiduna Abdullah (may Allah be pleased with him) narrates: "Oaths are of four types. Out of these, for two types of oaths, expiation must be given, and for two types, expiation is not required. One is the person who swears: 'By Allah! We will never do such a thing,' and then he does it. The other is the person who says: 'By Allah! I will do such a thing,' and then he does not do it. As for the two types of oaths for which expiation is not given, they are: when a man swears, 'I did not do such a thing,' while in fact he did it, or a man swears, 'He did such a thing,' but in fact he did not do it (then there is no expiation for this)."

Sayyiduna Abdullah bin Umar (may Allah be pleased with them both) said: "Every exception (istithna) that is not joined with the oath, then the person doing so will be considered as one who breaks the oath."

Sayyiduna Amr bin Shu'aib narrates from his father, from his grandfather: The wife of Sayyiduna Abu Dharr Ghifari (may Allah be pleased with him) came riding on the camel Qaswa of the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him). This was at the time when your camel had been stolen. She brought the camel to the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) and made it sit down. Then the woman said: "I had vowed that if Allah granted me deliverance while riding this camel, I would surely eat its liver and the meat of its hump." The Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) said: "You have given it a very bad reward. This is not a vow. A vow is that by which the pleasure of Allah Almighty is intended."

Sayyiduna Abu Rafi’ (may Allah be pleased with him) narrates that his freed slave woman intended to cause separation between Sayyiduna Abu Rafi’ (may Allah be pleased with him) and his wife. One day she said: If she did not do so, she would become a Jew, and according to another narration, she said: she would become a Christian, all her slaves would be freed, all her wealth would be given in the way of Allah, and it would become obligatory upon her to walk to the House of Allah (the Ka’bah) on foot, if she could not cause separation between the two. She asked Sayyida Aisha, Sayyiduna Abdullah bin Umar, Sayyiduna Abdullah bin Abbas, Sayyida Hafsa, and Sayyida Umm Salama (may Allah be pleased with them) about this matter, and all of them said to her: “Do you want to become like Harut and Marut?” Then all of them instructed her to give the expiation for her oath and to leave the two of them alone.

Sayyiduna Abu Rafi’ (may Allah be pleased with him) narrates: My freed slave woman said: “I will definitely cause separation between you and your wife. If I am unable to do so, then all my wealth will be for the House of Allah (the Ka’bah), and on that day I will become a Jew, a Christian, or a Magian, if I do not cause separation between you and your wife.” Sayyiduna Abu Rafi’ (may Allah be pleased with him) says: I went to the service of Umm al-Mu’minin Sayyidah Umm Salamah (may Allah be pleased with her), and I said: “My freed slave woman wants to cause separation between me and my wife.” So Sayyidah Umm Salamah (may Allah be pleased with her) said: “Go to your slave woman and tell her that it is not permissible for you to do such a thing.” After that, I went back and came to Sayyiduna Abdullah ibn Umar (may Allah be pleased with them both) and informed him about this. He came until he reached the door and said: “Are Harut and Marut here?” The slave woman said: “I have dedicated all my wealth to the treasury of the House of Allah (the Ka’bah).” Sayyiduna Abdullah ibn Umar (may Allah be pleased with them both) asked: “Then what will you eat?” She said: “I have said that I will be a Jew or a Christian or a Magian on that day (if I do not cause separation between them).” So Sayyiduna Abdullah ibn Umar (may Allah be pleased with them both) said: “If you adopt Judaism, you will be killed; if you adopt Christianity, you will be killed; and if you adopt Magianism, you will be killed.” The slave woman said: “Then what do you command me to do?” He said: “Give the expiation for your oath and do not cause separation between this man and his wife.”

Qasim reports: A woman came to Sayyiduna Abdullah bin Abbas (may Allah be pleased with them), she had vowed to slaughter her son, so Sayyiduna Abdullah bin Abbas (may Allah be pleased with them) ordered her to give expiation. Then one of those present said: "Subhan Allah! Will expiation be given for disobeying Allah Almighty?" So Sayyiduna Abdullah bin Abbas (may Allah be pleased with them) said: "Yes! Allah Almighty has mentioned zihar and has ordered expiation for it (so zihar is also disobedience to Allah Almighty, but expiation is given for it)."

Sayyiduna Abdullah bin Umar (may Allah be pleased with them both) said: "The expiation for an oath is that each needy person should be given one 'mudd' of wheat."

Sayyiduna Abdullah bin Abbas (may Allah be pleased with them) said: "Every needy person will be given one mudd of wheat, along with some curry."

Sayyiduna Zaid bin Thabit (may Allah be pleased with him) regarding the expiation of an oath said: "One mudd of wheat will be given to one needy person."

Ata reports: I heard Abu Huraira (may Allah be pleased with him) saying in a mosque: “In three things, one ‘mudd’ will be given: in the expiation for breaking an oath, in the expiation for zihar, and in the fidya of feeding a poor person.”

Sayyiduna Abdullah bin Abbas (may Allah be pleased with them both) said: "Every poor person will be given one 'mudd' of wheat, along with some curry."

Sayyiduna Abdullah bin Abbas (may Allah be pleased with them) said: "When an elderly person is no longer able to fast, he should feed one mudd of food for each day."

Amr ibn Shu'ayb narrates from his father, who narrates from his grandfather, that the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) said: "When a woman claims divorce from her husband and presents a just witness regarding this, then an oath will be taken from her husband. If he takes the oath, the testimony of that witness will be considered invalid, and if he refuses to take the oath, his refusal will be considered as equivalent to a second witness, and the divorce given by him will be accepted."

Aamir Sha’bi narrates: Two Christian men from Daqouqa became witnesses to the will of a Muslim; this Muslim passed away while he was with them. Those for whom the will was made had doubts about this matter, so they brought both of them to Sayyiduna Abu Musa Ash’ari (may Allah be pleased with him). Sayyiduna Abu Musa Ash’ari (may Allah be pleased with him) made both of them swear an oath after the Asr prayer, saying: “By Allah! We have not taken any price in exchange for this, and we have not concealed any testimony in the name of Allah. If we do so, then we will be sinners.” So Sayyiduna Abu Musa Ash’ari (may Allah be pleased with him) said: “This is a decision that, after the passing of the Noble Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him), has not been made before today.”

Adi bin Adi narrates from his father: Two men brought their case before the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him); the case was about a piece of land. One of them said, "This is my land," and the other said, "This is mine; I have enclosed it and kept it in my possession." So the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) said regarding this, "The person who has the land in his possession will take an oath." When he was ready to take the oath, the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) said, "If this person swears an oath to unlawfully seize a Muslim's property, then when he appears before Allah the Exalted, Allah will be angry with him." Then the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) said, "Whoever gives it up will be granted Paradise."

This narration is also transmitted with another chain of transmission.

Sayyiduna Anas bin Malik (may Allah be pleased with him) narrates that on the day of the conquest of Makkah, the Noble Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) granted amnesty to everyone except four individuals. They were: ‘Abdul-‘Uzza bin Khatal, Muqis bin Subabah, ‘Abdullah bin Sa‘d, and Umm Sarah. As for ‘Abdul-‘Uzza, he was killed; he had been hiding in the curtains of the Ka‘bah.

Mus'ab bin Sa'id narrates from his father: On the day of the conquest of Makkah, the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) granted amnesty to all people except four men and two women. He said: "These (six individuals) are to be killed, even if you find them clinging to the curtains of the Ka'bah: 'Ikrimah bin Abu Jahl, Abdullah bin Khatal, Muqais bin Subabah, Abdullah bin Sa'd." After this, the narrator mentioned the complete hadith.

This narration is also transmitted with another chain of transmission.

Umar bin Uthman narrates from his father, who reports from his grandfather, that on the day of the conquest of Makkah, the Noble Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) said: "There are four people to whom I will not grant protection in any place, whether in the Haram or outside it: Huwayrith bin Nuqayd, Muqis bin Dubabah, Abdullah bin Khatal, and Abdullah bin Sa'd." After this, the narrator mentioned the entire hadith.

Sayyiduna Abdullah bin Abbas (may Allah be pleased with them both) narrates: Tamim Dari and Adi bin Badda used to travel to Makkah for trade. During this time, a man from the tribe of Banu Sahm was passing by; he died in a place where no Muslim resided. At the time of his death, he made a bequest to both of them to deliver his wealth to his family. These two withheld a silver bowl from it, which was adorned with gold. When this case was presented before the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him), he instructed them to take an oath and said: "Swear by Allah that you have not concealed anything from it and you have no knowledge about it." Afterwards, that bowl was found in Makkah, and the person with whom it was found said, "I bought this from Adi bin Badda and Tamim." Then two men from the heirs of that man from the tribe of Sahm came forward; they took an oath saying, "This bowl belongs to that man from the tribe of Sahm, and our testimony is truer than their testimony. We have not committed any injustice; otherwise, in such a case, we would be counted among the wrongdoers." Thus, those heirs obtained the bowl, and regarding them, this verse was revealed.

Abdullah bin Abbas (may Allah be pleased with them both) narrates that Tamim Dari and Adi used to travel to Makkah, and once a young man from the tribe of Banu Sahm was traveling with them. He passed away at a place where no Muslim was present. He made a will to both of them, and they delivered his inheritance to his family, but they kept a silver vessel decorated with gold. (When this case was presented before the Prophet Muhammad, peace and blessings be upon him), the Prophet took an oath from both of them in the name of Allah: "We have not concealed anything, nor are we aware of anything (hidden)." Later, that vessel was found in Makkah, and the people said: We bought this from Adi and Tamim. Then two persons from the heirs of the man belonging to the Sahm tribe came and took an oath that this vessel belonged to the man from the Sahm tribe, and their testimony was more rightful (i.e., truthful) than the testimony of the other two, and if we are lying, then let us be counted among the wrongdoers. Then they took possession of the vessel. Regarding these people, this verse was revealed: (Our testimony is more rightful than their testimony, and we have not transgressed) __QUR_N__.

Sayyiduna Jabir (may Allah be pleased with him) narrates that a Jewish man and a Jewish woman were brought to the Prophet Muhammad (peace and blessings be upon him); both had committed adultery. The Prophet (peace be upon him) said to the Jews: "Why did you not carry out the prescribed punishment on both of them?" The Jews replied: "We would have done so if they were under our authority, but now that our authority has ended, we no longer have control over them." The Prophet (peace be upon him) said to them: "Bring me your two greatest scholars." So they brought the two sons of Surya to the Prophet (peace be upon him). The Prophet (peace be upon him) asked them: "Are you both the most learned among the people?" They replied: "That is what the people say." The Prophet (peace be upon him) said: "Then I ask you both, by the name of Allah who revealed the Torah to Moses, what punishment did you find in the Torah for these two (offenders)?" They said: "Whoever is with a woman is punished, whoever is seen on a woman's belly is punished, but when four men testify that they saw the man insert his private part into the woman, just as a kohl stick is inserted into a kohl container (then they are to be stoned)." The Prophet (peace be upon him) said: "Bring the witnesses!" Then four men testified, so the Prophet (peace be upon him) had both of them stoned.

Sayyiduna Abdullah bin Abbas (may Allah be pleased with them both) narrates that the Noble Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) said: "Allah Almighty has pardoned my Ummah for mistakes, forgetfulness, and sins committed under compulsion."

Sayyiduna Abu Hurairah (may Allah be pleased with him) narrates that the Noble Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) said: "Allah Almighty has pardoned my Ummah for mistakes, forgetfulness, and sins committed under compulsion, whether they do so by mistake or intentionally act upon it (they will not be punished)."

Sayyiduna Wathilah bin Asqa’ and Sayyiduna Abu Umamah (may Allah be pleased with them) narrate that the Noble Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) said: “Whoever is compelled by force, an oath is not binding upon him (that is, the expiation of the oath is not obligatory upon him).”