Hadith 1998
حَدَّثَنَا مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ عَبْدِ الأَعْلَى الصَّنْعَانِيُّ ، حَدَّثَنَا بِشْرٌ يَعْنِي ابْنَ الْمُفَضَّلِ ، حَدَّثَنَا ابْنُ عَوْنٍ ، عَنْ إِبْرَاهِيمَ ، عَنِ الأَسْوَدِ ، قَالَ : انْطَلَقْتُ أَنَا ، وَمَسْرُوقٌ إِلَى أُمِّ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ نَسْأَلُهَا عَنِ الْمُبَاشَرَةِ ، فَاسْتَحْيَيْنَا ، قَالَ : قُلْتُ : جِئْنَا نَسْأَلُ حَاجَةً ، فَاسْتَحْيَيْنَا . فَقَالَتْ : مَا هِيَ ؟ سَلا عَمَّا بَدَا لَكُمَا . قَالَ : قُلْنَا : كَانَ النَّبِيُّ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ يُبَاشِرُ وَهُوَ صَائِمٌ ؟ قَالَتْ : " قَدْ كَانَ يَفْعَلُ ، وَلَكِنَّهُ كَانَ أَمْلَكَ لإِرْبِهِ مِنْكُمْ " . قَالَ أَبُو بَكْرٍ : إِنَّمَا خَاطَبَ اللَّهُ جَلَّ ثَنَاؤُهُ نَبِيَّهُ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ وَأُمَّتَهُ بِلُغَةِ الْعَرَبِ أَوْسَعِ اللُّغَاتِ كُلِّهَا ، الَّتِي لا يُحِيطُ بِعِلْمِ جَمِيعِهَا أَحَدٌ غَيْرُ نَبِيٍّ ، وَالْعَرَبُ فِي لُغَاتِهَا تُوقِعُ اسْمَ الْوَاحِدِ عَلَى شَيْئَيْنِ ، وَعَلَى أَشْيَاءَ ذَوَاتِ عَدَدٍ ، وَقَدْ يُسَمَّى الشَّيْءُ الْوَاحِدُ بِأَسْمَاءَ ، وَقَدْ يَزْجُرُ اللَّهُ عَنِ الشَّيْءِ ، وَيُبِيحُ شَيْئًا آخَرَ غَيْرَ الشَّيْءِ الْمَزْجُورِ عَنْهُ ، وَوَقَعَ اسْمُ الْوَاحِدِ عَلَى الشَّيْئَيْنِ جَمِيعًا : عَلَى الْمُبَاحِ ، وَعَلَى الْمَحْظُورِ ، وَكَذَلِكَ قَدْ يُبِيحُ الشَّيْءَ الْمَزْجُورَ عَنْهُ ، وَوَقَعَ اسْمُ الْوَاحِدِ عَلَيْهِمَا جَمِيعًا ، فَيَكُونُ اسْمُ الْوَاحِدِ وَاقِعًا عَلَى الشَّيْئَيْنِ الْمُخْتَلِفَيْنِ ، أَحَدُهُمَا مُبَاحٌ ، وَالآخَرُ مَحْظُورٌ ، وَاسْمُهَا وَاحِدٌ . فَلَمْ يَفْهَمْ هَذَا مَنْ سَفِهَ لِسَانَ الْعَرَبِ ، وَحَمَلَ الْمَعْنَى فِي ذَلِكَ عَلَى شَيْءٍ وَاحِدٍ ، يُوهِمُ أَنَّ الأَمْرَيْنِ مُتَضَادَّانِ ، إِذْ أُبِيحَ فِعْلٌ مُسَمًّى بِاسْمٍ ، وَحُظِرَ فِعْلٌ تَسَمَّى بِذَلِكَ الاسْمِ سَوَاءً . فَمَنْ كَانَ هَذَا مَبْلَغُهُ مِنَ الْعِلْمِ ، لَمْ يَحِلَّ لَهُ تَعَاطِي الْفِقْهِ ، وَلا الْفُتْيَا ، وَوَجَبَ عَلَيْهِ التَّعَلُّمُ ، أَوِ السَّكْتُ ، إِلَى أَنْ يُدْرِكَ مِنَ الْعِلْمِ مَا يَجُوزُ مَعَهُ الْفُتْيَا ، وَتَعَاطِي الْعِلْمِ . وَمَنْ فَهِمَ هَذِهِ الصَّنَاعَةَ عَلِمَ أَنَّ مَا أُبِيحَ غَيْرُ مَا حُظِرَ ، وَإِنْ كَانَ اسْمُ الْوَاحِدِ قَدْ يَقَعُ عَلَى الْمُبَاحِ وَعَلَى الْمَحْظُورِ جَمِيعًا ، فَمِنْ هَذَا الْجِنْسِ الَّذِي ذَكَرْتُ أَنَّ اللَّهَ عَزَّ وَجَلَّ دَلَّ فِي كِتَابِهِ أَنَّ مُبَاشَرَةَ النِّسَاءِ فِي نَهَارِ الصَّوْمِ غَيْرُ جَائِزٍ كَقَوْلِهِ تَبَارَكَ وَتَعَالَى : فَالآنَ بَاشِرُوهُنَّ وَابْتَغُوا مَا كَتَبَ اللَّهُ لَكُمْ وَكُلُوا وَاشْرَبُوا حَتَّى يَتَبَيَّنَ لَكُمُ الْخَيْطُ الأَبْيَضُ مِنَ الْخَيْطِ الأَسْوَدِ مِنَ الْفَجْرِ ثُمَّ أَتِمُّوا الصِّيَامَ إِلَى اللَّيْلِ سورة البقرة آية 187 فَأَبَاحَ اللَّهُ عَزَّ وَجَلَّ مُبَاشَرَةَ النِّسَاءِ وَالأَكْلَ وَالشُّرْبَ بِاللَّيْلِ ، ثُمَّ أَمَرَنَا بِإِتْمَامِ الصِّيَامِ إِلَى اللَّيْلِ ، عَلَى أَنَّ الْمُبَاشَرَةَ الْمُبَاحَةَ بِاللَّيْلِ الْمَقْرُونَةَ إِلَى الأَكْلِ وَالشُّرْبِ هِيَ الْجِمَاعُ الْمُفَطِّرُ لِلصَّائِمِ ، وَأَبَاحَ اللَّهُ عَزَّ وَجَلَّ بِفِعْلِ النَّبِيِّ الْمُصْطَفَى صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ الْمُبَاشَرَةَ الَّتِي هِيَ دُونَ الْجِمَاعِ فِي الصِّيَامِ ، إِذْ كَانَ يُبَاشِرُ وَهُوَ صَائِمٌ . وَالْمُبَاشَرَةُ الَّتِي ذَكَرَهَا اللَّهُ فِي كِتَابِهِ أَنَّهَا تُفَطِّرُ الصَّائِمَ هِيَ غَيْرُ الْمُبَاشَرَةِ الَّتِي كَانَ النَّبِيُّ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ يُبَاشِرُهَا فِي صِيَامِهِ . وَالْمُبَاشَرَةُ اسْمٌ وَاحِدٌ وَاقِعٌ عَلَى فِعْلَيْنِ : إِحْدَاهُمَا : مُبَاحَةٌ فِي نَهَارِ الصَّوْمِ ، وَالأُخْرَى : مَحْظُورَةٌ فِي نَهَارِ الصَّوْمِ ، مُفَطِّرَةٌ لِلصَّائِمِ . وَمِنْ هَذَا الْجِنْسِ قَوْلُهُ عَزَّ وَجَلَّ : يَأَيُّهَا الَّذِينَ آمَنُوا إِذَا نُودِيَ لِلصَّلاةِ مِنْ يَوْمِ الْجُمُعَةِ فَاسْعَوْا إِلَى ذِكْرِ اللَّهِ وَذَرُوا الْبَيْعَ سورة الجمعة آية 9 فَأَمَرَ رَبُّنَا جَلَّ وَعَلا بِالسَّعْيِ إِلَى الْجُمُعَةِ ، وَالنَّبِيُّ الْمُصْطَفَى صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ قَالَ : " إِذَا أَتَيْتُمُ الصَّلاةَ فَلا تَأْتُوهَا وَأَنْتُمْ تَسْعَوْنَ ، إِيتُوهَا تَمْشُونَ وَعَلَيْكُمُ السَّكِينَةُ " . فَاسْمُ السَّعْيِ يَقَعُ عَلَى الْهَرْوَلَةِ ، وَشِدَّةِ الْمَشْيِ ، وَالْمُضِيِّ إِلَى الْمَوْضِعِ ، فَالسَّعْيُ الَّذِي أَمَرَ اللَّهُ بِهِ أَنْ يُسْعَى إِلَى الْجُمُعَةِ ، هُوَ الْمُضِيُّ إِلَيْهَا ، وَالسَّعْيُ الَّذِي زَجَرَ النَّبِيُّ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ عَنْهُ إِتْيَانَ الصَّلاةِ هُوَ الْهَرْوَلَةُ وَسُرْعَةُ الْمَشْيِ . فَاسْمُ السَّعْيِ وَاقِعٌ عَلَى فِعْلَيْنِ : أَحَدُهُمَا مَأْمُورٌ ، وَالآخَرُ مَنْهِيٌّ عَنْهُ . وَسَأُبَيِّنُ إِنْ شَاءَ اللَّهُ تَعَالَى هَذَا الْجِنْسَ فِي كِتَابِ مَعَانِي الْقُرْآنِ ، إِنْ وَفَّقَ اللَّهُ لِذَلِكَ
Hazrat Aswad narrates that I and Masruq went to Umm al-Mu’minin Sayyidah Aisha (may Allah be pleased with her) to ask about intimacy, but we felt shy. I said, “We had come to ask a question, but we have become embarrassed.” She said, “What is that question? Ask whatever you wish to ask.” We asked, “Did the Prophet (peace be upon him) engage in intimacy while fasting?” She replied, “He would sometimes do so, but he had much more control over his desires and self than you.” Imam Abu Bakr (may Allah have mercy on him) says that Allah Almighty addressed His Prophet (peace be upon him) and his Ummah in the Arabic language, which is broader than all other languages. No one except the Prophet (peace be upon him) can encompass all its sciences and arts. The Arabs, in their language, use the same word for two things, and sometimes for many things, and sometimes give many names to one thing. Sometimes Allah Almighty forbids one thing and permits another, even though both are called by the same name. Similarly, sometimes a forbidden thing is made permissible, and both are called by the same name. Thus, the same name applies to two different things; one is permissible and the other is forbidden, though both have the same name. A person unfamiliar with the Arabic language cannot understand this and applies both meanings to one thing. He is led to believe that both things are contradictory because one act is permitted by one name, while another act is forbidden by the same name. If a person’s knowledge is only this limited, it is not permissible for him to explain jurisprudential issues or issue fatwas. It is obligatory for him to acquire knowledge or remain silent until he attains enough knowledge to issue fatwas and solve scholarly issues. And whoever understands this art knows that what is permitted is other than the forbidden thing, even if both are called by the same name. Among such issues is one that Allah Almighty has mentioned in His Book: that on fasting days, intimacy with women is not permissible. The command of Allah Almighty is: « فَالْآنَ بَاشِرُوهُنَّ وَابْتَغُوا مَا كَتَبَ اللَّهُ لَكُمْ ۚ وَكُلُوا وَاشْرَبُوا حَتَّىٰ يَتَبَيَّنَ لَكُمُ الْخَيْطُ الْأَبْيَضُ مِنَ الْخَيْطِ الْأَسْوَدِ مِنَ الْفَجْرِ ۖ ثُمَّ أَتِمُّوا الصِّيَامَ إِلَى اللَّيْلِ » [ سورة البقرة : 187 ] “So now you may have relations with them and seek what Allah has decreed for you. And eat and drink until the white thread of dawn becomes distinct to you from the black thread. Then complete the fast until the night.” Thus, Allah Almighty has permitted intimacy with women and eating and drinking at night. Then He commanded us to complete the fast until night, with the condition that intimacy and eating and drinking were permissible at night. Now, that intimacy which is intercourse will break the fast of the fasting person, and Allah Almighty, through the action of His Prophet (peace be upon him), has permitted a lesser form of intimacy (kissing and affection) while fasting. Because the Prophet (peace be upon him) would engage in intimacy while fasting. The intimacy that Allah Almighty has mentioned in His Book, which breaks the fast, is different from the intimacy that the Prophet (peace be upon him) used to do while fasting. Thus, “intimacy” is one word that applies to two actions: one is permissible during the day while fasting, and the other is forbidden and breaks the fast. Similarly, Allah Almighty says: « يَا أَيُّهَا الَّذِينَ آمَنُوا إِذَا نُودِيَ لِلصَّلَاةِ مِن يَوْمِ الْجُمُعَةِ فَاسْعَوْا إِلَىٰ ذِكْرِ اللَّهِ وَذَرُوا الْبَيْعَ » [ سورة الجمعة : 9 ] “O you who believe, when the call to prayer is made for the Friday prayer, hasten to the remembrance of Allah and leave off trade.” So Allah Almighty has commanded to “hasten” for Friday. While the Prophet (peace be upon him) says: “When you come to prayer, do not come running, but come calmly and with tranquility.” Thus, “hasten” is a word that applies to running and walking quickly, and also to going towards a place. Therefore, the “hasten” that Allah Almighty has commanded means to go to the mosque for Friday, and the “hasten” that the Prophet (peace be upon him) forbade means running and rushing. Thus, the word “hasten” applies to two actions: one is permissible and commanded, and the other is forbidden. I will soon explain this type in the book Ma‘ani al-Qur’an, if Allah Almighty grants me the ability to do so, insha’Allah.
