موطا امام مالك رواية يحييٰ
Muwatta Malik (Yahya)
كتاب البيوعBook: On the Rulings of Buying and Selling
بَابُ مَا جَاءَ فِي الْمُزَابَنَةِ وَالْمُحَاقَلَةِ
Chapter on What is Reported Regarding Muzabana and Muhaqala Sales
Toggle above to switch between keyword search and direct hadith lookup
Hadith 1326
حَدَّثَنِي يَحْيَى، عَنْ مَالِك، عَنْ نَافِعٍ ، عَنْ عَبْدِ اللَّهِ بْنِ عُمَرَ ، أَنّ رَسُولَ اللَّهِ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ " نَهَى عَنِ الْمُزَابَنَةِ " . وَالْمُزَابَنَةُ : بَيْعُ الثَّمَرِ بِالتَّمْرِ كَيْلًا، وَبَيْعُ الْكَرْمِ بِالزَّبِيبِ كَيْلًا
It is narrated from Sayyiduna Abdullah bin Umar (may Allah be pleased with them both) that the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) forbade muzabana. Muzabana is when fruit on the tree, such as dates or grapes, is estimated and sold in exchange for dried dates or dried grapes.
Hadith 1327
وَحَدَّثَنِي، عَنْ مَالِك، عَنْ دَاوُدَ بْنِ الْحُصَيْنِ ، عَنْ أَبِي سُفْيَانَ مَوْلَى ابْنِ أَبِي أَحْمَدَ، عَنْ أَبِي سَعِيدٍ الْخُدْرِيِّ ، أَنّ رَسُولَ اللَّهِ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ " نَهَى عَنِ الْمُزَابَنَةِ وَالْمُحَاقَلَةِ " . وَالْمُزَابَنَةُ : اشْتِرَاءُ الثَّمَرِ بِالتَّمْرِ فِي رُءُوسِ النَّخْلِ . وَالْمُحَاقَلَةُ : كِرَاءُ الْأَرْضِ بِالْحِنْطَةِ
It is narrated from Sayyiduna Abu Sa'id Khudri (may Allah be pleased with him) that the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) forbade muzabanah and muhaqalah. The meaning of muzabanah has been mentioned above, and muhaqalah is when a wheat crop is sold in exchange for dry wheat.
Except for wheat, the same ruling applies to all other grains. The well-known meaning of muhaqalah is the one mentioned in the translation, and the meaning mentioned in the hadith by Imam Malik (may Allah have mercy on him) is this: renting out land in exchange for wheat, that is, a person gives his land to someone to sow wheat, and fixes its rent as a certain amount of wheat when it grows. This is also called mukhabarah.
Except for wheat, the same ruling applies to all other grains. The well-known meaning of muhaqalah is the one mentioned in the translation, and the meaning mentioned in the hadith by Imam Malik (may Allah have mercy on him) is this: renting out land in exchange for wheat, that is, a person gives his land to someone to sow wheat, and fixes its rent as a certain amount of wheat when it grows. This is also called mukhabarah.
Hadith 1328
قَالَ مَالِك : " نَهَى رَسُولُ اللَّهِ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ عَنِ الْمُزَابَنَةِ " . وَتَفْسِيرُ الْمُزَابَنَةِ : أَنَّ كُلَّ شَيْءٍ مِنِ الْجِزَافِ الَّذِي لَا يُعْلَمُ كَيْلُهُ وَلَا وَزْنُهُ وَلَا عَدَدُهُ ابْتِيعَ بِشَيْءٍ مُسَمًّى مِنَ الْكَيْلِ أَوِ الْوَزْنِ أَوِ الْعَدَدِ، وَذَلِكَ أَنْ يَقُولَ الرَّجُلُ لِلرَّجُلِ يَكُونُ لَهُ الطَّعَامُ الْمُصَبَّرُ الَّذِي لَا يُعْلَمُ كَيْلُهُ مِنَ الْحِنْطَةِ أَوِ التَّمْرِ أَوْ مَا أَشْبَهَ ذَلِكَ مِنَ الْأَطْعِمَةِ، أَوْ يَكُونُ لِلرَّجُلِ السِّلْعَةُ مِنَ الْحِنْطَةِ أَوِ النَّوَى أَوِ الْقَضْبِ أَوِ الْعُصْفُرِ أَوِ الْكُرْسُفِ أَوِ الْكَتَّانِ أَوِ الْقَزِّ، أَوْ مَا أَشْبَهَ ذَلِكَ مِنَ السِّلَعِ، لَا يُعْلَمُ كَيْلُ شَيْءٍ مِنْ ذَلِكَ وَلَا وَزْنُهُ وَلَا عَدَدُهُ، فَيَقُولُ الرَّجُلُ لِرَبِّ تِلْكَ السِّلْعَةِ : كِلْ سِلْعَتَكَ هَذِهِ أَوْ مُرْ مَنْ يَكِيلُهَا أَوْ زِنْ مِنْ ذَلِكَ مَا يُوزَنُ أَوْ عُدَّ مِنْ ذَلِكَ مَا كَانَ يُعَدُّ، فَمَا نَقَصَ عَنْ كَيْلِ كَذَا وَكَذَا صَاعًا لِتَسْمِيَةٍ يُسَمِّيهَا أَوْ وَزْنِ كَذَا وَكَذَا رِطْلًا، أَوْ عَدَدِ كَذَا وَكَذَا، فَمَا نَقَصَ مِنْ ذَلِكَ، فَعَلَيَّ غُرْمُهُ لَكَ حَتَّى أُوفِيَكَ تِلْكَ التَّسْمِيَةَ، فَمَا زَادَ عَلَى تِلْكَ التَّسْمِيَةِ فَهُوَ لِي أَضْمَنُ مَا نَقَصَ مِنْ ذَلِكَ عَلَى أَنْ يَكُونَ لِي مَا زَادَ . فَلَيْسَ ذَلِكَ بَيْعًا وَلَكِنَّهُ الْمُخَاطَرَةُ وَالْغَرَرُ وَالْقِمَارُ، يَدْخُلُ هَذَا لِأَنَّهُ لَمْ يَشْتَرِ مِنْهُ شَيْئًا بِشَيْءٍ أَخْرَجَهُ، وَلَكِنَّهُ ضَمِنَ لَهُ مَا سُمِّيَ مِنْ ذَلِكَ الْكَيْلِ أَوِ الْوَزْنِ أَوِ الْعَدَدِ، عَلَى أَنْ يَكُونَ لَهُ مَا زَادَ عَلَى ذَلِكَ، فَإِنْ نَقَصَتْ تِلْكَ السِّلْعَةُ عَنْ تِلْكَ التَّسْمِيَةِ أَخَذَ مِنْ مَالِ صَاحِبِهِ مَا نَقَصَ بِغَيْرِ ثَمَنٍ وَلَا هِبَةٍ طَيِّبَةٍ بِهَا نَفْسُهُ، فَهَذَا يُشْبِهُ الْقِمَارَ، وَمَا كَانَ مِثْلُ هَذَا مِنَ الْأَشْيَاءِ فَذَلِكَ يَدْخُلُهُ .
Imam Malik, may Allah have mercy on him, said that any item sold in a heap, whose weight or measure is not known, falls under muzabana (prohibited transaction) if it is exchanged for the same kind. If a person says to another: "This heap of yours—whether it is wheat, dates, fodder, pits, grass, safflower, cotton, flax, or silk—measure it, weigh it, or count it; if it turns out to be less than the estimated amount, I will pay you the difference, and if it turns out to be more, I will take the excess," such a sale is not valid; rather, it resembles gambling.
. قَالَ مَالِك : وَمِنْ ذَلِكَ أَيْضًا، أَنْ يَقُولَ الرَّجُلُ لِلرَّجُلِ، لَهُ الثَّوْبُ : أَضْمَنُ لَكَ مِنْ ثَوْبِكَ هَذَا كَذَا وَكَذَا ظِهَارَةَ قَلَنْسُوَةٍ قَدْرُ كُلِّ ظِهَارَةٍ كَذَا وَكَذَا لِشَيْءٍ يُسَمِّيهِ، فَمَا نَقَصَ مِنْ ذَلِكَ فَعَلَيَّ غُرْمُهُ حَتَّى أُوفِيَكَ، وَمَا زَادَ فَلِي . أَوْ أَنْ يَقُولَ الرَّجُلُ لِلرَّجُلِ : أَضْمَنُ لَكَ مِنْ ثِيَابِكَ هَذِي كَذَا وَكَذَا قَمِيصًا ذَرْعُ كُلِّ قَمِيصٍ كَذَا وَكَذَا، فَمَا نَقَصَ مِنْ ذَلِكَ فَعَلَيَّ غُرْمُهُ، وَمَا زَادَ عَلَى ذَلِكَ فَلِي . أَوْ أَنْ يَقُولَ الرَّجُلُ لِلرَّجُلِ، لَهُ الْجُلُودُ مِنْ جُلُودِ الْبَقَرِ أَوِ الْإِبِلِ : أُقَطِّعُ جُلُودَكَ هَذِهِ نِعَالًا عَلَى إِمَامٍ يُرِيهِ إِيَّاهُ، فَمَا نَقَصَ مِنْ مِائَةِ زَوْجٍ فَعَلَيَّ غُرْمُهُ، وَمَا زَادَ فَهُوَ لِي بِمَا ضَمِنْتُ لَكَ . وَمِمَّا يُشْبِهُ ذَلِكَ، أَنْ يَقُولَ الرَّجُلُ لِلرَّجُلِ عِنْدَهُ حَبُّ الْبَانِ : اعْصُرْ حَبَّكَ هَذَا، فَمَا نَقَصَ مِنْ كَذَا وَكَذَا رِطْلًا فَعَلَيَّ أَنْ أُعْطِيَكَهُ، وَمَا زَادَ فَهُوَ لِي . فَهَذَا كُلُّهُ وَمَا أَشْبَهَهُ مِنَ الْأَشْيَاءِ أَوْ ضَارَعَهُ مِنَ الْمُزَابَنَةِ الَّتِي لَا تَصْلُحُ وَلَا تَجُوزُ، وَكَذَلِكَ أَيْضًا إِذَا قَالَ الرَّجُلُ لِلرَّجُلِ لَهُ الْخَبَطُ أَوِ النَّوَى أَوِ الْكُرْسُفُ أَوِ الْكَتَّانُ أَوِ الْقَضْبُ أَوِ الْعُصْفُرُ : أَبْتَاعُ مِنْكَ هَذَا الْخَبَطَ بِكَذَا وَكَذَا صَاعًا مِنْ خَبَطٍ يُخْبَطُ مِثْلَ خَبَطِهِ، أَوْ هَذَا النَّوَى بِكَذَا وَكَذَا صَاعًا مِنْ نَوًى مِثْلِهِ . وَفِي الْعُصْفُرِ وَالْكُرْسُفِ وَالْكَتَّانِ وَالْقَضْبِ مِثْلَ ذَلِكَ فَهَذَا كُلُّهُ يَرْجِعُ إِلَى مَا وَصَفْنَا مِنَ الْمُزَابَنَةِ
Imam Malik, may Allah have mercy on him, said that similarly, if a person says to another that this cloth is sufficient for this many caps, if it falls short I will provide, and whatever is extra I will take, or that this cloth will make this many shirts, if it falls short I will give, and whatever is extra I will take, or that this many hides will make this many shoes, if it falls short I will give, and if there is extra I will take, or that this many seeds will yield this much oil, if it yields less I will give, and if it yields more it is mine, all of this falls under muzabana and is not permissible. Or if he says that in exchange for your heap I will give you this much leaves or pits or cotton or vegetables or safflower, weighed or measured, even if he sells each with its own kind, it is still not correct.
قَالَ مَالِكٌ : مَنِ اشْتَرَى ثَمَرًا مِنْ نَخْلٍ مُسَمَّاةٍ أَوْ حَائِطٍ مُسَمًّى، أَوْ لَبَنًا مِنْ غَنَمٍ مُسَمَّاةٍ إِنَّهُ لَا بَأْسَ بِذَلِكَ، إِذَا كَانَ يُؤْخَذُ عَاجِلًا يَشْرَعُ الْمُشْتَرِي فِي أَخْذِهِ عِنْدَ دَفْعِهِ الثَّمَنَ، وَإِنَّمَا مَثَلُ ذَلِكَ بِمَنْزِلَةِ رَاوِيَةِ زَيْتٍ يَبْتَاعُ مِنْهَا رَجُلٌ بِدِينَارٍ أَوْ دِينَارَيْنِ، وَيُعْطِيهِ ذَهَبَهُ وَيَشْتَرِطُ عَلَيْهِ أَنْ يَكِيلَ لَهُ مِنْهَا، فَهَذَا لَا بَأْسَ بِهِ، فَإِنِ انْشَقَّتِ الرَّاوِيَةُ فَذَهَبَ زَيْتُهَا، فَلَيْسَ لِلْمُبْتَاعِ إِلَّا ذَهَبُهُ، وَلَا يَكُونُ بَيْنَهُمَا بَيْعٌ. ¤
Imam Malik, may Allah have mercy on him, said that if a person buys the fruits of specific trees, or buys the fruits of a garden, or buys the milk of specific goats, there is nothing objectionable in it, provided that the buyer begins to take possession of his goods as soon as he pays the price. Its example is like someone giving money and buying some amount of ghee from a container; there is nothing objectionable in it. If the container bursts before the ghee is taken and the ghee spills, then the buyer will take back his money.
قَالَ مَالِكٌ : وَأَمَّا كُلُّ شَيْءٍ كَانَ حَاضِرًا يُشْتَرَى عَلَى وَجْهِهِ مِثْلُ اللَّبَنِ إِذَا حُلِبَ، وَالرُّطَبِ يُسْتَجْنَى، فَيَأْخُذُ الْمُبْتَاعُ يَوْمًا بِيَوْمٍ، فَلَا بَأْسَ بِهِ، فَإِنْ فَنِيَ قَبْلَ أَنْ يَسْتَوْفِيَ الْمُشْتَرِي مَا اشْتَرَى رَدَّ عَلَيْهِ الْبَائِعُ مِنْ ذَهَبِهِ بِحِسَابِ مَا بَقِيَ لَهُ، أَوْ يَأْخُذُ مِنْهُ الْمُشْتَرِي سِلْعَةً، بِمَا بَقِيَ لَهُ يَتَرَاضَيَانِ عَلَيْهَا، وَلَا يُفَارِقُهُ حَتَّى يَأْخُذَهَا، فَإِنْ فَارَقَهُ، فَإِنَّ ذَلِكَ مَكْرُوهٌ لِأَنَّهُ يَدْخُلُهُ الدَّيْنُ بِالدَّيْنِ، وَقَدْ نُهِيَ عَنِ الْكَالِئِ بِالْكَالِئِ، فَإِنْ وَقَعَ فِي بَيْعِهِمَا أَجَلٌ فَإِنَّهُ مَكْرُوهٌ وَلَا يَحِلُّ فِيهِ تَأْخِيرٌ وَلَا نَظِرَةٌ، وَلَا يَصْلُحُ إِلَّا بِصِفَةٍ مَعْلُومَةٍ إِلَى أَجَلٍ مُسَمًّى، فَيَضْمَنُ ذَلِكَ الْبَائِعُ لِلْمُبْتَاعِ، وَلَا يُسَمَّى ذَلِكَ فِي حَائِطٍ بِعَيْنِهِ، وَلَا فِي غَنَمٍ بِأَعْيَانِهَا. ¤
Imam Malik, may Allah have mercy on him, said that if it is stipulated with the buyer that he may take as much milk as is drawn daily, or as much fruit as is picked daily, then it is permissible for him to take it every day. If the quantity purchased is not fully delivered, such as if the milk ceases or the fruit is destroyed, then the seller shall return to the buyer the price for what remains, or the buyer may take something else from the seller in exchange for it. However, it is not permissible for the buyer to leave the seller without taking anything; otherwise, it will be disliked, because this is a sale of one thing for another deferred, and the Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings be upon him, forbade this.
¤ وَسُئِلَ مَالِكٌ عَنِ الرَّجُلِ يَشْتَرِي مِنَ الرَّجُلِ الْحَائِطَ فِيهِ أَلْوَانٌ مِنَ النَّخْلِ مِنَ الْعَجْوَةِ وَالْكَبِيسِ وَالْعَذْقِ، وَغَيْرِ ذَلِكَ مِنْ أَلْوَانِ التَّمْرِ، فَيَسْتَثْنِي مِنْهَا ثَمَرَ النَّخْلَةِ أَوِ النَّخَلَاتِ يَخْتَارُهَا مِنْ نَخْلِهِ؟ فَقَالَ مَالِكٌ : ذَلِكَ لَا يَصْلُحُ لِأَنَّهُ إِذَا صَنَعَ ذَلِكَ تَرَكَ ثَمَرَ النَّخْلَةِ مِنَ الْعَجْوَةِ، وَمَكِيلَةُ ثَمَرِهَا خَمْسَةَ عَشَرَ صَاعًا وَأَخَذَ مَكَانَهَا ثَمَرَ نَخْلَةٍ مِنَ الْكَبِيسِ، وَمَكِيلَةُ ثَمَرِهَا عَشَرَةُ أَصْوُعٍ، فَإِنْ أَخَذَ الْعَجْوَةَ الَّتِي فِيهَا خَمْسَةَ عَشَرَ صَاعًا، وَتَرَكَ الَّتِي فِيهَا عَشْرَةُ أَصْوُعٍ مِنَ الْكَبِيسِ فَكَأَنَّهُ اشْتَرَى الْعَجْوَةَ بِالْكَبِيسِ مُتَفَاضِلًا. ¤
Imam Malik, may Allah have mercy on him, was asked: If someone sells the dates of a garden and there are several types of dates in it, such as Ajwah, Kabis, and 'Adhq, etc., but the buyer puts a condition that from this garden I will exclude one or several trees (i.e., I will exempt them from the sale)? So this is not permissible because if he leaves an Ajwah tree which had fifteen sa’ of dates and in exchange takes a Kabis tree which had ten sa’ of dates, or does the opposite, then it is as if he has sold Ajwah for Kabis with an increase or decrease, and this is not permissible.
قَالَ مَالِكٌ : وَذَلِكَ مِثْلُ أَنْ يَقُولَ الرَّجُلُ لِلرَّجُلِ بَيْنَ يَدَيْهِ صُبَرٌ مِنَ التَّمْرِ قَدْ صَبَّرَ الْعَجْوَةَ، فَجَعَلَهَا خَمْسَةَ عَشَرَ صَاعًا، وَجَعَلَ صُبْرَةَ الْكَبِيسِ عَشَرَةَ آصُعٍ، وَجَعَلَ صُبْرَةَ الْعَذْقِ اثْنَيْ عَشَرَ صَاعًا، فَأَعْطَى صَاحِبَ التَّمْرِ دِينَارًا عَلَى أَنَّهُ يَخْتَارُ فَيَأْخُذُ أَيَّ تِلْكَ الصُّبَرِ شَاءَ، قَالَ مَالِكٌ : فَهَذَا لَا يَصْلُحُ. ¤
Imam Malik, may Allah have mercy on him, said: The example of this is that a person makes three piles of dates, one of Ajwah which is fifteen saa’, one of Kabees which is ten saa’, and one of ‘Adhq which is twelve saa’. Then the buyer gives the seller of the dates one dinar on the condition that he will take whichever of the three piles he wishes. This is not permissible.
¤ وَسُئِلَ مَالِكٌ عَنِ الرَّجُلِ يَشْتَرِي الرُّطَبَ مِنْ صَاحِبِ الْحَائِطِ فَيُسْلِفُهُ الدِّينَارَ، مَاذَا لَهُ إِذَا ذَهَبَ رُطَبُ ذَلِكَ الْحَائِطِ؟ قَالَ مَالِكٌ : يُحَاسِبُ صَاحِبَ الْحَائِطِ ثُمَّ يَأْخُذُ مَا بَقِيَ لَهُ مِنْ دِينَارِهِ، إِنْ كَانَ أَخَذَ بِثُلُثَيْ دِينَارٍ رُطَبًا أَخَذَ ثُلُثَ الدِّينَارِ الَّذِي بَقِيَ لَهُ، وَإِنْ كَانَ أَخَذَ ثَلَاثَةَ أَرْبَاعِ دِينَارِهِ رُطَبًا، أَخَذَ الرُّبُعَ الَّذِي بَقِيَ لَهُ، أَوْ يَتَرَاضَيَانِ بَيْنَهُمَا، فَيَأْخُذُ بِمَا بَقِيَ لَهُ مِنْ دِينَارِهِ عِنْدَ صَاحِبِ الْحَائِطِ مَا بَدَا لَهُ إِنْ أَحَبَّ أَنْ يَأْخُذَ تَمْرًا أَوْ سِلْعَةً سِوَى التَّمْرِ أَخَذَهَا بِمَا فَضَلَ لَهُ، فَإِنْ أَخَذَ تَمْرًا أَوْ سِلْعَةً أُخْرَى فَلَا يُفَارِقْهُ حَتَّى يَسْتَوْفِيَ ذَلِكَ مِنْهُ. ¤ قَالَ مَالِكٌ : وَإِنَّمَا هَذَا بِمَنْزِلَةِ أَنْ يُكْرِيَ الرَّجُلُ الرَّجُلَ رَاحِلَةً بِعَيْنِهَا أَوْ يُؤَاجِرَ غُلَامَهُ الْخَيَّاطَ أَوِ النَّجَّارَ أَوِ الْعَمَّالَ لِغَيْرِ ذَلِكَ مِنَ الْأَعْمَالِ، أَوْ يُكْرِيَ مَسْكَنَهُ، وَيَسْتَلِفَ إِجَارَةَ ذَلِكَ الْغُلَامِ، أَوْ كِرَاءَ ذَلِكَ الْمَسْكَنِ، أَوْ تِلْكَ الرَّاحِلَةِ، ثُمَّ يَحْدُثُ فِي ذَلِكَ حَدَثٌ بِمَوْتٍ أَوْ غَيْرِ ذَلِكَ، فَيَرُدُّ رَبُّ الرَّاحِلَةِ، أَوِ الْعَبْدِ أَوِ الْمَسْكَنِ إِلَى الَّذِي سَلَّفَهُ مَا بَقِيَ مِنْ كِرَاءِ الرَّاحِلَةِ، أَوْ إِجَارَةِ الْعَبْدِ، أَوْ كِرَاءِ الْمَسْكَنِ، يُحَاسِبُ صَاحِبَهُ بِمَا اسْتَوْفَى مِنْ ذَلِكَ، إِنْ كَانَ اسْتَوْفَى نِصْفَ حَقِّهِ رَدَّ عَلَيْهِ النِّصْفَ الْبَاقِيَ الَّذِي لَهُ عِنْدَهُ، وَإِنْ كَانَ أَقَلَّ مِنْ ذَلِكَ أَوْ أَكْثَرَ فَبِحِسَابِ ذَلِكَ يَرُدُّ إِلَيْهِ مَا بَقِيَ لَهُ. ¤
Imam Malik (may Allah have mercy on him) was asked: If a person buys fresh dates from the owner of a garden and gives him one dinar in advance, then the dates in the garden become unavailable? Imam Malik (may Allah have mercy on him) replied: An account will be taken of how much of the dinar the seller is responsible for. If the buyer has already received dates worth two-thirds of a dinar, then he should receive the remaining one-third. If he has received dates worth three-fourths of a dinar, then he should receive the remaining one-fourth. Or, with the seller’s consent, the buyer may take some other fruit from his garden instead. However, when another fruit is fixed in exchange, it is necessary that he receives it immediately; there should be no delay in this, otherwise it will become a sale of debt for debt.
قَالَ مَالِكٌ : وَلَا يَصْلُحُ التَّسْلِيفُ فِي شَيْءٍ مِنْ هَذَا، يُسَلَّفُ فِيهِ بِعَيْنِهِ، إِلَّا أَنْ يَقْبِضَ الْمُسَلِّفُ مَا سَلَّفَ فِيهِ عِنْدَ دَفْعِهِ الذَّهَبَ إِلَى صَاحِبِهِ، يَقْبِضُ الْعَبْدَ أَوِ الرَّاحِلَةَ أَوِ الْمَسْكَنَ أَوْ يَبْدَأُ فِيمَا اشْتَرَى مِنَ الرُّطَبِ. فَيَأْخُذُ مِنْهُ عِنْدَ دَفْعِهِ الذَّهَبَ إِلَى صَاحِبِهِ، لَا يَصْلُحُ أَنْ يَكُونَ فِي شَيْءٍ مِنْ ذَلِكَ تَأْخِيرٌ وَلَا أَجَلٌ. ¤
Imam Malik, may Allah have mercy on him, said that its example is like a person who gives his camel or slave—who may be a tailor, carpenter, or engaged in some other work—on hire, or rents out a house, and takes the rent payment in advance. After this, if the camel or slave dies, or the house collapses, then the owner of the camel, slave, or house will calculate and return the portion of the wage that remains due. Suppose the lessee has received half of his right, then he will get half of the wage back.
قَالَ مَالِكٌ : وَتَفْسِيرُ مَا كُرِهَ مِنْ ذَلِكَ، أَنْ يَقُولَ الرَّجُلُ لِلرَّجُلِ : أُسَلِّفُكَ فِي رَاحِلَتِكَ فُلَانَةَ أَرْكَبُهَا فِي الْحَجِّ، وَبَيْنَهُ وَبَيْنَ الْحَجِّ أَجَلٌ مِنَ الزَّمَانِ، أَوْ يَقُولَ مِثْلَ ذَلِكَ فِي الْعَبْدِ أَوِ الْمَسْكَنِ، فَإِنَّهُ إِذَا صَنَعَ ذَلِكَ كَانَ إِنَّمَا يُسَلِّفُهُ ذَهَبًا، عَلَى أَنَّهُ إِنْ وَجَدَ تِلْكَ الرَّاحِلَةَ صَحِيحَةً لِذَلِكَ الْأَجَلِ الَّذِي سَمَّى لَهُ، فَهِيَ لَهُ بِذَلِكَ الْكِرَاءِ، وَإِنْ حَدَثَ بِهَا حَدَثٌ مِنْ مَوْتٍ أَوْ غَيْرِهِ رَدَّ عَلَيْهِ ذَهَبَهُ، وَكَانَتْ عَلَيْهِ عَلَى وَجْهِ السَّلَفِ عِنْدَهُ. ¤
Imam Malik, may Allah have mercy on him, said that in all these cases, giving advance payment (salam) is only permissible when, upon giving the payment, one takes possession of the slave, camel, or house, or begins to pick the fresh dates. It is not permissible if there is any delay or if a term is fixed.
قَالَ مَالِكٌ : وَإِنَّمَا فَرَقَ بَيْنَ ذَلِكَ الْقَبْضُ مَنْ قَبَضَ مَا اسْتَأْجَرَ أَوِ اسْتَكْرَى فَقَدْ خَرَجَ مِنَ الْغَرَرِ وَالسَّلَفِ الَّذِي يُكْرَهُ، وَأَخَذَ أَمْرًا مَعْلُومًا، وَإِنَّمَا مَثَلُ ذَلِكَ أَنْ يَشْتَرِيَ الرَّجُلُ الْعَبْدَ أَوِ الْوَلِيدَةَ فَيَقْبِضَهُمَا، وَيَنْقُدَ أَثْمَانَهُمَا، فَإِنْ حَدَثَ بِهِمَا حَدَثٌ مِنْ عُهْدَةِ السَّنَةِ، أَخَذَ ذَهَبَهُ مِنْ صَاحِبِهِ الَّذِي ابْتَاعَ مِنْهُ، فَهَذَا لَا بَأْسَ بِهِ وَبِهَذَا مَضَتِ السُّنَّةُ فِي بَيْعِ الرَّقِيقِ. ¤ قَالَ مَالِكٌ : وَمَنِ اسْتَأْجَرَ عَبْدًا بِعَيْنِهِ، أَوْ تَكَارَى رَاحِلَةً بِعَيْنِهَا إِلَى أَجَلٍ. يَقْبِضُ الْعَبْدَ أَوِ الرَّاحِلَةَ إِلَى ذَلِكَ الْأَجَلِ. فَقَدْ عَمِلَ بِمَا لَا يَصْلُحُ. لَا هُوَ قَبَضَ مَا اسْتَكْرَى أَوِ اسْتَأْجَرَ، وَلَا هُوَ سَلَّفَ فِي دَيْنٍ يَكُونُ ضَامِنًا عَلَى صَاحِبِهِ حَتَّى يَسْتَوْفِيَهُ.
Imam Malik, may Allah have mercy on him, said that it is disliked by the predecessors for a person to pay the rent for a camel and say to the owner of the camel that he will ride his camel during the days of Hajj, while there is still a long time left until Hajj, or to say something similar regarding a slave or a house. This situation is as if, if the camel, slave, or house remains until that time, he will benefit from it for that rent, and if the camel or slave dies or the house collapses, he will take back his rental money.
Imam Malik, may Allah have mercy on him, said that if a person, upon paying the rent, takes possession of the camel, slave, or house, then the objection is removed. Its example is that a person buys a slave or a maidservant, brings them into his possession, and pays their price. After that, if due to some defect, the slave or maidservant is returned, then the buyer takes back his payment from the seller, and there is nothing objectionable in this.
Imam Malik, may Allah have mercy on him, said that if a person rents a specific slave or camel and sets a fixed period for taking possession, meaning he says that from such-and-such date I will take the camel or slave into my possession and use, then this is not permissible, because neither the lessee has taken possession of the camel or slave, nor has the lessor. Such a debt is like a loan which the lessee is obliged to pay.
Imam Malik, may Allah have mercy on him, said that if a person rents a specific slave or camel and sets a fixed period for taking possession, meaning he says that from such-and-such date I will take the camel or slave into my possession and use, then this is not permissible, because neither the lessee has taken possession of the camel or slave, nor has the lessor. Such a debt is like a loan which the lessee is obliged to pay.
قَالَ مَالِكٌ : الْأَمْرُ الْمُجْتَمَعُ عَلَيْهِ عِنْدَنَا، أَنَّ مَنِ ابْتَاعَ شَيْئًا مِنَ الْفَاكِهَةِ مِنْ رَطْبِهَا أَوْ يَابِسِهَا، فَإِنَّهُ لَا يَبِيعُهُ حَتَّى يَسْتَوْفِيَهُ، وَلَا يُبَاعُ شَيْءٌ مِنْهَا بَعْضُهُ بِبَعْضٍ، إِلَّا يَدًا بِيَدٍ، وَمَا كَانَ مِنْهَا مِمَّا يَيْبَسُ، فَيَصِيرُ فَاكِهَةً يَابِسَةً تُدَّخَرُ، وَتُؤْكَلُ، فَلَا يُبَاعُ بَعْضُهُ بِبَعْضٍ إِلَّا يَدًا بِيَدٍ، وَمِثْلًا بِمِثْلٍ إِذَا كَانَ مِنْ صِنْفٍ وَاحِدٍ، فَإِنْ كَانَ مِنْ صِنْفَيْنِ مُخْتَلِفَيْنِ، فَلَا بَأْسَ بِأَنْ يُبَاعَ مِنْهُ اثْنَانِ بِوَاحِدٍ يَدًا بِيَدٍ، وَلَا يَصْلُحُ إِلَى أَجَلٍ، وَمَا كَانَ مِنْهَا مِمَّا لَا يَيْبَسُ وَلَا يُدَّخَرُ، وَإِنَّمَا يُؤْكَلُ رَطْبًا كَهَيْئَةِ الْبِطِّيخِ وَالْقِثَّاءِ وَالْخِرْبِزِ، وَالْجَزَرِ وَالْأُتْرُجِّ، وَالْمَوْزِ وَالرُّمَّانِ وَمَا كَانَ مِثْلَهُ، وَإِنْ يَبِسَ لَمْ يَكُنْ فَاكِهَةً بَعْدَ ذَلِكَ، وَلَيْسَ هُوَ مِمَّا يُدَّخَرُ، وَيَكُونُ فَاكِهَةً، قَالَ : فَأَرَاهُ حَقِيقًا أَنْ يُؤْخَذَ مِنْهُ مِنْ صِنْفٍ وَاحِدٍ اثْنَانِ بِوَاحِدٍ يَدًا بِيَدٍ، فَإِذَا لَمْ يَدْخُلْ فِيهِ شَيْءٌ مِنَ الْأَجَلِ فَإِنَّهُ لَا بَأْسَ بِهِ.
Imam Malik, may Allah have mercy on him, said: In our view, this ruling is agreed upon, that whoever buys any fruit, whether fresh or dry, should not sell it until he has taken possession of it. And if he sells fruit for fruit, it should be hand to hand. And if the fruit taken is such that it is eaten and stored after drying, and he sells it for fruit of the same kind, it should be hand to hand and equal in amount; any increase or decrease is not permissible in it. However, if the kinds are different, then increase or decrease is permissible, but it should be sold for cash; setting a term in it is not permissible. And the fruit which is not dried but eaten fresh, such as melon, cucumber, citron, banana, carrot, pomegranate, etc., if it is exchanged for one another, even if the kind is the same, it is permissible with increase or decrease, as long as there is no term set and it is hand to hand.
وَحَدَّثَنِي، عَنْ مَالِك، عَنِ ابْنِ شِهَابٍ ، عَنْ سَعِيدِ بْنِ الْمُسَيَّبِ ، أَنّ رَسُولَ اللَّهِ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ " نَهَى عَنِ الْمُزَابَنَةِ وَالْمُحَاقَلَةِ " . وَالْمُزَابَنَةُ : اشْتِرَاءُ الثَّمَرِ بِالتَّمْرِ . وَالْمُحَاقَلَةُ : اشْتِرَاءُ الزَّرْعِ بِالْحِنْطَةِ، وَاسْتِكْرَاءُ الْأَرْضِ بِالْحِنْطَةِ . قَالَ قَالَ ابْنُ شِهَابٍ : فَسَأَلْتُ سَعِيدَ بْنَ الْمُسَيَّبِ عَنْ " اسْتِكْرَاءِ الْأَرْضِ بِالذَّهَبِ وَالْوَرِقِ، فَقَالَ : لَا بَأْسَ بِذَلِكَ " .
It is narrated from Hazrat Saeed bin Musayyib that the Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings be upon him, forbade Muzabana and Muhaqala; the meanings of both have been mentioned above.
Hadith 1328
وَحَدَّثَنِي، عَنْ مَالِك، عَنِ ابْنِ شِهَابٍ ، عَنْ سَعِيدِ بْنِ الْمُسَيَّبِ ، أَنّ رَسُولَ اللَّهِ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ " نَهَى عَنِ الْمُزَابَنَةِ وَالْمُحَاقَلَةِ " . وَالْمُزَابَنَةُ : اشْتِرَاءُ الثَّمَرِ بِالتَّمْرِ . وَالْمُحَاقَلَةُ : اشْتِرَاءُ الزَّرْعِ بِالْحِنْطَةِ، وَاسْتِكْرَاءُ الْأَرْضِ بِالْحِنْطَةِ . قَالَ قَالَ ابْنُ شِهَابٍ : فَسَأَلْتُ سَعِيدَ بْنَ الْمُسَيَّبِ عَنْ " اسْتِكْرَاءِ الْأَرْضِ بِالذَّهَبِ وَالْوَرِقِ، فَقَالَ : لَا بَأْسَ بِذَلِكَ " .
It is narrated from Hazrat Saeed bin Musayyib that the Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings be upon him, forbade Muzabana and Muhaqala; the meanings of both have been mentioned above.
. قَالَ مَالِك : وَمِنْ ذَلِكَ أَيْضًا، أَنْ يَقُولَ الرَّجُلُ لِلرَّجُلِ، لَهُ الثَّوْبُ : أَضْمَنُ لَكَ مِنْ ثَوْبِكَ هَذَا كَذَا وَكَذَا ظِهَارَةَ قَلَنْسُوَةٍ قَدْرُ كُلِّ ظِهَارَةٍ كَذَا وَكَذَا لِشَيْءٍ يُسَمِّيهِ، فَمَا نَقَصَ مِنْ ذَلِكَ فَعَلَيَّ غُرْمُهُ حَتَّى أُوفِيَكَ، وَمَا زَادَ فَلِي . أَوْ أَنْ يَقُولَ الرَّجُلُ لِلرَّجُلِ : أَضْمَنُ لَكَ مِنْ ثِيَابِكَ هَذِي كَذَا وَكَذَا قَمِيصًا ذَرْعُ كُلِّ قَمِيصٍ كَذَا وَكَذَا، فَمَا نَقَصَ مِنْ ذَلِكَ فَعَلَيَّ غُرْمُهُ، وَمَا زَادَ عَلَى ذَلِكَ فَلِي . أَوْ أَنْ يَقُولَ الرَّجُلُ لِلرَّجُلِ، لَهُ الْجُلُودُ مِنْ جُلُودِ الْبَقَرِ أَوِ الْإِبِلِ : أُقَطِّعُ جُلُودَكَ هَذِهِ نِعَالًا عَلَى إِمَامٍ يُرِيهِ إِيَّاهُ، فَمَا نَقَصَ مِنْ مِائَةِ زَوْجٍ فَعَلَيَّ غُرْمُهُ، وَمَا زَادَ فَهُوَ لِي بِمَا ضَمِنْتُ لَكَ . وَمِمَّا يُشْبِهُ ذَلِكَ، أَنْ يَقُولَ الرَّجُلُ لِلرَّجُلِ عِنْدَهُ حَبُّ الْبَانِ : اعْصُرْ حَبَّكَ هَذَا، فَمَا نَقَصَ مِنْ كَذَا وَكَذَا رِطْلًا فَعَلَيَّ أَنْ أُعْطِيَكَهُ، وَمَا زَادَ فَهُوَ لِي . فَهَذَا كُلُّهُ وَمَا أَشْبَهَهُ مِنَ الْأَشْيَاءِ أَوْ ضَارَعَهُ مِنَ الْمُزَابَنَةِ الَّتِي لَا تَصْلُحُ وَلَا تَجُوزُ، وَكَذَلِكَ أَيْضًا إِذَا قَالَ الرَّجُلُ لِلرَّجُلِ لَهُ الْخَبَطُ أَوِ النَّوَى أَوِ الْكُرْسُفُ أَوِ الْكَتَّانُ أَوِ الْقَضْبُ أَوِ الْعُصْفُرُ : أَبْتَاعُ مِنْكَ هَذَا الْخَبَطَ بِكَذَا وَكَذَا صَاعًا مِنْ خَبَطٍ يُخْبَطُ مِثْلَ خَبَطِهِ، أَوْ هَذَا النَّوَى بِكَذَا وَكَذَا صَاعًا مِنْ نَوًى مِثْلِهِ . وَفِي الْعُصْفُرِ وَالْكُرْسُفِ وَالْكَتَّانِ وَالْقَضْبِ مِثْلَ ذَلِكَ فَهَذَا كُلُّهُ يَرْجِعُ إِلَى مَا وَصَفْنَا مِنَ الْمُزَابَنَةِ
Imam Malik, may Allah have mercy on him, said that similarly, if a person says to another that this cloth is sufficient for this many caps, if it falls short I will provide, and whatever is extra I will take, or that this cloth will make this many shirts, if it falls short I will give, and whatever is extra I will take, or that this many hides will make this many shoes, if it falls short I will give, and if there is extra I will take, or that this many seeds will yield this much oil, if it yields less I will give, and if it yields more it is mine, all of this falls under muzabana and is not permissible. Or if he says that in exchange for your heap I will give you this much leaves or pits or cotton or vegetables or safflower, weighed or measured, even if he sells each with its own kind, it is still not correct.
قَالَ مَالِكٌ : مَنِ اشْتَرَى ثَمَرًا مِنْ نَخْلٍ مُسَمَّاةٍ أَوْ حَائِطٍ مُسَمًّى، أَوْ لَبَنًا مِنْ غَنَمٍ مُسَمَّاةٍ إِنَّهُ لَا بَأْسَ بِذَلِكَ، إِذَا كَانَ يُؤْخَذُ عَاجِلًا يَشْرَعُ الْمُشْتَرِي فِي أَخْذِهِ عِنْدَ دَفْعِهِ الثَّمَنَ، وَإِنَّمَا مَثَلُ ذَلِكَ بِمَنْزِلَةِ رَاوِيَةِ زَيْتٍ يَبْتَاعُ مِنْهَا رَجُلٌ بِدِينَارٍ أَوْ دِينَارَيْنِ، وَيُعْطِيهِ ذَهَبَهُ وَيَشْتَرِطُ عَلَيْهِ أَنْ يَكِيلَ لَهُ مِنْهَا، فَهَذَا لَا بَأْسَ بِهِ، فَإِنِ انْشَقَّتِ الرَّاوِيَةُ فَذَهَبَ زَيْتُهَا، فَلَيْسَ لِلْمُبْتَاعِ إِلَّا ذَهَبُهُ، وَلَا يَكُونُ بَيْنَهُمَا بَيْعٌ. ¤
Imam Malik, may Allah have mercy on him, said that if a person buys the fruits of specific trees, or buys the fruits of a garden, or buys the milk of specific goats, there is nothing objectionable in it, provided that the buyer begins to take possession of his goods as soon as he pays the price. Its example is like someone giving money and buying some amount of ghee from a container; there is nothing objectionable in it. If the container bursts before the ghee is taken and the ghee spills, then the buyer will take back his money.
قَالَ مَالِكٌ : وَأَمَّا كُلُّ شَيْءٍ كَانَ حَاضِرًا يُشْتَرَى عَلَى وَجْهِهِ مِثْلُ اللَّبَنِ إِذَا حُلِبَ، وَالرُّطَبِ يُسْتَجْنَى، فَيَأْخُذُ الْمُبْتَاعُ يَوْمًا بِيَوْمٍ، فَلَا بَأْسَ بِهِ، فَإِنْ فَنِيَ قَبْلَ أَنْ يَسْتَوْفِيَ الْمُشْتَرِي مَا اشْتَرَى رَدَّ عَلَيْهِ الْبَائِعُ مِنْ ذَهَبِهِ بِحِسَابِ مَا بَقِيَ لَهُ، أَوْ يَأْخُذُ مِنْهُ الْمُشْتَرِي سِلْعَةً، بِمَا بَقِيَ لَهُ يَتَرَاضَيَانِ عَلَيْهَا، وَلَا يُفَارِقُهُ حَتَّى يَأْخُذَهَا، فَإِنْ فَارَقَهُ، فَإِنَّ ذَلِكَ مَكْرُوهٌ لِأَنَّهُ يَدْخُلُهُ الدَّيْنُ بِالدَّيْنِ، وَقَدْ نُهِيَ عَنِ الْكَالِئِ بِالْكَالِئِ، فَإِنْ وَقَعَ فِي بَيْعِهِمَا أَجَلٌ فَإِنَّهُ مَكْرُوهٌ وَلَا يَحِلُّ فِيهِ تَأْخِيرٌ وَلَا نَظِرَةٌ، وَلَا يَصْلُحُ إِلَّا بِصِفَةٍ مَعْلُومَةٍ إِلَى أَجَلٍ مُسَمًّى، فَيَضْمَنُ ذَلِكَ الْبَائِعُ لِلْمُبْتَاعِ، وَلَا يُسَمَّى ذَلِكَ فِي حَائِطٍ بِعَيْنِهِ، وَلَا فِي غَنَمٍ بِأَعْيَانِهَا. ¤
Imam Malik, may Allah have mercy on him, said that if it is stipulated with the buyer that he may take as much milk as is drawn daily, or as much fruit as is picked daily, then it is permissible for him to take it every day. If the quantity purchased is not fully delivered, such as if the milk ceases or the fruit is destroyed, then the seller shall return to the buyer the price for what remains, or the buyer may take something else from the seller in exchange for it. However, it is not permissible for the buyer to leave the seller without taking anything; otherwise, it will be disliked, because this is a sale of one thing for another deferred, and the Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings be upon him, forbade this.
¤ وَسُئِلَ مَالِكٌ عَنِ الرَّجُلِ يَشْتَرِي مِنَ الرَّجُلِ الْحَائِطَ فِيهِ أَلْوَانٌ مِنَ النَّخْلِ مِنَ الْعَجْوَةِ وَالْكَبِيسِ وَالْعَذْقِ، وَغَيْرِ ذَلِكَ مِنْ أَلْوَانِ التَّمْرِ، فَيَسْتَثْنِي مِنْهَا ثَمَرَ النَّخْلَةِ أَوِ النَّخَلَاتِ يَخْتَارُهَا مِنْ نَخْلِهِ؟ فَقَالَ مَالِكٌ : ذَلِكَ لَا يَصْلُحُ لِأَنَّهُ إِذَا صَنَعَ ذَلِكَ تَرَكَ ثَمَرَ النَّخْلَةِ مِنَ الْعَجْوَةِ، وَمَكِيلَةُ ثَمَرِهَا خَمْسَةَ عَشَرَ صَاعًا وَأَخَذَ مَكَانَهَا ثَمَرَ نَخْلَةٍ مِنَ الْكَبِيسِ، وَمَكِيلَةُ ثَمَرِهَا عَشَرَةُ أَصْوُعٍ، فَإِنْ أَخَذَ الْعَجْوَةَ الَّتِي فِيهَا خَمْسَةَ عَشَرَ صَاعًا، وَتَرَكَ الَّتِي فِيهَا عَشْرَةُ أَصْوُعٍ مِنَ الْكَبِيسِ فَكَأَنَّهُ اشْتَرَى الْعَجْوَةَ بِالْكَبِيسِ مُتَفَاضِلًا. ¤
Imam Malik, may Allah have mercy on him, was asked: If someone sells the dates of a garden and there are several types of dates in it, such as Ajwah, Kabis, and 'Adhq, etc., but the buyer puts a condition that from this garden I will exclude one or several trees (i.e., I will exempt them from the sale)? So this is not permissible because if he leaves an Ajwah tree which had fifteen sa’ of dates and in exchange takes a Kabis tree which had ten sa’ of dates, or does the opposite, then it is as if he has sold Ajwah for Kabis with an increase or decrease, and this is not permissible.
قَالَ مَالِكٌ : وَذَلِكَ مِثْلُ أَنْ يَقُولَ الرَّجُلُ لِلرَّجُلِ بَيْنَ يَدَيْهِ صُبَرٌ مِنَ التَّمْرِ قَدْ صَبَّرَ الْعَجْوَةَ، فَجَعَلَهَا خَمْسَةَ عَشَرَ صَاعًا، وَجَعَلَ صُبْرَةَ الْكَبِيسِ عَشَرَةَ آصُعٍ، وَجَعَلَ صُبْرَةَ الْعَذْقِ اثْنَيْ عَشَرَ صَاعًا، فَأَعْطَى صَاحِبَ التَّمْرِ دِينَارًا عَلَى أَنَّهُ يَخْتَارُ فَيَأْخُذُ أَيَّ تِلْكَ الصُّبَرِ شَاءَ، قَالَ مَالِكٌ : فَهَذَا لَا يَصْلُحُ. ¤
Imam Malik, may Allah have mercy on him, said: The example of this is that a person makes three piles of dates, one of Ajwah which is fifteen saa’, one of Kabees which is ten saa’, and one of ‘Adhq which is twelve saa’. Then the buyer gives the seller of the dates one dinar on the condition that he will take whichever of the three piles he wishes. This is not permissible.
¤ وَسُئِلَ مَالِكٌ عَنِ الرَّجُلِ يَشْتَرِي الرُّطَبَ مِنْ صَاحِبِ الْحَائِطِ فَيُسْلِفُهُ الدِّينَارَ، مَاذَا لَهُ إِذَا ذَهَبَ رُطَبُ ذَلِكَ الْحَائِطِ؟ قَالَ مَالِكٌ : يُحَاسِبُ صَاحِبَ الْحَائِطِ ثُمَّ يَأْخُذُ مَا بَقِيَ لَهُ مِنْ دِينَارِهِ، إِنْ كَانَ أَخَذَ بِثُلُثَيْ دِينَارٍ رُطَبًا أَخَذَ ثُلُثَ الدِّينَارِ الَّذِي بَقِيَ لَهُ، وَإِنْ كَانَ أَخَذَ ثَلَاثَةَ أَرْبَاعِ دِينَارِهِ رُطَبًا، أَخَذَ الرُّبُعَ الَّذِي بَقِيَ لَهُ، أَوْ يَتَرَاضَيَانِ بَيْنَهُمَا، فَيَأْخُذُ بِمَا بَقِيَ لَهُ مِنْ دِينَارِهِ عِنْدَ صَاحِبِ الْحَائِطِ مَا بَدَا لَهُ إِنْ أَحَبَّ أَنْ يَأْخُذَ تَمْرًا أَوْ سِلْعَةً سِوَى التَّمْرِ أَخَذَهَا بِمَا فَضَلَ لَهُ، فَإِنْ أَخَذَ تَمْرًا أَوْ سِلْعَةً أُخْرَى فَلَا يُفَارِقْهُ حَتَّى يَسْتَوْفِيَ ذَلِكَ مِنْهُ. ¤ قَالَ مَالِكٌ : وَإِنَّمَا هَذَا بِمَنْزِلَةِ أَنْ يُكْرِيَ الرَّجُلُ الرَّجُلَ رَاحِلَةً بِعَيْنِهَا أَوْ يُؤَاجِرَ غُلَامَهُ الْخَيَّاطَ أَوِ النَّجَّارَ أَوِ الْعَمَّالَ لِغَيْرِ ذَلِكَ مِنَ الْأَعْمَالِ، أَوْ يُكْرِيَ مَسْكَنَهُ، وَيَسْتَلِفَ إِجَارَةَ ذَلِكَ الْغُلَامِ، أَوْ كِرَاءَ ذَلِكَ الْمَسْكَنِ، أَوْ تِلْكَ الرَّاحِلَةِ، ثُمَّ يَحْدُثُ فِي ذَلِكَ حَدَثٌ بِمَوْتٍ أَوْ غَيْرِ ذَلِكَ، فَيَرُدُّ رَبُّ الرَّاحِلَةِ، أَوِ الْعَبْدِ أَوِ الْمَسْكَنِ إِلَى الَّذِي سَلَّفَهُ مَا بَقِيَ مِنْ كِرَاءِ الرَّاحِلَةِ، أَوْ إِجَارَةِ الْعَبْدِ، أَوْ كِرَاءِ الْمَسْكَنِ، يُحَاسِبُ صَاحِبَهُ بِمَا اسْتَوْفَى مِنْ ذَلِكَ، إِنْ كَانَ اسْتَوْفَى نِصْفَ حَقِّهِ رَدَّ عَلَيْهِ النِّصْفَ الْبَاقِيَ الَّذِي لَهُ عِنْدَهُ، وَإِنْ كَانَ أَقَلَّ مِنْ ذَلِكَ أَوْ أَكْثَرَ فَبِحِسَابِ ذَلِكَ يَرُدُّ إِلَيْهِ مَا بَقِيَ لَهُ. ¤
Imam Malik (may Allah have mercy on him) was asked: If a person buys fresh dates from the owner of a garden and gives him one dinar in advance, then the dates in the garden become unavailable? Imam Malik (may Allah have mercy on him) replied: An account will be taken of how much of the dinar the seller is responsible for. If the buyer has already received dates worth two-thirds of a dinar, then he should receive the remaining one-third. If he has received dates worth three-fourths of a dinar, then he should receive the remaining one-fourth. Or, with the seller’s consent, the buyer may take some other fruit from his garden instead. However, when another fruit is fixed in exchange, it is necessary that he receives it immediately; there should be no delay in this, otherwise it will become a sale of debt for debt.
قَالَ مَالِكٌ : وَلَا يَصْلُحُ التَّسْلِيفُ فِي شَيْءٍ مِنْ هَذَا، يُسَلَّفُ فِيهِ بِعَيْنِهِ، إِلَّا أَنْ يَقْبِضَ الْمُسَلِّفُ مَا سَلَّفَ فِيهِ عِنْدَ دَفْعِهِ الذَّهَبَ إِلَى صَاحِبِهِ، يَقْبِضُ الْعَبْدَ أَوِ الرَّاحِلَةَ أَوِ الْمَسْكَنَ أَوْ يَبْدَأُ فِيمَا اشْتَرَى مِنَ الرُّطَبِ. فَيَأْخُذُ مِنْهُ عِنْدَ دَفْعِهِ الذَّهَبَ إِلَى صَاحِبِهِ، لَا يَصْلُحُ أَنْ يَكُونَ فِي شَيْءٍ مِنْ ذَلِكَ تَأْخِيرٌ وَلَا أَجَلٌ. ¤
Imam Malik, may Allah have mercy on him, said that its example is like a person who gives his camel or slave—who may be a tailor, carpenter, or engaged in some other work—on hire, or rents out a house, and takes the rent payment in advance. After this, if the camel or slave dies, or the house collapses, then the owner of the camel, slave, or house will calculate and return the portion of the wage that remains due. Suppose the lessee has received half of his right, then he will get half of the wage back.
قَالَ مَالِكٌ : وَتَفْسِيرُ مَا كُرِهَ مِنْ ذَلِكَ، أَنْ يَقُولَ الرَّجُلُ لِلرَّجُلِ : أُسَلِّفُكَ فِي رَاحِلَتِكَ فُلَانَةَ أَرْكَبُهَا فِي الْحَجِّ، وَبَيْنَهُ وَبَيْنَ الْحَجِّ أَجَلٌ مِنَ الزَّمَانِ، أَوْ يَقُولَ مِثْلَ ذَلِكَ فِي الْعَبْدِ أَوِ الْمَسْكَنِ، فَإِنَّهُ إِذَا صَنَعَ ذَلِكَ كَانَ إِنَّمَا يُسَلِّفُهُ ذَهَبًا، عَلَى أَنَّهُ إِنْ وَجَدَ تِلْكَ الرَّاحِلَةَ صَحِيحَةً لِذَلِكَ الْأَجَلِ الَّذِي سَمَّى لَهُ، فَهِيَ لَهُ بِذَلِكَ الْكِرَاءِ، وَإِنْ حَدَثَ بِهَا حَدَثٌ مِنْ مَوْتٍ أَوْ غَيْرِهِ رَدَّ عَلَيْهِ ذَهَبَهُ، وَكَانَتْ عَلَيْهِ عَلَى وَجْهِ السَّلَفِ عِنْدَهُ. ¤
Imam Malik, may Allah have mercy on him, said that in all these cases, giving advance payment (salam) is only permissible when, upon giving the payment, one takes possession of the slave, camel, or house, or begins to pick the fresh dates. It is not permissible if there is any delay or if a term is fixed.
قَالَ مَالِكٌ : وَإِنَّمَا فَرَقَ بَيْنَ ذَلِكَ الْقَبْضُ مَنْ قَبَضَ مَا اسْتَأْجَرَ أَوِ اسْتَكْرَى فَقَدْ خَرَجَ مِنَ الْغَرَرِ وَالسَّلَفِ الَّذِي يُكْرَهُ، وَأَخَذَ أَمْرًا مَعْلُومًا، وَإِنَّمَا مَثَلُ ذَلِكَ أَنْ يَشْتَرِيَ الرَّجُلُ الْعَبْدَ أَوِ الْوَلِيدَةَ فَيَقْبِضَهُمَا، وَيَنْقُدَ أَثْمَانَهُمَا، فَإِنْ حَدَثَ بِهِمَا حَدَثٌ مِنْ عُهْدَةِ السَّنَةِ، أَخَذَ ذَهَبَهُ مِنْ صَاحِبِهِ الَّذِي ابْتَاعَ مِنْهُ، فَهَذَا لَا بَأْسَ بِهِ وَبِهَذَا مَضَتِ السُّنَّةُ فِي بَيْعِ الرَّقِيقِ. ¤ قَالَ مَالِكٌ : وَمَنِ اسْتَأْجَرَ عَبْدًا بِعَيْنِهِ، أَوْ تَكَارَى رَاحِلَةً بِعَيْنِهَا إِلَى أَجَلٍ. يَقْبِضُ الْعَبْدَ أَوِ الرَّاحِلَةَ إِلَى ذَلِكَ الْأَجَلِ. فَقَدْ عَمِلَ بِمَا لَا يَصْلُحُ. لَا هُوَ قَبَضَ مَا اسْتَكْرَى أَوِ اسْتَأْجَرَ، وَلَا هُوَ سَلَّفَ فِي دَيْنٍ يَكُونُ ضَامِنًا عَلَى صَاحِبِهِ حَتَّى يَسْتَوْفِيَهُ.
Imam Malik, may Allah have mercy on him, said that it is disliked by the predecessors for a person to pay the rent for a camel and say to the owner of the camel that he will ride his camel during the days of Hajj, while there is still a long time left until Hajj, or to say something similar regarding a slave or a house. This situation is as if, if the camel, slave, or house remains until that time, he will benefit from it for that rent, and if the camel or slave dies or the house collapses, he will take back his rental money.
Imam Malik, may Allah have mercy on him, said that if a person, upon paying the rent, takes possession of the camel, slave, or house, then the objection is removed. Its example is that a person buys a slave or a maidservant, brings them into his possession, and pays their price. After that, if due to some defect, the slave or maidservant is returned, then the buyer takes back his payment from the seller, and there is nothing objectionable in this.
Imam Malik, may Allah have mercy on him, said that if a person rents a specific slave or camel and sets a fixed period for taking possession, meaning he says that from such-and-such date I will take the camel or slave into my possession and use, then this is not permissible, because neither the lessee has taken possession of the camel or slave, nor has the lessor. Such a debt is like a loan which the lessee is obliged to pay.
Imam Malik, may Allah have mercy on him, said that if a person rents a specific slave or camel and sets a fixed period for taking possession, meaning he says that from such-and-such date I will take the camel or slave into my possession and use, then this is not permissible, because neither the lessee has taken possession of the camel or slave, nor has the lessor. Such a debt is like a loan which the lessee is obliged to pay.
قَالَ مَالِكٌ : الْأَمْرُ الْمُجْتَمَعُ عَلَيْهِ عِنْدَنَا، أَنَّ مَنِ ابْتَاعَ شَيْئًا مِنَ الْفَاكِهَةِ مِنْ رَطْبِهَا أَوْ يَابِسِهَا، فَإِنَّهُ لَا يَبِيعُهُ حَتَّى يَسْتَوْفِيَهُ، وَلَا يُبَاعُ شَيْءٌ مِنْهَا بَعْضُهُ بِبَعْضٍ، إِلَّا يَدًا بِيَدٍ، وَمَا كَانَ مِنْهَا مِمَّا يَيْبَسُ، فَيَصِيرُ فَاكِهَةً يَابِسَةً تُدَّخَرُ، وَتُؤْكَلُ، فَلَا يُبَاعُ بَعْضُهُ بِبَعْضٍ إِلَّا يَدًا بِيَدٍ، وَمِثْلًا بِمِثْلٍ إِذَا كَانَ مِنْ صِنْفٍ وَاحِدٍ، فَإِنْ كَانَ مِنْ صِنْفَيْنِ مُخْتَلِفَيْنِ، فَلَا بَأْسَ بِأَنْ يُبَاعَ مِنْهُ اثْنَانِ بِوَاحِدٍ يَدًا بِيَدٍ، وَلَا يَصْلُحُ إِلَى أَجَلٍ، وَمَا كَانَ مِنْهَا مِمَّا لَا يَيْبَسُ وَلَا يُدَّخَرُ، وَإِنَّمَا يُؤْكَلُ رَطْبًا كَهَيْئَةِ الْبِطِّيخِ وَالْقِثَّاءِ وَالْخِرْبِزِ، وَالْجَزَرِ وَالْأُتْرُجِّ، وَالْمَوْزِ وَالرُّمَّانِ وَمَا كَانَ مِثْلَهُ، وَإِنْ يَبِسَ لَمْ يَكُنْ فَاكِهَةً بَعْدَ ذَلِكَ، وَلَيْسَ هُوَ مِمَّا يُدَّخَرُ، وَيَكُونُ فَاكِهَةً، قَالَ : فَأَرَاهُ حَقِيقًا أَنْ يُؤْخَذَ مِنْهُ مِنْ صِنْفٍ وَاحِدٍ اثْنَانِ بِوَاحِدٍ يَدًا بِيَدٍ، فَإِذَا لَمْ يَدْخُلْ فِيهِ شَيْءٌ مِنَ الْأَجَلِ فَإِنَّهُ لَا بَأْسَ بِهِ.
Imam Malik, may Allah have mercy on him, said: In our view, this ruling is agreed upon, that whoever buys any fruit, whether fresh or dry, should not sell it until he has taken possession of it. And if he sells fruit for fruit, it should be hand to hand. And if the fruit taken is such that it is eaten and stored after drying, and he sells it for fruit of the same kind, it should be hand to hand and equal in amount; any increase or decrease is not permissible in it. However, if the kinds are different, then increase or decrease is permissible, but it should be sold for cash; setting a term in it is not permissible. And the fruit which is not dried but eaten fresh, such as melon, cucumber, citron, banana, carrot, pomegranate, etc., if it is exchanged for one another, even if the kind is the same, it is permissible with increase or decrease, as long as there is no term set and it is hand to hand.
قَالَ مَالِك : " نَهَى رَسُولُ اللَّهِ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ عَنِ الْمُزَابَنَةِ " . وَتَفْسِيرُ الْمُزَابَنَةِ : أَنَّ كُلَّ شَيْءٍ مِنِ الْجِزَافِ الَّذِي لَا يُعْلَمُ كَيْلُهُ وَلَا وَزْنُهُ وَلَا عَدَدُهُ ابْتِيعَ بِشَيْءٍ مُسَمًّى مِنَ الْكَيْلِ أَوِ الْوَزْنِ أَوِ الْعَدَدِ، وَذَلِكَ أَنْ يَقُولَ الرَّجُلُ لِلرَّجُلِ يَكُونُ لَهُ الطَّعَامُ الْمُصَبَّرُ الَّذِي لَا يُعْلَمُ كَيْلُهُ مِنَ الْحِنْطَةِ أَوِ التَّمْرِ أَوْ مَا أَشْبَهَ ذَلِكَ مِنَ الْأَطْعِمَةِ، أَوْ يَكُونُ لِلرَّجُلِ السِّلْعَةُ مِنَ الْحِنْطَةِ أَوِ النَّوَى أَوِ الْقَضْبِ أَوِ الْعُصْفُرِ أَوِ الْكُرْسُفِ أَوِ الْكَتَّانِ أَوِ الْقَزِّ، أَوْ مَا أَشْبَهَ ذَلِكَ مِنَ السِّلَعِ، لَا يُعْلَمُ كَيْلُ شَيْءٍ مِنْ ذَلِكَ وَلَا وَزْنُهُ وَلَا عَدَدُهُ، فَيَقُولُ الرَّجُلُ لِرَبِّ تِلْكَ السِّلْعَةِ : كِلْ سِلْعَتَكَ هَذِهِ أَوْ مُرْ مَنْ يَكِيلُهَا أَوْ زِنْ مِنْ ذَلِكَ مَا يُوزَنُ أَوْ عُدَّ مِنْ ذَلِكَ مَا كَانَ يُعَدُّ، فَمَا نَقَصَ عَنْ كَيْلِ كَذَا وَكَذَا صَاعًا لِتَسْمِيَةٍ يُسَمِّيهَا أَوْ وَزْنِ كَذَا وَكَذَا رِطْلًا، أَوْ عَدَدِ كَذَا وَكَذَا، فَمَا نَقَصَ مِنْ ذَلِكَ، فَعَلَيَّ غُرْمُهُ لَكَ حَتَّى أُوفِيَكَ تِلْكَ التَّسْمِيَةَ، فَمَا زَادَ عَلَى تِلْكَ التَّسْمِيَةِ فَهُوَ لِي أَضْمَنُ مَا نَقَصَ مِنْ ذَلِكَ عَلَى أَنْ يَكُونَ لِي مَا زَادَ . فَلَيْسَ ذَلِكَ بَيْعًا وَلَكِنَّهُ الْمُخَاطَرَةُ وَالْغَرَرُ وَالْقِمَارُ، يَدْخُلُ هَذَا لِأَنَّهُ لَمْ يَشْتَرِ مِنْهُ شَيْئًا بِشَيْءٍ أَخْرَجَهُ، وَلَكِنَّهُ ضَمِنَ لَهُ مَا سُمِّيَ مِنْ ذَلِكَ الْكَيْلِ أَوِ الْوَزْنِ أَوِ الْعَدَدِ، عَلَى أَنْ يَكُونَ لَهُ مَا زَادَ عَلَى ذَلِكَ، فَإِنْ نَقَصَتْ تِلْكَ السِّلْعَةُ عَنْ تِلْكَ التَّسْمِيَةِ أَخَذَ مِنْ مَالِ صَاحِبِهِ مَا نَقَصَ بِغَيْرِ ثَمَنٍ وَلَا هِبَةٍ طَيِّبَةٍ بِهَا نَفْسُهُ، فَهَذَا يُشْبِهُ الْقِمَارَ، وَمَا كَانَ مِثْلُ هَذَا مِنَ الْأَشْيَاءِ فَذَلِكَ يَدْخُلُهُ .
Imam Malik, may Allah have mercy on him, said that any item sold in a heap, whose weight or measure is not known, falls under muzabana (prohibited transaction) if it is exchanged for the same kind. If a person says to another: "This heap of yours—whether it is wheat, dates, fodder, pits, grass, safflower, cotton, flax, or silk—measure it, weigh it, or count it; if it turns out to be less than the estimated amount, I will pay you the difference, and if it turns out to be more, I will take the excess," such a sale is not valid; rather, it resembles gambling.
Hadith 1328
وَحَدَّثَنِي، عَنْ مَالِك، عَنِ ابْنِ شِهَابٍ ، عَنْ سَعِيدِ بْنِ الْمُسَيَّبِ ، أَنّ رَسُولَ اللَّهِ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ " نَهَى عَنِ الْمُزَابَنَةِ وَالْمُحَاقَلَةِ " . وَالْمُزَابَنَةُ : اشْتِرَاءُ الثَّمَرِ بِالتَّمْرِ . وَالْمُحَاقَلَةُ : اشْتِرَاءُ الزَّرْعِ بِالْحِنْطَةِ، وَاسْتِكْرَاءُ الْأَرْضِ بِالْحِنْطَةِ . قَالَ قَالَ ابْنُ شِهَابٍ : فَسَأَلْتُ سَعِيدَ بْنَ الْمُسَيَّبِ عَنْ " اسْتِكْرَاءِ الْأَرْضِ بِالذَّهَبِ وَالْوَرِقِ، فَقَالَ : لَا بَأْسَ بِذَلِكَ " .
It is narrated from Hazrat Saeed bin Musayyib that the Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings be upon him, forbade Muzabana and Muhaqala; the meanings of both have been mentioned above.
قَالَ مَالِك : " نَهَى رَسُولُ اللَّهِ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ عَنِ الْمُزَابَنَةِ " . وَتَفْسِيرُ الْمُزَابَنَةِ : أَنَّ كُلَّ شَيْءٍ مِنِ الْجِزَافِ الَّذِي لَا يُعْلَمُ كَيْلُهُ وَلَا وَزْنُهُ وَلَا عَدَدُهُ ابْتِيعَ بِشَيْءٍ مُسَمًّى مِنَ الْكَيْلِ أَوِ الْوَزْنِ أَوِ الْعَدَدِ، وَذَلِكَ أَنْ يَقُولَ الرَّجُلُ لِلرَّجُلِ يَكُونُ لَهُ الطَّعَامُ الْمُصَبَّرُ الَّذِي لَا يُعْلَمُ كَيْلُهُ مِنَ الْحِنْطَةِ أَوِ التَّمْرِ أَوْ مَا أَشْبَهَ ذَلِكَ مِنَ الْأَطْعِمَةِ، أَوْ يَكُونُ لِلرَّجُلِ السِّلْعَةُ مِنَ الْحِنْطَةِ أَوِ النَّوَى أَوِ الْقَضْبِ أَوِ الْعُصْفُرِ أَوِ الْكُرْسُفِ أَوِ الْكَتَّانِ أَوِ الْقَزِّ، أَوْ مَا أَشْبَهَ ذَلِكَ مِنَ السِّلَعِ، لَا يُعْلَمُ كَيْلُ شَيْءٍ مِنْ ذَلِكَ وَلَا وَزْنُهُ وَلَا عَدَدُهُ، فَيَقُولُ الرَّجُلُ لِرَبِّ تِلْكَ السِّلْعَةِ : كِلْ سِلْعَتَكَ هَذِهِ أَوْ مُرْ مَنْ يَكِيلُهَا أَوْ زِنْ مِنْ ذَلِكَ مَا يُوزَنُ أَوْ عُدَّ مِنْ ذَلِكَ مَا كَانَ يُعَدُّ، فَمَا نَقَصَ عَنْ كَيْلِ كَذَا وَكَذَا صَاعًا لِتَسْمِيَةٍ يُسَمِّيهَا أَوْ وَزْنِ كَذَا وَكَذَا رِطْلًا، أَوْ عَدَدِ كَذَا وَكَذَا، فَمَا نَقَصَ مِنْ ذَلِكَ، فَعَلَيَّ غُرْمُهُ لَكَ حَتَّى أُوفِيَكَ تِلْكَ التَّسْمِيَةَ، فَمَا زَادَ عَلَى تِلْكَ التَّسْمِيَةِ فَهُوَ لِي أَضْمَنُ مَا نَقَصَ مِنْ ذَلِكَ عَلَى أَنْ يَكُونَ لِي مَا زَادَ . فَلَيْسَ ذَلِكَ بَيْعًا وَلَكِنَّهُ الْمُخَاطَرَةُ وَالْغَرَرُ وَالْقِمَارُ، يَدْخُلُ هَذَا لِأَنَّهُ لَمْ يَشْتَرِ مِنْهُ شَيْئًا بِشَيْءٍ أَخْرَجَهُ، وَلَكِنَّهُ ضَمِنَ لَهُ مَا سُمِّيَ مِنْ ذَلِكَ الْكَيْلِ أَوِ الْوَزْنِ أَوِ الْعَدَدِ، عَلَى أَنْ يَكُونَ لَهُ مَا زَادَ عَلَى ذَلِكَ، فَإِنْ نَقَصَتْ تِلْكَ السِّلْعَةُ عَنْ تِلْكَ التَّسْمِيَةِ أَخَذَ مِنْ مَالِ صَاحِبِهِ مَا نَقَصَ بِغَيْرِ ثَمَنٍ وَلَا هِبَةٍ طَيِّبَةٍ بِهَا نَفْسُهُ، فَهَذَا يُشْبِهُ الْقِمَارَ، وَمَا كَانَ مِثْلُ هَذَا مِنَ الْأَشْيَاءِ فَذَلِكَ يَدْخُلُهُ .
Imam Malik, may Allah have mercy on him, said that any item sold in a heap, whose weight or measure is not known, falls under muzabana (prohibited transaction) if it is exchanged for the same kind. If a person says to another: "This heap of yours—whether it is wheat, dates, fodder, pits, grass, safflower, cotton, flax, or silk—measure it, weigh it, or count it; if it turns out to be less than the estimated amount, I will pay you the difference, and if it turns out to be more, I will take the excess," such a sale is not valid; rather, it resembles gambling.
قَالَ مَالِكٌ : مَنِ اشْتَرَى ثَمَرًا مِنْ نَخْلٍ مُسَمَّاةٍ أَوْ حَائِطٍ مُسَمًّى، أَوْ لَبَنًا مِنْ غَنَمٍ مُسَمَّاةٍ إِنَّهُ لَا بَأْسَ بِذَلِكَ، إِذَا كَانَ يُؤْخَذُ عَاجِلًا يَشْرَعُ الْمُشْتَرِي فِي أَخْذِهِ عِنْدَ دَفْعِهِ الثَّمَنَ، وَإِنَّمَا مَثَلُ ذَلِكَ بِمَنْزِلَةِ رَاوِيَةِ زَيْتٍ يَبْتَاعُ مِنْهَا رَجُلٌ بِدِينَارٍ أَوْ دِينَارَيْنِ، وَيُعْطِيهِ ذَهَبَهُ وَيَشْتَرِطُ عَلَيْهِ أَنْ يَكِيلَ لَهُ مِنْهَا، فَهَذَا لَا بَأْسَ بِهِ، فَإِنِ انْشَقَّتِ الرَّاوِيَةُ فَذَهَبَ زَيْتُهَا، فَلَيْسَ لِلْمُبْتَاعِ إِلَّا ذَهَبُهُ، وَلَا يَكُونُ بَيْنَهُمَا بَيْعٌ. ¤
Imam Malik, may Allah have mercy on him, said that if a person buys the fruits of specific trees, or buys the fruits of a garden, or buys the milk of specific goats, there is nothing objectionable in it, provided that the buyer begins to take possession of his goods as soon as he pays the price. Its example is like someone giving money and buying some amount of ghee from a container; there is nothing objectionable in it. If the container bursts before the ghee is taken and the ghee spills, then the buyer will take back his money.
قَالَ مَالِكٌ : وَأَمَّا كُلُّ شَيْءٍ كَانَ حَاضِرًا يُشْتَرَى عَلَى وَجْهِهِ مِثْلُ اللَّبَنِ إِذَا حُلِبَ، وَالرُّطَبِ يُسْتَجْنَى، فَيَأْخُذُ الْمُبْتَاعُ يَوْمًا بِيَوْمٍ، فَلَا بَأْسَ بِهِ، فَإِنْ فَنِيَ قَبْلَ أَنْ يَسْتَوْفِيَ الْمُشْتَرِي مَا اشْتَرَى رَدَّ عَلَيْهِ الْبَائِعُ مِنْ ذَهَبِهِ بِحِسَابِ مَا بَقِيَ لَهُ، أَوْ يَأْخُذُ مِنْهُ الْمُشْتَرِي سِلْعَةً، بِمَا بَقِيَ لَهُ يَتَرَاضَيَانِ عَلَيْهَا، وَلَا يُفَارِقُهُ حَتَّى يَأْخُذَهَا، فَإِنْ فَارَقَهُ، فَإِنَّ ذَلِكَ مَكْرُوهٌ لِأَنَّهُ يَدْخُلُهُ الدَّيْنُ بِالدَّيْنِ، وَقَدْ نُهِيَ عَنِ الْكَالِئِ بِالْكَالِئِ، فَإِنْ وَقَعَ فِي بَيْعِهِمَا أَجَلٌ فَإِنَّهُ مَكْرُوهٌ وَلَا يَحِلُّ فِيهِ تَأْخِيرٌ وَلَا نَظِرَةٌ، وَلَا يَصْلُحُ إِلَّا بِصِفَةٍ مَعْلُومَةٍ إِلَى أَجَلٍ مُسَمًّى، فَيَضْمَنُ ذَلِكَ الْبَائِعُ لِلْمُبْتَاعِ، وَلَا يُسَمَّى ذَلِكَ فِي حَائِطٍ بِعَيْنِهِ، وَلَا فِي غَنَمٍ بِأَعْيَانِهَا. ¤
Imam Malik, may Allah have mercy on him, said that if it is stipulated with the buyer that he may take as much milk as is drawn daily, or as much fruit as is picked daily, then it is permissible for him to take it every day. If the quantity purchased is not fully delivered, such as if the milk ceases or the fruit is destroyed, then the seller shall return to the buyer the price for what remains, or the buyer may take something else from the seller in exchange for it. However, it is not permissible for the buyer to leave the seller without taking anything; otherwise, it will be disliked, because this is a sale of one thing for another deferred, and the Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings be upon him, forbade this.
¤ وَسُئِلَ مَالِكٌ عَنِ الرَّجُلِ يَشْتَرِي مِنَ الرَّجُلِ الْحَائِطَ فِيهِ أَلْوَانٌ مِنَ النَّخْلِ مِنَ الْعَجْوَةِ وَالْكَبِيسِ وَالْعَذْقِ، وَغَيْرِ ذَلِكَ مِنْ أَلْوَانِ التَّمْرِ، فَيَسْتَثْنِي مِنْهَا ثَمَرَ النَّخْلَةِ أَوِ النَّخَلَاتِ يَخْتَارُهَا مِنْ نَخْلِهِ؟ فَقَالَ مَالِكٌ : ذَلِكَ لَا يَصْلُحُ لِأَنَّهُ إِذَا صَنَعَ ذَلِكَ تَرَكَ ثَمَرَ النَّخْلَةِ مِنَ الْعَجْوَةِ، وَمَكِيلَةُ ثَمَرِهَا خَمْسَةَ عَشَرَ صَاعًا وَأَخَذَ مَكَانَهَا ثَمَرَ نَخْلَةٍ مِنَ الْكَبِيسِ، وَمَكِيلَةُ ثَمَرِهَا عَشَرَةُ أَصْوُعٍ، فَإِنْ أَخَذَ الْعَجْوَةَ الَّتِي فِيهَا خَمْسَةَ عَشَرَ صَاعًا، وَتَرَكَ الَّتِي فِيهَا عَشْرَةُ أَصْوُعٍ مِنَ الْكَبِيسِ فَكَأَنَّهُ اشْتَرَى الْعَجْوَةَ بِالْكَبِيسِ مُتَفَاضِلًا. ¤
Imam Malik, may Allah have mercy on him, was asked: If someone sells the dates of a garden and there are several types of dates in it, such as Ajwah, Kabis, and 'Adhq, etc., but the buyer puts a condition that from this garden I will exclude one or several trees (i.e., I will exempt them from the sale)? So this is not permissible because if he leaves an Ajwah tree which had fifteen sa’ of dates and in exchange takes a Kabis tree which had ten sa’ of dates, or does the opposite, then it is as if he has sold Ajwah for Kabis with an increase or decrease, and this is not permissible.
قَالَ مَالِكٌ : وَذَلِكَ مِثْلُ أَنْ يَقُولَ الرَّجُلُ لِلرَّجُلِ بَيْنَ يَدَيْهِ صُبَرٌ مِنَ التَّمْرِ قَدْ صَبَّرَ الْعَجْوَةَ، فَجَعَلَهَا خَمْسَةَ عَشَرَ صَاعًا، وَجَعَلَ صُبْرَةَ الْكَبِيسِ عَشَرَةَ آصُعٍ، وَجَعَلَ صُبْرَةَ الْعَذْقِ اثْنَيْ عَشَرَ صَاعًا، فَأَعْطَى صَاحِبَ التَّمْرِ دِينَارًا عَلَى أَنَّهُ يَخْتَارُ فَيَأْخُذُ أَيَّ تِلْكَ الصُّبَرِ شَاءَ، قَالَ مَالِكٌ : فَهَذَا لَا يَصْلُحُ. ¤
Imam Malik, may Allah have mercy on him, said: The example of this is that a person makes three piles of dates, one of Ajwah which is fifteen saa’, one of Kabees which is ten saa’, and one of ‘Adhq which is twelve saa’. Then the buyer gives the seller of the dates one dinar on the condition that he will take whichever of the three piles he wishes. This is not permissible.
¤ وَسُئِلَ مَالِكٌ عَنِ الرَّجُلِ يَشْتَرِي الرُّطَبَ مِنْ صَاحِبِ الْحَائِطِ فَيُسْلِفُهُ الدِّينَارَ، مَاذَا لَهُ إِذَا ذَهَبَ رُطَبُ ذَلِكَ الْحَائِطِ؟ قَالَ مَالِكٌ : يُحَاسِبُ صَاحِبَ الْحَائِطِ ثُمَّ يَأْخُذُ مَا بَقِيَ لَهُ مِنْ دِينَارِهِ، إِنْ كَانَ أَخَذَ بِثُلُثَيْ دِينَارٍ رُطَبًا أَخَذَ ثُلُثَ الدِّينَارِ الَّذِي بَقِيَ لَهُ، وَإِنْ كَانَ أَخَذَ ثَلَاثَةَ أَرْبَاعِ دِينَارِهِ رُطَبًا، أَخَذَ الرُّبُعَ الَّذِي بَقِيَ لَهُ، أَوْ يَتَرَاضَيَانِ بَيْنَهُمَا، فَيَأْخُذُ بِمَا بَقِيَ لَهُ مِنْ دِينَارِهِ عِنْدَ صَاحِبِ الْحَائِطِ مَا بَدَا لَهُ إِنْ أَحَبَّ أَنْ يَأْخُذَ تَمْرًا أَوْ سِلْعَةً سِوَى التَّمْرِ أَخَذَهَا بِمَا فَضَلَ لَهُ، فَإِنْ أَخَذَ تَمْرًا أَوْ سِلْعَةً أُخْرَى فَلَا يُفَارِقْهُ حَتَّى يَسْتَوْفِيَ ذَلِكَ مِنْهُ. ¤ قَالَ مَالِكٌ : وَإِنَّمَا هَذَا بِمَنْزِلَةِ أَنْ يُكْرِيَ الرَّجُلُ الرَّجُلَ رَاحِلَةً بِعَيْنِهَا أَوْ يُؤَاجِرَ غُلَامَهُ الْخَيَّاطَ أَوِ النَّجَّارَ أَوِ الْعَمَّالَ لِغَيْرِ ذَلِكَ مِنَ الْأَعْمَالِ، أَوْ يُكْرِيَ مَسْكَنَهُ، وَيَسْتَلِفَ إِجَارَةَ ذَلِكَ الْغُلَامِ، أَوْ كِرَاءَ ذَلِكَ الْمَسْكَنِ، أَوْ تِلْكَ الرَّاحِلَةِ، ثُمَّ يَحْدُثُ فِي ذَلِكَ حَدَثٌ بِمَوْتٍ أَوْ غَيْرِ ذَلِكَ، فَيَرُدُّ رَبُّ الرَّاحِلَةِ، أَوِ الْعَبْدِ أَوِ الْمَسْكَنِ إِلَى الَّذِي سَلَّفَهُ مَا بَقِيَ مِنْ كِرَاءِ الرَّاحِلَةِ، أَوْ إِجَارَةِ الْعَبْدِ، أَوْ كِرَاءِ الْمَسْكَنِ، يُحَاسِبُ صَاحِبَهُ بِمَا اسْتَوْفَى مِنْ ذَلِكَ، إِنْ كَانَ اسْتَوْفَى نِصْفَ حَقِّهِ رَدَّ عَلَيْهِ النِّصْفَ الْبَاقِيَ الَّذِي لَهُ عِنْدَهُ، وَإِنْ كَانَ أَقَلَّ مِنْ ذَلِكَ أَوْ أَكْثَرَ فَبِحِسَابِ ذَلِكَ يَرُدُّ إِلَيْهِ مَا بَقِيَ لَهُ. ¤
Imam Malik (may Allah have mercy on him) was asked: If a person buys fresh dates from the owner of a garden and gives him one dinar in advance, then the dates in the garden become unavailable? Imam Malik (may Allah have mercy on him) replied: An account will be taken of how much of the dinar the seller is responsible for. If the buyer has already received dates worth two-thirds of a dinar, then he should receive the remaining one-third. If he has received dates worth three-fourths of a dinar, then he should receive the remaining one-fourth. Or, with the seller’s consent, the buyer may take some other fruit from his garden instead. However, when another fruit is fixed in exchange, it is necessary that he receives it immediately; there should be no delay in this, otherwise it will become a sale of debt for debt.
قَالَ مَالِكٌ : وَلَا يَصْلُحُ التَّسْلِيفُ فِي شَيْءٍ مِنْ هَذَا، يُسَلَّفُ فِيهِ بِعَيْنِهِ، إِلَّا أَنْ يَقْبِضَ الْمُسَلِّفُ مَا سَلَّفَ فِيهِ عِنْدَ دَفْعِهِ الذَّهَبَ إِلَى صَاحِبِهِ، يَقْبِضُ الْعَبْدَ أَوِ الرَّاحِلَةَ أَوِ الْمَسْكَنَ أَوْ يَبْدَأُ فِيمَا اشْتَرَى مِنَ الرُّطَبِ. فَيَأْخُذُ مِنْهُ عِنْدَ دَفْعِهِ الذَّهَبَ إِلَى صَاحِبِهِ، لَا يَصْلُحُ أَنْ يَكُونَ فِي شَيْءٍ مِنْ ذَلِكَ تَأْخِيرٌ وَلَا أَجَلٌ. ¤
Imam Malik, may Allah have mercy on him, said that its example is like a person who gives his camel or slave—who may be a tailor, carpenter, or engaged in some other work—on hire, or rents out a house, and takes the rent payment in advance. After this, if the camel or slave dies, or the house collapses, then the owner of the camel, slave, or house will calculate and return the portion of the wage that remains due. Suppose the lessee has received half of his right, then he will get half of the wage back.
قَالَ مَالِكٌ : وَتَفْسِيرُ مَا كُرِهَ مِنْ ذَلِكَ، أَنْ يَقُولَ الرَّجُلُ لِلرَّجُلِ : أُسَلِّفُكَ فِي رَاحِلَتِكَ فُلَانَةَ أَرْكَبُهَا فِي الْحَجِّ، وَبَيْنَهُ وَبَيْنَ الْحَجِّ أَجَلٌ مِنَ الزَّمَانِ، أَوْ يَقُولَ مِثْلَ ذَلِكَ فِي الْعَبْدِ أَوِ الْمَسْكَنِ، فَإِنَّهُ إِذَا صَنَعَ ذَلِكَ كَانَ إِنَّمَا يُسَلِّفُهُ ذَهَبًا، عَلَى أَنَّهُ إِنْ وَجَدَ تِلْكَ الرَّاحِلَةَ صَحِيحَةً لِذَلِكَ الْأَجَلِ الَّذِي سَمَّى لَهُ، فَهِيَ لَهُ بِذَلِكَ الْكِرَاءِ، وَإِنْ حَدَثَ بِهَا حَدَثٌ مِنْ مَوْتٍ أَوْ غَيْرِهِ رَدَّ عَلَيْهِ ذَهَبَهُ، وَكَانَتْ عَلَيْهِ عَلَى وَجْهِ السَّلَفِ عِنْدَهُ. ¤
Imam Malik, may Allah have mercy on him, said that in all these cases, giving advance payment (salam) is only permissible when, upon giving the payment, one takes possession of the slave, camel, or house, or begins to pick the fresh dates. It is not permissible if there is any delay or if a term is fixed.
قَالَ مَالِكٌ : وَإِنَّمَا فَرَقَ بَيْنَ ذَلِكَ الْقَبْضُ مَنْ قَبَضَ مَا اسْتَأْجَرَ أَوِ اسْتَكْرَى فَقَدْ خَرَجَ مِنَ الْغَرَرِ وَالسَّلَفِ الَّذِي يُكْرَهُ، وَأَخَذَ أَمْرًا مَعْلُومًا، وَإِنَّمَا مَثَلُ ذَلِكَ أَنْ يَشْتَرِيَ الرَّجُلُ الْعَبْدَ أَوِ الْوَلِيدَةَ فَيَقْبِضَهُمَا، وَيَنْقُدَ أَثْمَانَهُمَا، فَإِنْ حَدَثَ بِهِمَا حَدَثٌ مِنْ عُهْدَةِ السَّنَةِ، أَخَذَ ذَهَبَهُ مِنْ صَاحِبِهِ الَّذِي ابْتَاعَ مِنْهُ، فَهَذَا لَا بَأْسَ بِهِ وَبِهَذَا مَضَتِ السُّنَّةُ فِي بَيْعِ الرَّقِيقِ. ¤ قَالَ مَالِكٌ : وَمَنِ اسْتَأْجَرَ عَبْدًا بِعَيْنِهِ، أَوْ تَكَارَى رَاحِلَةً بِعَيْنِهَا إِلَى أَجَلٍ. يَقْبِضُ الْعَبْدَ أَوِ الرَّاحِلَةَ إِلَى ذَلِكَ الْأَجَلِ. فَقَدْ عَمِلَ بِمَا لَا يَصْلُحُ. لَا هُوَ قَبَضَ مَا اسْتَكْرَى أَوِ اسْتَأْجَرَ، وَلَا هُوَ سَلَّفَ فِي دَيْنٍ يَكُونُ ضَامِنًا عَلَى صَاحِبِهِ حَتَّى يَسْتَوْفِيَهُ.
Imam Malik, may Allah have mercy on him, said that it is disliked by the predecessors for a person to pay the rent for a camel and say to the owner of the camel that he will ride his camel during the days of Hajj, while there is still a long time left until Hajj, or to say something similar regarding a slave or a house. This situation is as if, if the camel, slave, or house remains until that time, he will benefit from it for that rent, and if the camel or slave dies or the house collapses, he will take back his rental money.
Imam Malik, may Allah have mercy on him, said that if a person, upon paying the rent, takes possession of the camel, slave, or house, then the objection is removed. Its example is that a person buys a slave or a maidservant, brings them into his possession, and pays their price. After that, if due to some defect, the slave or maidservant is returned, then the buyer takes back his payment from the seller, and there is nothing objectionable in this.
Imam Malik, may Allah have mercy on him, said that if a person rents a specific slave or camel and sets a fixed period for taking possession, meaning he says that from such-and-such date I will take the camel or slave into my possession and use, then this is not permissible, because neither the lessee has taken possession of the camel or slave, nor has the lessor. Such a debt is like a loan which the lessee is obliged to pay.
Imam Malik, may Allah have mercy on him, said that if a person rents a specific slave or camel and sets a fixed period for taking possession, meaning he says that from such-and-such date I will take the camel or slave into my possession and use, then this is not permissible, because neither the lessee has taken possession of the camel or slave, nor has the lessor. Such a debt is like a loan which the lessee is obliged to pay.
قَالَ مَالِكٌ : الْأَمْرُ الْمُجْتَمَعُ عَلَيْهِ عِنْدَنَا، أَنَّ مَنِ ابْتَاعَ شَيْئًا مِنَ الْفَاكِهَةِ مِنْ رَطْبِهَا أَوْ يَابِسِهَا، فَإِنَّهُ لَا يَبِيعُهُ حَتَّى يَسْتَوْفِيَهُ، وَلَا يُبَاعُ شَيْءٌ مِنْهَا بَعْضُهُ بِبَعْضٍ، إِلَّا يَدًا بِيَدٍ، وَمَا كَانَ مِنْهَا مِمَّا يَيْبَسُ، فَيَصِيرُ فَاكِهَةً يَابِسَةً تُدَّخَرُ، وَتُؤْكَلُ، فَلَا يُبَاعُ بَعْضُهُ بِبَعْضٍ إِلَّا يَدًا بِيَدٍ، وَمِثْلًا بِمِثْلٍ إِذَا كَانَ مِنْ صِنْفٍ وَاحِدٍ، فَإِنْ كَانَ مِنْ صِنْفَيْنِ مُخْتَلِفَيْنِ، فَلَا بَأْسَ بِأَنْ يُبَاعَ مِنْهُ اثْنَانِ بِوَاحِدٍ يَدًا بِيَدٍ، وَلَا يَصْلُحُ إِلَى أَجَلٍ، وَمَا كَانَ مِنْهَا مِمَّا لَا يَيْبَسُ وَلَا يُدَّخَرُ، وَإِنَّمَا يُؤْكَلُ رَطْبًا كَهَيْئَةِ الْبِطِّيخِ وَالْقِثَّاءِ وَالْخِرْبِزِ، وَالْجَزَرِ وَالْأُتْرُجِّ، وَالْمَوْزِ وَالرُّمَّانِ وَمَا كَانَ مِثْلَهُ، وَإِنْ يَبِسَ لَمْ يَكُنْ فَاكِهَةً بَعْدَ ذَلِكَ، وَلَيْسَ هُوَ مِمَّا يُدَّخَرُ، وَيَكُونُ فَاكِهَةً، قَالَ : فَأَرَاهُ حَقِيقًا أَنْ يُؤْخَذَ مِنْهُ مِنْ صِنْفٍ وَاحِدٍ اثْنَانِ بِوَاحِدٍ يَدًا بِيَدٍ، فَإِذَا لَمْ يَدْخُلْ فِيهِ شَيْءٌ مِنَ الْأَجَلِ فَإِنَّهُ لَا بَأْسَ بِهِ.
Imam Malik, may Allah have mercy on him, said: In our view, this ruling is agreed upon, that whoever buys any fruit, whether fresh or dry, should not sell it until he has taken possession of it. And if he sells fruit for fruit, it should be hand to hand. And if the fruit taken is such that it is eaten and stored after drying, and he sells it for fruit of the same kind, it should be hand to hand and equal in amount; any increase or decrease is not permissible in it. However, if the kinds are different, then increase or decrease is permissible, but it should be sold for cash; setting a term in it is not permissible. And the fruit which is not dried but eaten fresh, such as melon, cucumber, citron, banana, carrot, pomegranate, etc., if it is exchanged for one another, even if the kind is the same, it is permissible with increase or decrease, as long as there is no term set and it is hand to hand.
. قَالَ مَالِك : وَمِنْ ذَلِكَ أَيْضًا، أَنْ يَقُولَ الرَّجُلُ لِلرَّجُلِ، لَهُ الثَّوْبُ : أَضْمَنُ لَكَ مِنْ ثَوْبِكَ هَذَا كَذَا وَكَذَا ظِهَارَةَ قَلَنْسُوَةٍ قَدْرُ كُلِّ ظِهَارَةٍ كَذَا وَكَذَا لِشَيْءٍ يُسَمِّيهِ، فَمَا نَقَصَ مِنْ ذَلِكَ فَعَلَيَّ غُرْمُهُ حَتَّى أُوفِيَكَ، وَمَا زَادَ فَلِي . أَوْ أَنْ يَقُولَ الرَّجُلُ لِلرَّجُلِ : أَضْمَنُ لَكَ مِنْ ثِيَابِكَ هَذِي كَذَا وَكَذَا قَمِيصًا ذَرْعُ كُلِّ قَمِيصٍ كَذَا وَكَذَا، فَمَا نَقَصَ مِنْ ذَلِكَ فَعَلَيَّ غُرْمُهُ، وَمَا زَادَ عَلَى ذَلِكَ فَلِي . أَوْ أَنْ يَقُولَ الرَّجُلُ لِلرَّجُلِ، لَهُ الْجُلُودُ مِنْ جُلُودِ الْبَقَرِ أَوِ الْإِبِلِ : أُقَطِّعُ جُلُودَكَ هَذِهِ نِعَالًا عَلَى إِمَامٍ يُرِيهِ إِيَّاهُ، فَمَا نَقَصَ مِنْ مِائَةِ زَوْجٍ فَعَلَيَّ غُرْمُهُ، وَمَا زَادَ فَهُوَ لِي بِمَا ضَمِنْتُ لَكَ . وَمِمَّا يُشْبِهُ ذَلِكَ، أَنْ يَقُولَ الرَّجُلُ لِلرَّجُلِ عِنْدَهُ حَبُّ الْبَانِ : اعْصُرْ حَبَّكَ هَذَا، فَمَا نَقَصَ مِنْ كَذَا وَكَذَا رِطْلًا فَعَلَيَّ أَنْ أُعْطِيَكَهُ، وَمَا زَادَ فَهُوَ لِي . فَهَذَا كُلُّهُ وَمَا أَشْبَهَهُ مِنَ الْأَشْيَاءِ أَوْ ضَارَعَهُ مِنَ الْمُزَابَنَةِ الَّتِي لَا تَصْلُحُ وَلَا تَجُوزُ، وَكَذَلِكَ أَيْضًا إِذَا قَالَ الرَّجُلُ لِلرَّجُلِ لَهُ الْخَبَطُ أَوِ النَّوَى أَوِ الْكُرْسُفُ أَوِ الْكَتَّانُ أَوِ الْقَضْبُ أَوِ الْعُصْفُرُ : أَبْتَاعُ مِنْكَ هَذَا الْخَبَطَ بِكَذَا وَكَذَا صَاعًا مِنْ خَبَطٍ يُخْبَطُ مِثْلَ خَبَطِهِ، أَوْ هَذَا النَّوَى بِكَذَا وَكَذَا صَاعًا مِنْ نَوًى مِثْلِهِ . وَفِي الْعُصْفُرِ وَالْكُرْسُفِ وَالْكَتَّانِ وَالْقَضْبِ مِثْلَ ذَلِكَ فَهَذَا كُلُّهُ يَرْجِعُ إِلَى مَا وَصَفْنَا مِنَ الْمُزَابَنَةِ
Imam Malik, may Allah have mercy on him, said that similarly, if a person says to another that this cloth is sufficient for this many caps, if it falls short I will provide, and whatever is extra I will take, or that this cloth will make this many shirts, if it falls short I will give, and whatever is extra I will take, or that this many hides will make this many shoes, if it falls short I will give, and if there is extra I will take, or that this many seeds will yield this much oil, if it yields less I will give, and if it yields more it is mine, all of this falls under muzabana and is not permissible. Or if he says that in exchange for your heap I will give you this much leaves or pits or cotton or vegetables or safflower, weighed or measured, even if he sells each with its own kind, it is still not correct.
