موطا امام مالك رواية يحييٰ
Muwatta Imam Malik (Riwayat Yahya)
كتاب البيوعBook: On the Rulings of Buying and Selling
بَابُ مَا جَاءَ فِي الْمُرَاطَلَةِ
Chapter on What is Reported Regarding Deferred Payment
Hadith 1341
حَدَّثَنِي يَحْيَى، عَنْ مَالِك، عَنْ يَزِيدَ بْنِ عَبْدِ اللَّهِ بْنِ قُسَيْطٍ ، أَنَّهُ رَأَى سَعِيدَ بْنَ الْمُسَيَّبِ " يُرَاطِلُ الذَّهَبَ بِالذَّهَبِ، فَيُفْرِغُ ذَهَبَهُ فِي كِفَّةِ الْمِيزَانِ وَيُفْرِغُ صَاحِبُهُ الَّذِي يُرَاطِلُهُ ذَهَبَهُ فِي كِفَّةِ الْمِيزَانِ الْأُخْرَى، فَإِذَا اعْتَدَلَ لِسَانُ الْمِيزَانِ أَخَذَ وَأَعْطَى " .
Yazid bin Abdullah bin Qasit said: I saw Sa'id bin al-Musayyib, when he sold gold for gold, he would place his gold in one pan of the scale and the other person would place his gold in the other pan. When the scale's pointer became balanced, he would take the other person's gold and give his own gold.
Hadith 1341B1
قَالَ مَالِك : الْأَمْرُ عِنْدَنَا فِي بَيْعِ الذَّهَبِ بِالذَّهَبِ، وَالْوَرِقِ بِالْوَرِقِ مُرَاطَلَةً : أَنَّهُ لَا بَأْسَ بِذَلِكَ أَنْ يَأْخُذَ أَحَدَ عَشَرَ دِينَارًا بِعَشَرَةِ دَنَانِيرَ يَدًا بِيَدٍ إِذَا كَانَ وَزْنُ الذَّهَبَيْنِ سَوَاءً عَيْنًا بِعَيْنٍ، وَإِنْ تَفَاضَلَ الْعَدَدُ وَالدَّرَاهِمُ أَيْضًا فِي ذَلِكَ بِمَنْزِلَةِ الدَّنَانِيرِ . قَالَ مَالِك : مَنْ رَاطَلَ ذَهَبًا بِذَهَبٍ أَوْ وَرِقًا بِوَرِقٍ، فَكَانَ بَيْنَ الذَّهَبَيْنِ فَضْلُ مِثْقَالٍ فَأَعْطَى صَاحِبَهُ قِيمَتَهُ مِنَ الْوَرِقِ أَوْ مِنْ غَيْرِهَا، فَلَا يَأْخُذُهُ، فَإِنَّ ذَلِكَ قَبِيحٌ وَذَرِيعَةٌ إِلَى الرِّبَا، لِأَنَّهُ إِذَا جَازَ لَهُ أَنْ يَأْخُذَ الْمِثْقَالَ بِقِيمَتِهِ، حَتَّى كَأَنَّهُ اشْتَرَاهُ عَلَى حِدَتِهِ، جَازَ لَهُ أَنْ يَأْخُذَ الْمِثْقَالَ بِقِيمَتِهِ مِرَارًا، لِأَنْ يُجِيزَ ذَلِكَ الْبَيْعَ بَيْنَهُ وَبَيْنَ صَاحِبِهِ .
Imam Malik, may Allah have mercy on him, said that there is nothing wrong if a person sells gold for gold by weight, even if there are eleven dinars on one side of the scale and ten dinars on the other, as long as it is hand to hand and the weight is equal, even if the count is more or less. The same ruling applies to dirhams.
Hadith 1341B2
قَالَ مَالِك : وَلَوْ أَنَّهُ بَاعَهُ ذَلِكَ الْمِثْقَالَ مُفْرَدًا لَيْسَ مَعَهُ غَيْرُهُ لَمْ يَأْخُذْهُ بِعُشْرِ الثَّمَنِ الَّذِي أَخَذَهُ بِهِ، لِأَنْ يُجَوِّزَ لَهُ الْبَيْعَ، فَذَلِكَ الذَّرِيعَةُ إِلَى إِحْلَالِ الْحَرَامِ وَالْأَمْرُ الْمَنْهِيُّ عَنْهُ . قَالَ مَالِك فِي الرَّجُلِ يُرَاطِلُ الرَّجُلَ، وَيُعْطِيهِ الذَّهَبَ الْعُتُقَ الْجِيَادَ وَيَجْعَلُ مَعَهَا تِبْرًا ذَهَبًا غَيْرَ جَيِّدَةٍ، وَيَأْخُذُ مِنْ صَاحِبِهِ ذَهَبًا كُوفِيَّةً مُقَطَّعَةً، وَتِلْكَ الْكُوفِيَّةُ مَكْرُوهَةٌ عِنْدَ النَّاسِ، فَيَتَبَايَعَانِ ذَلِكَ مِثْلًا بِمِثْلٍ : إِنَّ ذَلِكَ لَا يَصْلُحُ .
Imam Malik, may Allah have mercy on him, said that whoever sells gold for gold by weight, or silver for silver, and the gold on one side is one mithqal more, and in exchange for it the other person gives silver or something else and takes the gold, then this is not permissible, because this is a means to usury. Because if that much gold was separate, he would never give it in exchange for silver; here it is given only so that the sale may become valid.
Hadith 1341B3
. قَالَ مَالِك : وَتَفْسِيرُ مَا كُرِهَ مِنْ ذَلِكَ : أَنَّ صَاحِبَ الذَّهَبِ الْجِيَادِ أَخَذَ فَضْلَ عُيُونِ ذَهَبِهِ فِي التِّبْرِ الَّذِي طَرَحَ مَعَ ذَهَبِهِ، وَلَوْلَا فَضْلُ ذَهَبِهِ عَلَى ذَهَبِ صَاحِبِهِ لَمْ يُرَاطِلْهُ صَاحِبُهُ بِتِبْرِهِ ذَلِكَ إِلَى ذَهَبِهِ الْكُوفِيَّةِ فَامْتَنَعَ، وَإِنَّمَا مَثَلُ ذَلِكَ كَمَثَلِ رَجُلٍ أَرَادَ أَنْ يَبْتَاعَ ثَلَاثَةَ أَصْوُعٍ مِنْ تَمْرٍ عَجْوَةٍ بِصَاعَيْنِ وَمُدٍّ مِنْ تَمْرٍ كَبِيسٍ، فَقِيلَ لَهُ : هَذَا لَا يَصْلُحُ، فَجَعَلَ صَاعَيْنِ مِنْ كَبِيسٍ وَصَاعًا مِنْ حَشَفٍ يُرِيدُ أَنْ يُجِيزَ بِذَلِكَ بَيْعَهُ، فَذَلِكَ لَا يَصْلُحُ لِأَنَّهُ لَمْ يَكُنْ صَاحِبُ الْعَجْوَةِ لِيُعْطِيَهُ صَاعًا مِنَ الْعَجْوَةِ بِصَاعٍ مِنْ حَشَفٍ، وَلَكِنَّهُ إِنَّمَا أَعْطَاهُ ذَلِكَ لِفَضْلِ الْكَبِيسِ، أَوْ أَنْ يَقُولَ الرَّجُلُ لِلرَّجُلِ : بِعْنِي ثَلَاثَةَ أَصْوُعٍ مِنَ الْبَيْضَاءِ بِصَاعَيْنِ وَنِصْفٍ مِنْ حِنْطَةٍ شَامِيَّةٍ، فَيَقُولُ : هَذَا لَا يَصْلُحُ إِلَّا مِثْلًا بِمِثْلٍ، فَيَجْعَلُ صَاعَيْنِ مِنْ حِنْطَةٍ شَامِيَّةٍ وَصَاعًا مِنْ شَعِيرٍ، يُرِيدُ أَنْ يُجِيزَ بِذَلِكَ الْبَيْعَ فِيمَا بَيْنَهُمَا، فَهَذَا لَا يَصْلُحُ لِأَنَّهُ لَمْ يَكُنْ لِيُعْطِيَهُ بِصَاعٍ مِنْ شَعِيرٍ صَاعًا مِنْ حِنْطَةٍ بَيْضَاءَ لَوْ كَانَ ذَلِكَ الصَّاعُ مُفْرَدًا، وَإِنَّمَا أَعْطَاهُ إِيَّاهُ لِفَضْلِ الشَّامِيَّةِ عَلَى الْبَيْضَاءِ، فَهَذَا لَا يَصْلُحُ، وَهُوَ مِثْلُ مَا وَصَفْنَا مِنَ التِّبْرِ . قَالَ مَالِك : فَكُلُّ شَيْءٍ مِنَ الذَّهَبِ وَالْوَرِقِ وَالطَّعَامِ كُلِّهِ، الَّذِي لَا يَنْبَغِي أَنْ يُبَاعَ إِلَّا مِثْلًا بِمِثْلٍ فَلَا يَنْبَغِي أَنْ يُجْعَلَ مَعَ الصِّنْفِ الْجَيِّدِ مِنَ الْمَرْغُوبِ فِيهِ، الشَّيْءُ الرَّدِيءُ الْمَسْخُوطُ لِيُجَازَ الْبَيْعُ وَلِيُسْتَحَلَّ بِذَلِكَ مَا نُهِيَ عَنْهُ مِنَ الْأَمْرِ الَّذِي لَا يَصْلُحُ إِذَا جُعِلَ ذَلِكَ مَعَ الصِّنْفِ الْمَرْغُوبِ فِيهِ، وَإِنَّمَا يُرِيدُ صَاحِبُ ذَلِكَ أَنْ يُدْرِكَ بِذَلِكَ فَضْلَ جَوْدَةِ مَا يَبِيعُ، فَيُعْطِي الشَّيْءَ الَّذِي لَوْ أَعْطَاهُ وَحْدَهُ لَمْ يَقْبَلْهُ صَاحِبُهُ وَلَمْ يَهْمُمْ بِذَلِكَ، وَإِنَّمَا يَقْبَلُهُ مِنْ أَجْلِ الَّذِي يَأْخُذُ مَعَهُ لِفَضْلِ سِلْعَةِ صَاحِبِهِ عَلَى سِلْعَتِهِ، فَلَا يَنْبَغِي لِشَيْءٍ مِنَ الذَّهَبِ وَالْوَرِقِ وَالطَّعَامِ أَنْ يَدْخُلَهُ شَيْءٌ مِنْ هَذِهِ الصِّفَةِ، فَإِنْ أَرَادَ صَاحِبُ الطَّعَامِ الرَّدِيءِ أَنْ يَبِيعَهُ بِغَيْرِهِ فَلْيَبِعْهُ عَلَى حِدَتِهِ، وَلَا يَجْعَلُ مَعَ ذَلِكَ شَيْئًا، فَلَا بَأْسَ بِهِ إِذَا كَانَ كَذَلِكَ
Imam Malik, may Allah have mercy on him, said that if a person places pure gold and along with it places a lump of alloyed gold, and buys gold of average quality of equal weight from another person, then this is not permissible, because the one with pure gold has mixed in alloyed gold to avert his own loss. If his gold was not of high quality, then why would the one with average gold give his gold when it contains alloyed gold? Its example is like a person who wants to buy three sa’ of dates by giving two sa’ of inferior dates except for one sa’, and when he is told that this sale is not permissible, he gives two sa’ of inferior dates and one sa’ of bad dates to buy three sa’ of ajwah dates, then this is not permissible, because if he sold separately, he would never take one sa’ of bad dates in exchange for one sa’ of ajwah dates; here, because of the inferior dates, he took it. Another example is that a person wants to buy two and a half sa’ of fine wheat in exchange for three sa’ of average wheat, and when he is told: this is not correct, he mixes one sa’ of barley with two sa’ of fine wheat so that the sale of three sa’ of average wheat becomes valid, then this is not permissible, because if he sold separately, he would never give one sa’ of barley in exchange for one sa’ of average wheat. The conclusion is that gold, silver, or food items which should be sold equally—if on one side there is pure goods and on the other side average, then this is not correct; to mix a little inferior with the pure so that the sale becomes permissible, and the excess of his own goods is removed due to the mixing of inferior, and the other person takes this inferior because the pure goods, which are better than his own, are present with it. If that pure was not with it, then this person would never give his average goods in exchange for that inferior. However, if someone sells the inferior goods separately, then there is no objection.
