موطا امام مالك رواية يحييٰ
Muwatta Imam Malik (Riwayat Yahya)
كتاب الرهونBook: On the Explanation of Pledges (Mortgages)
بَابُ الْقَضَاءِ فِيمَنِ ارْتَدَّ عَنِ الْإِسْلَامِ
Ruling on apostasy from Islam
Hadith 1429
حَدَّثَنَا يَحْيَى، عَنْ مَالِك، عَنْ زَيْدِ بْنِ أَسْلَمَ ، أَنّ رَسُولَ اللَّهِ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ، قَالَ : " مَنْ غَيَّرَ دِينَهُ فَاضْرِبُوا عُنُقَهُ " . وَمَعْنَى قَوْلِ النَّبِيِّ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ، فِيمَا نُرَى وَاللَّهُ أَعْلَمُ مَنْ غَيَّرَ دِينَهُ فَاضْرِبُوا عُنُقَهُ : أَنَّهُ مَنْ خَرَجَ مِنَ الْإِسْلَامِ إِلَى غَيْرِهِ مِثْلُ الزَّنَادِقَةِ وَأَشْبَاهِهِمْ، فَإِنَّ أُولَئِكَ إِذَا ظُهِرَ عَلَيْهِمْ قُتِلُوا وَلَمْ يُسْتَتَابُوا، لِأَنَّهُ لَا تُعْرَفُ تَوْبَتُهُمْ، وَأَنَّهُمْ كَانُوا يُسِرُّونَ الْكُفْرَ وَيُعْلِنُونَ الْإِسْلَامَ، فَلَا أَرَى أَنْ يُسْتَتَابَ هَؤُلَاءِ وَلَا يُقْبَلُ مِنْهُمْ قَوْلُهُمْ، وَأَمَّا مَنْ خَرَجَ مِنَ الْإِسْلَامِ إِلَى غَيْرِهِ وَأَظْهَرَ ذَلِكَ، فَإِنَّهُ يُسْتَتَابُ، فَإِنْ تَابَ وَإِلَّا قُتِلَ، وَذَلِكَ لَوْ أَنَّ قَوْمًا كَانُوا عَلَى ذَلِكَ، رَأَيْتُ أَنْ يُدْعَوْا إِلَى الْإِسْلَامِ وَيُسْتَتَابُوا، فَإِنْ تَابُوا قُبِلَ ذَلِكَ مِنْهُمْ، وَإِنْ لَمْ يَتُوبُوا قُتِلُوا، وَلَمْ يَعْنِ بِذَلِكَ فِيمَا نُرَى وَاللَّهُ أَعْلَمُ، مَنْ خَرَجَ مِنَ الْيَهُودِيَّةِ إِلَى النَّصْرَانِيَّةِ وَلَا مِنَ النَّصْرَانِيَّةِ إِلَى الْيَهُودِيَّةِ، وَلَا مَنْ يُغَيِّرُ دِينَهُ مِنْ أَهْلِ الْأَدْيَانِ كُلِّهَا إِلَّا الْإِسْلَامَ، فَمَنْ خَرَجَ مِنَ الْإِسْلَامِ إِلَى غَيْرِهِ وَأَظْهَرَ ذَلِكَ، فَذَلِكَ الَّذِي عُنِيَ بِهِ وَاللَّهُ أَعْلَمُ
It is narrated from Hazrat Zaid bin Aslam that the Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings be upon him, said: "Whoever changes his religion (i.e., leaves the religion of Islam and adopts another religion), then kill him."
Imam Malik, may Allah have mercy on him, said that regarding the statement of the Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings be upon him: "Whoever changes his religion, kill him," in our view, it means: those Muslims who go outside of Islam, such as the Zanadiqah or those like them, then when the Muslims gain dominance over them, they should kill them. It is not even necessary to first ask them to repent, because their repentance cannot be considered valid; they harbor disbelief in their hearts and outwardly claim to be Muslims. However, if a Muslim (due to some doubt) openly leaves the religion of Islam, then he should be asked to repent (and the doubt he has should be removed). If he repents, that is better; otherwise, he should be killed. And if a disbeliever leaves one religion of disbelief and adopts another religion of disbelief, for example, he was a Jew and then becomes a Christian, then he should not be killed. Rather, this punishment is only for the one who leaves the religion of Islam and adopts another religion.
Imam Malik, may Allah have mercy on him, said that regarding the statement of the Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings be upon him: "Whoever changes his religion, kill him," in our view, it means: those Muslims who go outside of Islam, such as the Zanadiqah or those like them, then when the Muslims gain dominance over them, they should kill them. It is not even necessary to first ask them to repent, because their repentance cannot be considered valid; they harbor disbelief in their hearts and outwardly claim to be Muslims. However, if a Muslim (due to some doubt) openly leaves the religion of Islam, then he should be asked to repent (and the doubt he has should be removed). If he repents, that is better; otherwise, he should be killed. And if a disbeliever leaves one religion of disbelief and adopts another religion of disbelief, for example, he was a Jew and then becomes a Christian, then he should not be killed. Rather, this punishment is only for the one who leaves the religion of Islam and adopts another religion.
Hadith 1430
وَحَدَّثَنِي وَحَدَّثَنِي مَالِك، عَنْ عَبْدِ الرَّحْمَنِ بْنِ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ عَبْدِ اللَّهِ بْنِ عَبْدٍ الْقَارِيِّ ، عَنْ أَبِيهِ ، أَنَّهُ قَالَ : قَدِمَ عَلَى عُمَرَ بْنِ الْخَطَّابِ رَجُلٌ مِنْ قِبَلِ أَبِي مُوسَى الْأَشْعَرِيِّ، فَسَأَلَهُ عَنِ النَّاسِ، فَأَخْبَرَهُ، ثُمَّ قَالَ لَهُ عُمَرُ : " هَلْ كَانَ فِيكُمْ مِنْ مُغَرِّبَةِ خَبَرٍ ؟ " فَقَالَ : نَعَمْ، رَجُلٌ كَفَرَ بَعْدَ إِسْلَامِهِ " . قَالَ : فَمَا فَعَلْتُمْ بِهِ ؟ قَالَ : قَرَّبْنَاهُ فَضَرَبْنَا عُنُقَهُ . فَقَالَ عُمَرُ : " أَفَلَا حَبَسْتُمُوهُ ثَلَاثًا وَأَطْعَمْتُمُوهُ كُلَّ يَوْمٍ رَغِيفًا وَاسْتَتَبْتُمُوهُ لَعَلَّهُ يَتُوبُ وَيُرَاجِعُ أَمْرَ اللَّهِ " . ثُمَّ قَالَ عُمَرُ : " اللَّهُمَّ إِنِّي لَمْ أَحْضُرْ، وَلَمْ آمُرْ، وَلَمْ أَرْضَ إِذْ بَلَغَنِي "
It is narrated from Muhammad bin Abdullah bin Abdul Qari that a man came to Sayyiduna Umar (may Allah be pleased with him) from the direction of Sayyiduna Abu Musa Ash'ari (may Allah be pleased with him), that is, from Yemen. Sayyiduna Umar (may Allah be pleased with him) asked him about the condition of the people there, and he described it. Then Sayyiduna Umar (may Allah be pleased with him) said: Do you know of any unusual thing? The man replied: Yes, a person became a disbeliever after accepting Islam. Sayyiduna Umar (may Allah be pleased with him) asked: What did you do with him? The man replied: We seized him and struck his neck. Sayyiduna Umar (may Allah be pleased with him) said: You should have imprisoned him for three days and given him bread each day, then made him repent, perhaps he would have repented and then accepted Allah’s command. Then Sayyiduna Umar (may Allah be pleased with him) said: O Allah! I was not present there at that time, nor did I order it, nor was I pleased when I came to know about it.
