موطا امام مالك رواية يحييٰ
Muwatta Malik (Yahya)
كتاب المكاتبBook: On the Explanation of Mukatib (Contracted Slave)
بَابُ مِيرَاثِ الْمُكَاتَبِ إِذَا عَتَقَ
Inheritance of the Mukatab if he is freed
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Hadith 1299
قَالَ مَالِك : إِذَا كَاتَبَ الْمُكَاتَبُ فَعَتَقَ، فَإِنَّمَا يَرِثُهُ أَوْلَى النَّاسِ بِمَنْ كَاتَبَهُ مِنَ الرِّجَالِ يَوْمَ تُوُفِّيَ الْمُكَاتَبُ مِنْ وَلَدٍ، أَوْ عَصَبَةٍ ¤
Imam Malik, may Allah have mercy on him, said that when a mukatab becomes free, his heir will be the person who made him a mukatab, or the closest male relative among the mukatab's relatives on the day the mukatab dies, whether it is a son or another 'asaba (male agnate).
قَالَ : وَهَذَا أَيْضًا فِي كُلِّ مَنْ أُعْتِقَ، فَإِنَّمَا مِيرَاثُهُ لِأَقْرَبِ النَّاسِ مِمَّنْ أَعْتَقَهُ مِنْ وَلَدٍ أَوْ عَصَبَةٍ مِنَ الرِّجَالِ يَوْمَ يَمُوتُ الْمُعْتَقُ، بَعْدَ أَنْ يَعْتِقَ وَيَصِيرَ مَوْرُوثًا بِالْوَلَاءِ . ¤
Imam Malik, may Allah have mercy on him, said that in this way, if a person is set free, then his inheritance will go to the closest relative of the one who set him free, whether it is a son or any other male agnate, on the day that the slave died.
قَالَ مَالِك : الْإِخْوَةُ فِي الْكِتَابَةِ بِمَنْزِلَةِ الْوَلَدِ، إِذَا كُوتِبُوا جَمِيعًا كِتَابَةً وَاحِدَةً إِذَا لَمْ يَكُنْ لِأَحَدٍ مِنْهُمْ وَلَدٌ كَاتَبَ عَلَيْهِمْ، أَوْ وُلِدُوا فِي كِتَابَتِهِ أَوْ كَاتَبَ عَلَيْهِمْ، ثُمَّ هَلَكَ أَحَدُهُمْ وَتَرَكَ مَالًا أُدِّيَ عَنْهُمْ جَمِيعُ مَا عَلَيْهِمْ مِنْ كِتَابَتِهِمْ وَعَتَقُوا، وَكَانَ فَضْلُ الْمَالِ بَعْدَ ذَلِكَ لِوَلَدِهِ دُونَ إِخْوَتِهِ ¤
Imam Malik, may Allah have mercy on him, said that if several brothers are collectively made mukatab, and they have no children who were born during the period of the contract of mukatabah, or who entered into the contract of mukatabah, then those brothers will inherit from one another. If any of them has a son who was born during the period of the contract of mukatabah, or upon whom the contract of mukatabah was enacted and he dies, then first, from his wealth, the total amount of the contract of mukatabah will be paid, and whatever remains will go to his children, not to his brothers.
قَالَ مَالِكٌ فِي رَجُلٍ كَاتَبَ عَبْدَهُ بِذَهَبٍ أَوْ وَرِقٍ. وَاشْتَرَطَ عَلَيْهِ فِي كِتَابَتِهِ سَفَرًا أَوْ خِدْمَةً أَوْ ضَحِيَّةً : إِنَّ كُلَّ شَيْءٍ مِنْ ذَلِكَ سَمَّى بِاسْمِهِ ثُمَّ قَوِيَ الْمُكَاتَبُ عَلَى أَدَاءِ نُجُومِهِ كُلِّهَا قَبْلَ مَحِلِّهَا. قَالَ: إِذَا أَدَّى نُجُومَهُ كُلَّهَا وَعَلَيْهِ هَذَا الشَّرْطُ عَتَقَ فَتَمَّتْ حُرْمَتُهُ وَنُظِرَ إِلَى مَا شَرَطَ عَلَيْهِ مِنْ خِدْمَةٍ أَوْ سَفَرٍ أَوْ مَا أَشْبَهَ ذَلِكَ. مِمَّا يُعَالِجُهُ هُوَ بِنَفْسِهِ. فَذَلِكَ مَوْضُوعٌ عَنْهُ لَيْسَ لِسَيِّدِهِ فِيهِ شَيْءٌ وَمَا كَانَ مِنْ ضَحِيَّةٍ أَوْ كِسْوَةٍ أَوْ شَيْءٍ يُؤَدِّيهِ. فَإِنَّمَا هُوَ بِمَنْزِلَةِ الدَّنَانِيرِ وَالدَّرَاهِمِ يُقَوَّمُ ذَلِكَ عَلَيْهِ فَيَدْفَعُهُ مَعَ نُجُومِهِ وَلَا يَعْتِقُ حَتَّى يَدْفَعَ ذَلِكَ مَعَ نُجُومِهِ. ¤
Imam Malik, may Allah have mercy on him, said that if a person makes his slave a mukatab (one who has a contract for freedom) for gold or silver, and sets a condition in the contract such as travel, service, or sacrifice, but specifies this condition, then if the mukatab becomes able to pay his installments before the due time and pays them, but this condition still remains upon him, he will become free, and his sanctity will be complete. Now, regarding this condition, if it is such that the mukatab himself has to fulfill it (like the condition of travel or service), then it will not be obligatory upon the mukatab, nor will the master have the right to demand its fulfillment. And if the condition is such that something has to be given, like the condition of sacrifice or clothing, then it will be like the dirhams and dinars; the value of that thing will be assessed and he will pay it along with his installments. Until he pays it, he will not be free.
قَالَ مَالِكٌ الْأَمْرُ الْمُجْتَمَعُ عَلَيْهِ عِنْدَنَا الَّذِي لَا اخْتِلَافَ فِيهِ أَنَّ الْمُكَاتَبَ بِمَنْزِلَةِ عَبْدٍ أَعْتَقَهُ سَيِّدُهُ بَعْدَ خِدْمَةِ عَشْرِ سِنِينَ. فَإِذَا هَلَكَ سَيِّدُهُ الَّذِي أَعْتَقَهُ قَبْلَ عَشْرِ سِنِينَ. فَإِنَّ مَا بَقِيَ عَلَيْهِ مِنْ خِدْمَتِهِ لِوَرَثَتِهِ وَكَانَ وَلَاؤُهُ لِلَّذِي عَقَدَ عِتْقَهُ وَلِوَلَدِهِ مِنَ الرِّجَالِ أَوِ الْعَصَبَةِ. ¤
Imam Malik, may Allah have mercy on him, said that a mukatab is like a slave whom the master sets free after ten years of service. If the master dies and ten years have not passed, then he will complete the ten years of service with the heirs, and the wala’ will go to the one who established his freedom, or to his male offspring or to his asabah (male relatives through the father).
قَالَ مَالِكٌ فِي الرَّجُلِ يَشْتَرِطُ عَلَى مُكَاتَبِهِ أَنَّكَ لَا تُسَافِرُ وَلَا تَنْكِحُ وَلَا تَخْرُجُ مِنْ أَرْضِي إِلَّا بِإِذْنِي : فَإِنْ فَعَلْتَ شَيْئًا مِنْ ذَلِكَ بِغَيْرِ إِذْنِي فَمَحْوُ كِتَابَتِكَ بِيَدِي. قَالَ مَالِكٌ : لَيْسَ مَحْوُ كِتَابَتِهِ بِيَدِهِ إِنْ فَعَلَ الْمُكَاتَبُ شَيْئًا مِنْ ذَلِكَ. وَلْيَرْفَعْ سَيِّدُهُ ذَلِكَ إِلَى السُّلْطَانِ وَلَيْسَ لِلْمُكَاتَبِ أَنْ يَنْكِحَ وَلَا يُسَافِرَ وَلَا يَخْرُجَ مِنْ أَرْضِ سَيِّدِهِ. إِلَّا بِإِذْنِهِ اشْتَرَطَ ذَلِكَ أَوْ لَمْ يَشْتَرِطْهُ. وَذَلِكَ أَنَّ الرَّجُلَ يُكَاتِبُ عَبْدَهُ بِمِائَةِ دِينَارٍ وَلَهُ أَلْفُ دِينَارٍ أَوْ أَكْثَرُ مِنْ ذَلِكَ فَيَنْطَلِقُ فَيَنْكِحُ الْمَرْأَةَ فَيُصْدِقُهَا الصَّدَاقَ الَّذِي يُجْحِفُ بِمَالِهِ وَيَكُونُ فِيهِ عَجْزُهُ فَيَرْجِعُ إِلَى سَيِّدِهِ عَبْدًا لَا مَالَ لَهُ. أَوْ يُسَافِرُ فَتَحِلُّ نُجُومُهُ وَهُوَ غَائِبٌ فَلَيْسَ ذَلِكَ لَهُ وَلَا عَلَى ذَلِكَ كَاتَبَهُ. وَذَلِكَ بِيَدِ سَيِّدِهِ إِنْ شَاءَ أَذِنَ لَهُ فِي ذَلِكَ وَإِنْ شَاءَ مَنَعَهُ.
Imam Malik, may Allah have mercy on him, said that if a person stipulates with his mukatab (contracted slave) that he should not travel, or not marry, or not leave his land without his permission, and if he does so, then it will be in his (the master’s) power to annul the contract of manumission. In this case, the annulment of the contract will not be in his power, even if the mukatab does any of these things. If the master annuls the contract of the mukatab, then the mukatab should complain to the judge, who will rule that the contract cannot be annulled. However, it is necessary that the mukatab should not marry, travel, or leave the land without the master’s permission, whether this condition was stipulated or not. The reason for this is that a man contracts his slave for one hundred dinars, and the slave has a thousand dinars with him, so he marries and spends those dinars as dowry, then becomes helpless and returns to the master, having neither wealth nor anything else. In this, there is complete loss for the master. Or the mukatab travels, and the time for the installments arrives, but he is not present, so in this there is hardship for the master. For this reason, it is not proper for the mukatab to marry or travel without the master’s permission; rather, the authority over these matters belongs to the master, whether he permits or forbids.
قَالَ مَالِكٌ : إِنَّ الْمُكَاتَبَ إِذَا أَعْتَقَ عَبْدَهُ إِنَّ ذَلِكَ غَيْرُ جَائِزٍ لَهُ. إِلَّا بِإِذْنِ سَيِّدِهِ فَإِنْ أَجَازَ ذَلِكَ سَيِّدُهُ لَهُ ثُمَّ عَتَقَ الْمُكَاتَبُ كَانَ وَلَاؤُهُ لِلْمُكَاتَبِ. وَإِنْ مَاتَ الْمُكَاتَبُ قَبْلَ أَنْ يُعْتَقَ كَانَ وَلَاءُ الْمُعْتَقِ لِسَيِّدِ الْمُكَاتَبِ وَإِنْ مَاتَ الْمُعْتَقُ قَبْلَ أَنْ يُعْتَقَ الْمُكَاتَبُ وَرِثَهُ سَيِّدُ الْمُكَاتَبِ¤
Imam Malik, may Allah have mercy on him, said that if a mukatab (a slave with a contract for freedom) also makes his own slave a mukatab, and then the mukatab of the mukatab is freed before the original mukatab, then his wala’ (right of allegiance) will go to the mawla (master) of the original mukatab until the original mukatab is freed. When the original mukatab is freed, the wala’ of his mukatab will return to him. If the mukatab dies or becomes incapable before paying off the contract, then his free children will not receive the wala’ of their father’s mukatab, because their father did not have the right to wala’, as he was not freed.
قَالَ مَالِكٌ : وَكَذَلِكَ أَيْضًا لَوْ كَاتَبَ الْمُكَاتَبُ عَبْدًا فَعَتَقَ الْمُكَاتَبُ الْآخَرُ قَبْلَ سَيِّدِهِ الَّذِي كَاتَبَهُ فَإِنَّ وَلَاءَهُ لِسَيِّدِ الْمُكَاتَبِ مَا لَمْ يَعْتِقِ الْمُكَاتَبُ الْأَوَّلُ الَّذِي كَاتَبَهُ. فَإِنْ عَتَقَ الَّذِي كَاتَبَهُ رَجَعَ إِلَيْهِ وَلَاءُ مُكَاتَبِهِ الَّذِي كَانَ عَتَقَ قَبْلَهُ. وَإِنْ مَاتَ الْمُكَاتَبُ الْأَوَّلُ قَبْلَ أَنْ يُؤَدِّيَ أَوْ عَجَزَ عَنْ كِتَابَتِهِ وَلَهُ وَلَدٌ أَحْرَارٌ لَمْ يَرِثُوا وَلَاءَ مُكَاتَبِ أَبِيهِمْ لِأَنَّهُ لَمْ يَثْبُتْ لِأَبِيهِمُ الْوَلَاءُ. وَلَا يَكُونُ لَهُ الْوَلَاءُ حَتَّى يَعْتِقَ. ¤
Imam Malik, may Allah have mercy on him, said that if a mukatab (contracted slave) is jointly owned by two men, and then one of them waives his right but the other does not, and then the mukatab dies and leaves wealth, then the one who did not waive his right will take his due, and whatever wealth remains will be divided between both of them as if he had died in the state of slavery, because the one who waived his right did not set him free, rather he only forgave his own right.
قَالَ مَالِكٌ فِي الْمُكَاتَبِ يَكُونُ بَيْنَ الرَّجُلَيْنِ فَيَتْرُكُ أَحَدُهُمَا لِلْمُكَاتَبِ الَّذِي لَهُ عَلَيْهِ وَيَشِحُّ الْآخَرُ ثُمَّ يَمُوتُ الْمُكَاتَبُ وَيَتْرُكُ مَالًا. قَالَ مَالِكٌ : يَقْضِي الَّذِي لَمْ يَتْرُكْ لَهُ شَيْئًا مَا بَقِيَ لَهُ عَلَيْهِ. ثُمَّ يَقْتَسِمَانِ الْمَالَ كَهَيْئَتِهِ لَوْ مَاتَ عَبْدًا لِأَنَّ الَّذِي صَنَعَ لَيْسَ بِعَتَاقَةٍ. وَإِنَّمَا تَرَكَ مَا كَانَ لَهُ عَلَيْهِ. ¤
Malik said about the mukatab who is between two men, and one of them leaves to the mukatab what he has against him, and the other withholds, then the mukatab dies and leaves wealth. Malik said: The one who did not leave him anything is to be given what remains due to him. Then they divide the wealth as if he had died a slave, because what was done is not emancipation, but rather he only left what was due to him.
قَالَ مَالِكٌ وَمِمَّا يُبَيِّنُ ذَلِكَ : أَنَّ الرَّجُلَ إِذَا مَاتَ وَتَرَكَ مُكَاتَبًا وَتَرَكَ بَنِينَ رِجَالًا وَنِسَاءً. ثُمَّ أَعْتَقَ أَحَدُ الْبَنِينَ نَصِيبَهُ مِنَ الْمُكَاتَبِ إِنَّ ذَلِكَ لَا يُثْبِتُ لَهُ مِنَ الْوَلَاءِ شَيْئًا وَلَوْ كَانَتْ عَتَاقَةً لَثَبَتَ الْوَلَاءُ لِمَنْ أَعْتَقَ مِنْهُمْ مِنْ رِجَالِهِمْ وَنِسَائِهِمْ. ¤
Imam Malik, may Allah have mercy on him, said: The evidence for this is: A man died and left behind a mukatab and also left behind sons and daughters. Then one of the daughters freed her share, so the wala’ would not be established for her. If this had been emancipation, then the wala’ would necessarily be established for her.
قَالَ مَالِكٌ : وَمِمَّا يُبَيِّنُ ذَلِكَ أَيْضًا أَنَّهُمْ إِذَا أَعْتَقَ أَحَدُهُمْ نَصِيبَهُ ثُمَّ عَجَزَ الْمُكَاتَبُ لَمْ يُقَوَّمْ عَلَى الَّذِي أَعْتَقَ نَصِيبَهُ مَا بَقِيَ مِنَ الْمُكَاتَبِ وَلَوْ كَانَتْ عَتَاقَةً قُوِّمَ عَلَيْهِ حَتَّى يَعْتِقَ فِي مَالِهِ كَمَا قَالَ رَسُولُ اللّٰهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ : ” مَنْ أَعْتَقَ شِرْكًا لَهُ فِي عَبْدٍ قُوِّمَ عَلَيْهِ قِيمَةَ الْعَدْلِ. فَإِنْ لَمْ يَكُنْ لَهُ مَالٌ عَتَقَ مِنْهُ مَا عَتَقَ.“ ¤
Imam Malik, may Allah have mercy on him, said that this is also evidence that if a person frees his share and then the mukatab becomes free, the one who freed his share will not have to pay the price of the remaining shares. If this was considered emancipation, then according to the hadith, he would have to pay the price of the shares of the others.
قَالَ مَالِكٌ : وَمِمَّا يُبَيِّنُ ذَلِكَ أَيْضًا أَنَّ مِنْ سُنَّةِ الْمُسْلِمِينَ الَّتِي لَا اخْتِلَافَ فِيهَا. أَنَّ مَنْ أَعْتَقَ شِرْكًا لَهُ فِي مُكَاتَبٍ لَمْ يُعْتَقْ عَلَيْهِ فِي مَالِهِ وَلَوْ عَتَقَ عَلَيْهِ. كَانَ الْوَلَاءُ لَهُ دُونَ شُرَكَائِهِ. ¤
Imam Malik, may Allah have mercy on him, said that another proof of this is that the practice of the Muslims, about which there is no difference, is that if a person frees a share from a mukatab, then he will not be freed from his wealth, because if it were so, the wala’ would go to him and not to his partners.
قَالَ مَالِكٌ : وَمِمَّا يُبَيِّنُ ذَلِكَ أَيْضًا أَنَّ مِنْ سُنَّةِ الْمُسْلِمِينَ أَنَّ الْوَلَاءَ لِمَنْ عَقَدَ الْكِتَابَةَ. وَأَنَّهُ لَيْسَ لِمَنْ وَرِثَ سَيِّدَ الْمُكَاتَبِ مِنَ النِّسَاءِ مِنْ وَلَاءِ الْمُكَاتَبِ. وَإِنْ أَعْتَقْنَ نَصِيبَهُنَّ شَيْءٌ إِنَّمَا وَلَاؤُهُ لِوَلَدِ سَيِّدِ الْمُكَاتَبِ الذُّكُورِ أَوْ عَصَبَتِهِ مِنَ الرِّجَالِ.
Imam Malik, may Allah have mercy on him, said that another proof of this is that the practice of the Muslims is also that the person who enters into a contract of kitabah, the wala’ will go to him, and among the heirs of the master of the mukatab, the women will not receive the wala’, even if they free a portion themselves. Rather, the wala’ will go to the sons of the master of the mukatab or to other male agnates.
قَالَ مَالِكٌ : إِذَا كَانَ الْقَوْمُ جَمِيعًا فِي كِتَابَةٍ وَاحِدَةٍ. لَمْ يُعْتِقْ سَيِّدُهُمْ أَحَدًا مِنْهُمْ دُونَ مُؤَامَرَةِ أَصْحَابِهِ الَّذِينَ مَعَهُ فِي الْكِتَابَةِ وَرِضًا مِنْهُمْ. وَإِنْ كَانُوا صِغَارًا فَلَيْسَ مُؤَامَرَتُهُمْ بِشَيْءٍ. وَلَا يَجُوزُ ذَلِكَ عَلَيْهِمْ. .
Imam Malik, may Allah have mercy on him, said that if several slaves are contracted as mukatab (contracted for emancipation) in a single agreement, the master cannot free one of the slaves unless the other mukatab slaves agree. If they are minors, their consent is not considered. The reason for this is that among several slaves, one slave may be very clever and hardworking, and it is expected that through his labor and effort, he may also secure the freedom of the others. The master might then free only that person so that the remaining slaves, being unable to work as hard, would remain slaves. This is not permissible, because it causes harm to the remaining slaves, and the Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings be upon him, said: "There is no harm in Islam."
قَالَ : وَذَلِكَ أَنَّ الرَّجُلَ رُبَّمَا كَانَ يَسْعَى عَلَى جَمِيعِ الْقَوْمِ وَيُؤَدِّي عَنْهُمْ كِتَابَتَهُمْ لِتَتِمَّ بِهِ عَتَاقَتُهُمْ فَيَعْمِدُ السَّيِّدُ إِلَى الَّذِي يُؤَدِّي عَنْهُمْ. وَبِهِ نَجَاتُهُمْ مِنَ الرِّقِّ، فَيُعْتِقُهُ. فَيَكُونُ ذَلِكَ عَجْزًا لِمَنْ بَقِيَ مِنْهُمْ وَإِنَّمَا أَرَادَ بِذَلِكَ الْفَضْلَ وَالزِّيَادَةَ لِنَفْسِهِ فَلَا يَجُوزُ ذَلِكَ عَلَى مَنْ بَقِيَ مِنْهُمْ وَقَدْ قَالَ رَسُولُ اللّٰهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ : ” لَا ضَرَرَ وَلَا ضِرَارَ وَهَذَا أَشَدُّ الضَّرَرِ.“
He said: That is because a man might be striving on behalf of all the people and paying their contract so that their emancipation would be completed through him. Then the master would single out the one who is paying on their behalf, and through whom is their salvation from slavery, and emancipate him. That would be a disadvantage for those who remain, and he only intended by that to gain virtue and increase for himself. So that is not permissible regarding those who remain among them. And the Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings be upon him, said: "There is to be no harm and no reciprocating harm, and this is the greatest harm."
قَالَ مَالِكٌ فِي الْعَبِيدِ يُكَاتَبُونَ جَمِيعًا : إِنَّ لِسَيِّدِهِمْ أَنْ يُعْتِقَ مِنْهُمُ الْكَبِيرَ الْفَانِيَ وَالصَّغِيرَ الَّذِي لَا يُؤَدِّي وَاحِدٌ مِنْهُمَا شَيْئًا وَلَيْسَ عِنْدَ وَاحِدٍ مِنْهُمَا عَوْنٌ وَلَا قُوَّةٌ فِي كِتَابَتِهِمْ فَذَلِكَ جَائِزٌ لَهُ.
Imam Malik, may Allah have mercy on him, said that if several slaves are contracted for manumission (mukatab), and among them there is a slave who is either extremely old or very young, such that the other slaves do not receive any help from him in fulfilling the payment of the contract, then it is permissible for the master to free him.
قَالَ مَالِكٌ فِي الرَّجُلِ يُكَاتِبُ عَبْدَهُ. ثُمَّ يَمُوتُ الْمُكَاتَبُ وَيَتْرُكُ أُمَّ وَلَدِهِ. وَقَدْ بَقِيَتْ عَلَيْهِ مِنْ كِتَابَتِهِ بَقِيَّةٌ وَيَتْرُكُ وَفَاءً بِمَا عَلَيْهِ : إِنَّ أُمَّ وَلَدِهِ أَمَةٌ مَمْلُوكَةٌ حِينَ لَمْ يُعْتَقِ الْمُكَاتَبُ حَتَّى مَاتَ. وَلَمْ يَتْرُكْ وَلَدًا فَيُعْتَقُونَ بِأَدَاءِ مَا بَقِيَ فَتُعْتَقُ أُمُّ وَلَدِ أَبِيهِمْ بِعِتْقِهِمْ. ¤
Imam Malik, may Allah have mercy on him, said that if a person makes his slave a mukatab (one who has a contract for freedom), then the mukatab dies and leaves behind an umm walad (a slave woman who has borne a child to her master), and leaves behind enough wealth to fulfill the contract of kitabah, then that umm walad will become the slave of the mukatab’s master, because the mukatab was not free at the time of his death, nor did he leave behind any offspring by whom the umm walad would also become free.
قَالَ مَالِكٌ : فِي الْمُكَاتَبِ يُعْتِقُ عَبْدًا لَهُ أَوْ يَتَصَدَّقُ بِبَعْضِ مَالِهِ وَلَمْ يَعْلَمْ بِذَلِكَ سَيِّدُهُ حَتَّى عَتَقَ الْمُكَاتَبُ. قَالَ مَالِكٌ : يَنْفُذُ ذَلِكَ عَلَيْهِ وَلَيْسَ لِلْمُكَاتَبِ أَنْ يَرْجِعَ فِيهِ فَإِنْ عَلِمَ سَيِّدُ الْمُكَاتَبِ قَبْلَ أَنْ يَعْتِقَ الْمُكَاتَبُ فَرَدَّ ذَلِكَ وَلَمْ يُجِزْهُ فَإِنَّهُ إِنْ عَتَقَ الْمُكَاتَبُ وَذَلِكَ فِي يَدِهِ لَمْ يَكُنْ عَلَيْهِ أَنْ يُعْتِقَ ذَلِكَ الْعَبْدَ وَلَا أَنْ يُخْرِجَ تِلْكَ الصَّدَقَةَ إِلَّا أَنْ يَفْعَلَ ذَلِكَ طَائِعًا مِنْ عِنْدِ نَفْسِهِ.
Imam Malik, may Allah have mercy on him, said that if a mukatab frees his slave, or gives some of his wealth in charity, and the master is not informed of this until the mukatab becomes free, then after his freedom, the mukatab cannot invalidate that charity or emancipation. However, if the master is informed of it before the mukatab's freedom and does not give permission, then that charity or emancipation becomes void. In this case, it is not obligatory for the mukatab to free that slave again or give charity after his freedom, but he may do so willingly.
قَالَ مَالِكٌ إِنَّ أَحْسَنَ مَا سَمِعْتُ فِي الْمُكَاتَبِ يُعْتِقُهُ سَيِّدُهُ عِنْدَ الْمَوْتِ : أَنَّ الْمُكَاتَبَ يُقَامُ عَلَى هَيْئَتِهِ تِلْكَ الَّتِي لَوْ بِيعَ كَانَ ذَلِكَ الثَّمَنَ الَّذِي يَبْلُغُ فَإِنْ كَانَتِ الْقِيمَةُ أَقَلَّ مِمَّا بَقِيَ عَلَيْهِ مِنَ الْكِتَابَةِ وُضِعَ ذَلِكَ فِي ثُلُثِ الْمَيِّتِ. وَلَمْ يُنْظَرْ إِلَى عَدَدِ الدَّرَاهِمِ الَّتِي بَقِيَتْ عَلَيْهِ. وَذَلِكَ أَنَّهُ لَوْ قُتِلَ لَمْ يَغْرَمْ قَاتِلُهُ إِلَّا قِيمَتَهُ يَوْمَ قَتْلِهِ وَلَوْ جُرِحَ لَمْ يَغْرَمْ جَارِحُهُ إِلَّا دِيَةَ جَرْحِهِ يَوْمَ جَرَحَهُ. وَلَا يُنْظَرُ فِي شَيْءٍ مِنْ ذَلِكَ إِلَى مَا كُوتِبَ عَلَيْهِ مِنَ الدَّنَانِيرِ وَالدَّرَاهِمِ. لِأَنَّهُ عَبْدٌ مَا بَقِيَ عَلَيْهِ مِنْ كِتَابَتِهِ شَيْءٌ وَإِنْ كَانَ الَّذِي بَقِيَ عَلَيْهِ مِنْ كِتَابَتِهِ أَقَلَّ مِنْ قِيمَتِهِ لَمْ يُحْسَبْ فِي ثُلُثِ الْمَيِّتِ إِلَّا مَا بَقِيَ عَلَيْهِ مِنْ كِتَابَتِهِ. وَذَلِكَ أَنَّهُ إِنَّمَا تَرَكَ الْمَيِّتُ لَهُ مَا بَقِيَ عَلَيْهِ مِنْ كِتَابَتِهِ فَصَارَتْ وَصِيَّةً أَوْصَى بِهَا. ¤
Imam Malik, may Allah have mercy on him, said that if a mukatab owes his master one thousand dirhams, and then at the time of death the master forgives one thousand dirhams, the value of the mukatab will be assessed. If his value is one thousand dirhams, then it is as if one-tenth of the contract of manumission has been forgiven, and according to the value, if it is two hundred dirhams, then it is as if one-tenth of the value has been forgiven. Its example is such that if the master forgives the entire amount of the contract, then in the one-third of the wealth, only the value of the mukatab will be considered, that is, one thousand dirhams. If he forgives half, then in the one-third of the wealth, half will be considered. If it is less or more than that, it will also be according to this calculation.
قَالَ مَالِكٌ : وَتَفْسِيرُ ذَلِكَ أَنَّهُ لَوْ كَانَتْ قِيمَةُ الْمُكَاتَبِ أَلْفَ دِرْهَمٍ وَلَمْ يَبْقَ مِنْ كِتَابَتِهِ إِلَّا مِائَةُ دِرْهَمٍ. فَأَوْصَى سَيِّدُهُ لَهُ بِالْمِائَةِ دِرْهَمٍ الَّتِي بَقِيَتْ عَلَيْهِ. حُسِبَتْ لَهُ فِي ثُلُثِ سَيِّدِهِ فَصَارَ حُرًّا بِهَا. ¤
Imam Malik, may Allah have mercy on him, said that if a person, at the time of his death, pardons his mukatab from a thousand dirhams, but does not specify in which installment this pardon will apply, whether in the first or the last, then one-tenth will be pardoned from each installment.
قَالَ مَالِكٌ فِي رَجُلٍ كَاتَبَ عَبْدَهُ عِنْدَ مَوْتِهِ : إِنَّهُ يُقَوَّمُ عَبْدًا. فَإِنْ كَانَ فِي ثُلُثِهِ سَعَةٌ لِثَمَنِ الْعَبْدِ جَازَ لَهُ ذَلِكَ. ¤
Imam Malik, may Allah have mercy on him, said that when a man forgives his mukatab (contracted slave) a thousand dirhams either at the beginning or at the end of the contract, and the total amount of the contract is three thousand dirhams, then the value of the mukatab will be assessed, and then this value will be divided for each thousand. The value of the thousand whose term is shorter will be less compared to the thousand that comes after it. Similarly, the thousand that is at the very end will have the least value, because as the term increases, the value decreases accordingly. Then, the value that falls upon the thousand which has been forgiven will be deducted from the one-third of the wealth. If it is less or more than that, it will also be according to this calculation.
قَالَ مَالِكٌ وَتَفْسِيرُ ذَلِكَ : أَنْ تَكُونَ قِيمَةُ الْعَبْدِ أَلْفَ دِينَارٍ. فَيُكَاتِبُهُ سَيِّدُهُ عَلَى مِائَتَيْ دِينَارٍ عِنْدَ مَوْتِهِ فَيَكُونُ ثُلُثُ مَالِ سَيِّدِهِ أَلْفَ دِينَارٍ. فَذَلِكَ جَائِزٌ لَهُ. وَإِنَّمَا هِيَ وَصِيَّةٌ أَوْصَى لَهُ بِهَا فِي ثُلُثِهِ فَإِنْ كَانَ السَّيِّدُ قَدْ أَوْصَى لِقَوْمٍ بِوَصَايَا. وَلَيْسَ فِي الثُّلُثِ فَضْلٌ عَنْ قِيمَةِ الْمُكَاتَبِ، بُدِئَ بِالْمُكَاتَبِ. لِأَنَّ الْكِتَابَةَ عَتَاقَةٌ. وَالْعَتَاقَةُ تُبَدَّأُ عَلَى الْوَصَايَا، ثُمَّ تُجْعَلُ تِلْكَ الْوَصَايَا فِي كِتَابَةِ الْمُكَاتَبِ يَتْبَعُونَهُ بِهَا وَيُخَيَّرُ وَرَثَةُ الْمُوصِي. فَإِنْ أَحَبُّوا أَنْ يُعْطُوا أَهْلَ الْوَصَايَا وَصَايَاهُمْ كَامِلَةً وَتَكُونُ كِتَابَةُ الْمُكَاتَبِ لَهُمْ. فَذَلِكَ لَهُمْ وَإِنْ أَبَوْا وَأَسْلَمُوا الْمُكَاتَبَ وَمَا عَلَيْهِ إِلَى أَهْلِ الْوَصَايَا. فَذَلِكَ لَهُمْ لِأَنَّ الثُّلُثَ صَارَ فِي الْمُكَاتَبِ وَلِأَنَّ كُلَّ وَصِيَّةٍ أَوْصَى بِهَا أَحَدٌ فَقَالَ : الْوَرَثَةُ الَّذِي أَوْصَى بِهِ صَاحِبُنَا أَكْثَرُ مِنْ ثُلُثِهِ. وَقَدْ أَخَذَ مَا لَيْسَ لَهُ. قَالَ: فَإِنَّ وَرَثَتَهُ يُخَيَّرُونَ. فَيُقَالُ لَهُمْ قَدْ أَوْصَى صَاحِبُكُمْ بِمَا قَدْ عَلِمْتُمْ. فَإِنْ أَحْبَبْتُمْ أَنْ تُنَفِّذُوا ذَلِكَ لِأَهْلِهِ عَلَى مَا أَوْصَى بِهِ الْمَيِّتُ وَإِلَّا فَأَسْلِمُوا إِلَى أَهْلِ الْوَصَايَا ثُلُثَ مَالِ الْمَيِّتِ كُلِّهِ. قَالَ فَإِنْ أَسْلَمَ الْوَرَثَةُ الْمُكَاتَبَ إِلَى أَهْلِ الْوَصَايَا. كَانَ لِأَهْلِ الْوَصَايَا مَا عَلَيْهِ مِنَ الْكِتَابَةِ فَإِنْ أَدَّى الْمُكَاتَبُ مَا عَلَيْهِ مِنَ الْكِتَابَةِ أَخَذُوا ذَلِكَ فِي وَصَايَاهُمْ عَلَى قَدْرِ حِصَصِهِمْ وَإِنْ عَجَزَ الْمُكَاتَبُ كَانَ عَبْدًا لِأَهْلِ الْوَصَايَا لَا يَرْجِعُ إِلَى أَهْلِ الْمِيرَاثِ لِأَنَّهُمْ تَرَكُوهُ حِينَ خُيِّرُوا. وَلِأَنَّ أَهْلَ الْوَصَايَا حِينَ أُسْلِمَ إِلَيْهِمْ ضَمِنُوهُ فَلَوْ مَاتَ لَمْ يَكُنْ لَهُمْ عَلَى الْوَرَثَةِ شَيْءٌ وَإِنْ مَاتَ الْمُكَاتَبُ قَبْلَ أَنْ يُؤَدِّيَ كِتَابَتَهُ وَتَرَكَ مَالًا هُوَ أَكْثَرُ مِمَّا عَلَيْهِ. فَمَالُهُ لِأَهْلِ الْوَصَايَا. وَإِنْ أَدَّى الْمُكَاتَبُ مَا عَلَيْهِ عَتَقَ وَرَجَعَ وَلَاؤُهُ إِلَى عَصَبَةِ الَّذِي عَقَدَ كِتَابَتَهُ. ¤
Imam Malik, may Allah have mercy on him, said: If a person, at the time of death, made a bequest of a quarter of a mukatab for someone, and freed a quarter, then that person died, and after that the mukatab died and left behind wealth more than the price of his contract of manumission, then the heirs of the master and the legatee will be given as much as the remaining price of the contract of manumission. Then, whatever wealth remains, one third of it will go to the legatee and two thirds to the heirs.
قَالَ مَالِكٌ : فِي الْمُكَاتَبِ يَكُونُ لِسَيِّدِهِ عَلَيْهِ عَشَرَةُ آلَافِ دِرْهَمٍ فَيَضَعُ عَنْهُ عِنْدَ مَوْتِهِ أَلْفَ دِرْهَمٍ. قَالَ مَالِكٌ : يُقَوَّمُ الْمُكَاتَبُ فَيُنْظَرُ كَمْ قِيمَتُهُ. فَإِنْ كَانَتْ قِيمَتُهُ أَلْفَ دِرْهَمٍ فَالَّذِي وُضِعَ عَنْهُ عُشْرُ الْكِتَابَةِ. وَذَلِكَ فِي الْقِيمَةِ مِائَةُ دِرْهَمٍ. وَهُوَ عُشْرُ الْقِيمَةِ فَيُوضَعُ عَنْهُ عُشْرُ الْكِتَابَةِ فَيَصِيرُ ذَلِكَ إِلَى عُشْرِ الْقِيمَةِ نَقْدًا. وَإِنَّمَا ذَلِكَ كَهَيْئَتِهِ لَوْ وُضِعَ عَنْهُ جَمِيعُ مَا عَلَيْهِ وَلَوْ فَعَلَ ذَلِكَ لَمْ يُحْسَبْ فِي ثُلُثِ مَالِ الْمَيِّتِ إِلَّا قِيمَةُ الْمُكَاتَبِ أَلْفُ دِرْهَمٍ. وَإِنْ كَانَ الَّذِي وُضِعَ عَنْهُ نِصْفُ الْكِتَابَةِ حُسِبَ فِي ثُلُثِ مَالِ الْمَيِّتِ نِصْفُ الْقِيمَةِ. وَإِنْ كَانَ أَقَلَّ مِنْ ذَلِكَ أَوْ أَكْثَرَ فَهُوَ عَلَى هَذَا الْحِسَابِ. ¤
Imam Malik, may Allah have mercy on him, said that if a master frees his mukatab at the time of his death, and he cannot be freed from the one-third, then he will be freed to the extent possible, and that much of the price of the contract of manumission will be waived. For example, if the mukatab owed five thousand dirhams and his value was two thousand dirhams, and the deceased's one-third estate is one thousand dirhams, then half of the mukatab will be freed and half of the contract price, that is, two and a half thousand rupees, will be waived.
قَالَ مَالِكٌ : إِذَا وَضَعَ الرَّجُلُ عَنْ مُكَاتَبِهِ عِنْدَ مَوْتِهِ أَلْفَ دِرْهَمٍ مِنْ عَشَرَةِ آلَافِ دِرْهَمٍ وَلَمْ يُسَمِّ أَنَّهَا مِنْ أَوَّلِ كِتَابَتِهِ أَوْ مِنْ آخِرِهَا. وُضِعَ عَنْهُ مِنْ كُلِّ نَجْمٍ عُشْرُهُ. ¤
Imam Malik, may Allah have mercy on him, said that if a person made a bequest that a certain slave of his is free and another should be made a mukatab (contracted for freedom), and the one-third of the wealth is not sufficient for both, then freeing (the slave) will take precedence over the mukatabah (contract).
قَالَ مَالِكٌ : وَإِذَا وَضَعَ الرَّجُلُ عَنْ مُكَاتَبِهِ عِنْدَ الْمَوْتِ أَلْفَ دِرْهَمٍ مِنْ أَوَّلِ كِتَابَتِهِ أَوْ مِنْ آخِرِهَا. وَكَانَ أَصْلُ الْكِتَابَةِ عَلَى ثَلَاثَةِ آلَافِ دِرْهَمٍ قُوِّمَ الْمُكَاتَبُ قِيمَةَ النَّقْدِ ثُمَّ قُسِمَتْ تِلْكَ الْقِيمَةُ فَجُعِلَ لِتِلْكَ الْأَلْفِ الَّتِي مِنْ أَوَّلِ الْكِتَابَةِ حِصَّتُهَا مِنْ تِلْكَ الْقِيمَةِ بِقَدْرِ قُرْبِهَا مِنَ الْأَجَلِ وَفَضْلِهَا. ثُمَّ الْأَلْفُ الَّتِي تَلِي الْأَلْفَ الْأُولَى بِقَدْرِ فَضْلِهَا أَيْضًا. ثُمَّ الْأَلْفُ الَّتِي تَلِيهَا بِقَدْرِ فَضْلِهَا أَيْضًا حَتَّى يُؤْتَى عَلَى آخِرِهَا تَفْضُلُ كُلُّ أَلْفٍ بِقَدْرِ مَوْضِعِهَا فِي تَعْجِيلِ الْأَجَلِ وَتَأْخِيرِهِ ؛ لِأَنَّ مَا اسْتَأْخَرَ مِنْ ذَلِكَ كَانَ أَقَلَّ فِي الْقِيمَةِ ثُمَّ يُوضَعُ فِي ثُلُثِ الْمَيِّتِ قَدْرُ مَا أَصَابَ تِلْكَ الْأَلْفَ مِنَ الْقِيمَةِ عَلَى تَفَاضُلِ ذَلِكَ إِنْ قَلَّ أَوْ كَثُرَ. فَهُوَ عَلَى هَذَا الْحِسَابِ. ¤
Malik said: If a man remits from his mukatab at the time of death one thousand dirhams from the beginning of his contract or from its end, and the original contract was for three thousand dirhams, the mukatab is valued at the cash value, then that value is divided, and the share of that thousand from the beginning of the contract is given its portion of that value according to its proximity to the term and its advantage. Then the next thousand after the first thousand is given its share also according to its advantage. Then the thousand after that is given its share also according to its advantage, until the end of it is reached. Each thousand has an advantage according to its position in the hastening or delaying of the term; because what is delayed from that is less in value. Then, in the third of the deceased, is placed the amount that corresponds to that thousand from the value, according to the difference, whether it is little or much. Thus, it is according to this calculation.
قَالَ مَالِكٌ : فِي رَجُلٍ أَوْصَى لِرَجُلٍ بِرُبُعِ مُكَاتَبٍ أَوْ أَعْتَقَ رُبُعَهُ. فَهَلَكَ الرَّجُلُ ثُمَّ هَلَكَ الْمُكَاتَبُ وَتَرَكَ مَالًا كَثِيرًا أَكْثَرَ مِمَّا بَقِيَ عَلَيْهِ. قَالَ مَالِكٌ : يُعْطَى وَرَثَةُ السَّيِّدِ وَالَّذِي أَوْصَى لَهُ بِرُبُعِ الْمُكَاتَبِ مَا بَقِيَ لَهُمْ عَلَى الْمُكَاتَبِ ثُمَّ يَقْتَسِمُونَ مَا فَضَلَ فَيَكُونُ لِلْمُوصَى لَهُ بِرُبُعِ الْمُكَاتَبِ ثُلُثُ مَا فَضَلَ بَعْدَ أَدَاءِ الْكِتَابَةِ وَلِوَرَثَةِ سَيِّدِهِ الثُّلُثَانِ. وَذَلِكَ أَنَّ الْمُكَاتَبَ عَبْدٌ مَا بَقِيَ عَلَيْهِ مِنْ كِتَابَتِهِ شَيْءٌ فَإِنَّمَا يُورَثُ بِالرِّقِّ. ¤
Malik said: Regarding a man who bequeathed to another man a quarter of a mukatab (a slave with a contract for manumission), or freed a quarter of him. Then the man died, and then the mukatab died and left much wealth, more than what remained upon him. Malik said: The heirs of the master and the one to whom the quarter of the mukatab was bequeathed are given what remains for them upon the mukatab, then they divide what is left over. So, the one to whom the quarter of the mukatab was bequeathed receives a third of what remains after the payment of the contract, and the heirs of his master receive two-thirds. That is because the mukatab is a slave as long as anything remains upon him from his contract, for he is inherited by virtue of his enslavement.
قَالَ مَالِكٌ فِي مُكَاتَبٍ أَعْتَقَهُ سَيِّدُهُ عِنْدَ الْمَوْتِ قَالَ : إِنْ لَمْ يَحْمِلْهُ ثُلُثُ الْمَيِّتِ عَتَقَ مِنْهُ قَدْرُ مَا حَمَلَ الثُّلُثُ وَيُوضَعُ عَنْهُ مِنَ الْكِتَابَةِ قَدْرُ ذَلِكَ. إِنْ كَانَ عَلَى الْمُكَاتَبِ خَمْسَةُ آلَافِ دِرْهَمٍ وَكَانَتْ قِيمَتُهُ أَلْفَيْ دِرْهَمٍ نَقْدًا. وَيَكُونُ ثُلُثُ الْمَيِّتِ أَلْفَ دِرْهَمٍ. عَتَقَ نِصْفُهُ وَيُوضَعُ عَنْهُ شَطْرُ الْكِتَابَةِ. ¤
Malik said regarding a mukatab whom his master emancipated at the time of death: He said, if the third of the deceased’s estate does not cover it, then he is emancipated to the extent that the third covers, and the corresponding portion of the contract is waived for him. If the mukatab owes five thousand dirhams and his value is two thousand dirhams in cash, and the third of the deceased’s estate is one thousand dirhams, then half of him is emancipated and half of the contract is waived for him.
قَالَ مَالِكٌ : فِي رَجُلٍ قَالَ : فِي وَصِيَّتِهِ غُلَامِي فُلَانٌ حُرٌّ وَكَاتِبُوا فُلَانًا تُبَدَّأُ الْعَتَاقَةُ عَلَى الْكِتَابَةِ.
Malik said: Regarding a man who said in his will: "My slave boy so-and-so is free, and make a contract of manumission with so-and-so," the emancipation is to be given precedence over the contract of manumission.
قَالَ مَالِكٌ : الْأَمْرُ عِنْدَنَا فِيمَنْ دَبَّرَ جَارِيَةً لَهُ. فَوَلَدَتْ أَوْلَادًا بَعْدَ تَدْبِيرِهِ إِيَّاهَا. ثُمَّ مَاتَتِ الْجَارِيَةُ قَبْلَ الَّذِي دَبَّرَهَا : إِنَّ وَلَدَهَا بِمَنْزِلَتِهَا. قَدْ ثَبَتَ لَهُمْ مِنَ الشَّرْطِ مِثْلُ الَّذِي ثَبَتَ لَهَا. وَلَا يَضُرُّهُمْ هَلَاكُ أُمِّهِمْ. فَإِذَا مَاتَ الَّذِي كَانَ دَبَّرَهَا فَقَدْ عَتَقُوا، إِنْ وَسِعَهُمُ الثُّلُثُ. ¤
Imam Malik, may Allah have mercy on him, said that if a person declares his slave woman as mudabbar, and after that she gives birth to children, then if that slave woman dies in the presence of her master, her children will remain mudabbar like their mother. When the master dies and there is room in one third of the wealth, they will be set free.
قَالَ مَالِكٌ : كُلُّ ذَاتِ رَحِمٍ فَوَلَدُهَا بِمَنْزِلَتِهَا. إِنْ كَانَتْ حُرَّةً فَوَلَدَتْ بَعْدَ عِتْقِهَا. فَوَلَدُهَا أَحْرَارٌ. وَإِنْ كَانَتْ مُدَبَّرَةً أَوْ مُكَاتَبَةً أَوْ مُعْتَقَةً إِلَى سِنِينَ. أَوْ مُخْدَمَةً أَوْ بَعْضَهَا حُرًّا أَوْ مَرْهُونَةً أَوْ أُمَّ وَلَدٍ فَوَلَدُ كُلِّ وَاحِدَةٍ مِنْهُنَّ عَلَى مِثَالِ حَالِ أُمِّهِ. يَعْتِقُونَ بِعِتْقِهَا وَيَرِقُّونَ بِرِقِّهَا. ¤
Imam Malik, may Allah have mercy on him, said that the children of every woman will be like their mother, whether she is a mudabbirah, a mukatabah, a mu‘taqah ila ajal, a makhdumah, a mu‘taqat al-ba‘d, a gard, or an umm walad. The children of each will be like their mother: if she is free, then they are free; and if she becomes a slave, then they too will become slaves.
قَالَ مَالِكٌ فِي مُدَبَّرَةٍ دُبِّرَتْ وَهِيَ حَامِلٌ وَلَمْ يَعْلَمْ سَيِّدُهَا بِحَمْلِهَا : إِنَّ وَلَدَهَا بِمَنْزِلَتِهَا. وَإِنَّمَا ذَلِكَ بِمَنْزِلَةِ رَجُلٍ أَعْتَقَ جَارِيَةً لَهُ وَهِيَ حَامِلٌ. وَلَمْ يَعْلَمْ بِحَمْلِهَا. قَالَ مَالِكٌ : فَالسُّنَّةُ فِيهَا أَنَّ وَلَدَهَا يَتْبَعُهَا وَيَعْتِقُ بِعِتْقِهَا. ¤
Imam Malik, may Allah have mercy on him, said that if a slave woman is made mudabbar while she is pregnant, then her child will also become mudabbar. The example of this is that if a person frees his pregnant slave woman and he did not know that she was pregnant, then her child will also become free.
قَالَ مَالِكٌ : وَكَذَلِكَ لَوْ أَنَّ رَجُلًا ابْتَاعَ جَارِيَةً وَهِيَ حَامِلٌ. فَالْوَلِيدَةُ وَمَا فِي بَطْنِهَا لِمَنِ ابْتَاعَهَا. اشْتَرَطَ ذَلِكَ الْمُبْتَاعُ أَوْ لَمْ يَشْتَرِطْهُ. ¤
Imam Malik, may Allah have mercy on him, said that similarly, if a person sells a pregnant slave woman, then the slave woman and the child in her womb will belong to the buyer, whether the buyer stipulated this condition or not.
قَالَ مَالِكٌ : وَلَا يَحِلُّ لِلْبَائِعِ أَنْ يَسْتَثْنِيَ مَا فِي بَطْنِهَا. لِأَنَّ ذَلِكَ غَرَرٌ. يَضَعُ مِنْ ثَمَنِهَا. وَلَا يَدْرِي أَيَصِلُ ذَلِكَ إِلَيْهِ أَمْ لَا. وَإِنَّمَا ذَلِكَ بِمَنْزِلَةِ مَا لَوْ بَاعَ جَنِينًا فِي بَطْنِ أُمِّهِ. وَذَلِكَ لَا يَحِلُّ لَهُ، لِأَنَّهُ غَرَرٌ. ¤
Imam Malik, may Allah have mercy on him, said that similarly it is not permissible for the seller to sell a slave-girl and sell her pregnancy, because there is deception in it; perhaps the child will be born or perhaps not. Its example is like a person selling the unborn child in the womb; such a sale is not valid.
قَالَ مَالِكٌ فِي مُكَاتَبٍ أَوْ مُدَبَّرٍ ابْتَاعَ أَحَدُهُمَا جَارِيَةً. فَوَطِئَهَا. فَحَمَلَتْ مِنْهُ وَوَلَدَتْ. قَالَ : وَلَدُ كُلِّ وَاحِدٍ مِنْهُمَا مِنْ جَارِيَتِهِ بِمَنْزِلَتِهِ. يَعْتِقُونَ بِعِتْقِهِ. وَيَرِقُّونَ بِرِقِّهِ. قَالَ مَالِكٌ : فَإِذَا أُعْتِقَ هُوَ. فَإِنَّمَا أُمُّ وَلَدِهِ مَالٌ مِنْ مَالِهِ. يُسَلَّمُ إِلَيْهِ إِذَا أُعْتِقَ.
Imam Malik, may Allah have mercy on him, said that if a mukatab or a mudabbar buys a slave girl and has intercourse with her, and she becomes pregnant and gives birth to a child, then the child of each will follow his father; with his freedom, the child will also be free, and with his slavery, the child will also be a slave. If the mukatab or mudabbar is set free, then the umm walad will be like him and like his mother, and she will be entrusted to him.
قَالَ مَالِكٌ فِي مُدَبَّرٍ قَالَ لِسَيِّدِهِ : عَجِّلْ لِي الْعِتْقَ. وَأُعْطِيكَ خَمْسِينَ مِنْهَا مُنَجَّمَةً عَلَيَّ. فَقَالَ سَيِّدُهُ : نَعَمْ. أَنْتَ حُرٌّ. وَعَلَيْكَ خَمْسُونَ دِينَارًا. تُؤَدِّي إِلَيَّ كُلَّ عَامٍ عَشَرَةَ دَنَانِيرَ. فَرَضِيَ بِذَلِكَ الْعَبْدُ. ثُمَّ هَلَكَ السَّيِّدُ بَعْدَ ذَلِكَ بِيَوْمٍ أَوْ يَوْمَيْنِ أَوْ ثَلَاثَةٍ. قَالَ مَالِكٌ : يَثْبُتُ لَهُ الْعِتْقُ. وَصَارَتِ الْخَمْسُونَ دِينَارًا دَيْنًا عَلَيْهِ. وَجَازَتْ شَهَادَتُهُ. وَثَبَتَتْ حُرْمَتُهُ. وَمِيرَاثُهُ وَحُدُودُهُ. وَلَا يَضَعُ عَنْهُ مَوْتُ سَيِّدِهِ. شَيْئًا مِنْ ذَلِكَ الدَّيْنِ. ¤
Imam Malik, may Allah have mercy on him, said that if a mudabbar says to his master: "Set me free now and I will pay you fifty dinars in installments," and the master says: "Alright, you are free, so pay me fifty dinars over five years, ten dinars each year," and the mudabbar agrees to this, then if the master dies after two or three days, the mudabbar will become free, and the fifty dinars will remain as a debt upon him. His testimony will be valid, and all his rights regarding sanctity, inheritance, and legal punishments will be complete, and the death of the master will not reduce anything from those fifty dinars.
قَالَ مَالِكٌ فِي رَجُلٍ دَبَّرَ عَبْدًا لَهُ. فَمَاتَ السَّيِّدُ. وَلَهُ مَالٌ حَاضِرٌ وَمَالٌ غَائِبٌ. فَلَمْ يَكُنْ فِي مَالِهِ الْحَاضِرِ مَا يَخْرُجُ فِيهِ الْمُدَبَّرُ. قَالَ : يُوقَفُ الْمُدَبَّرُ بِمَالِهِ. وَيُجْمَعُ خَرَاجُهُ حَتَّى يَتَبَيَّنَ مِنَ الْمَالِ الْغَائِبِ. فَإِنْ كَانَ فِيمَا تَرَكَ سَيِّدُهُ، مِمَّا يَحْمِلُهُ الثُّلُثُ، عَتَقَ بِمَالِهِ. وَبِمَا جُمِعَ مِنْ خَرَاجِهِ فَإِنْ لَمْ يَكُنْ فِيمَا تَرَكَ سَيِّدُهُ مَا يَحْمِلُهُ، عَتَقَ مِنْهُ قَدْرُ الثُّلُثِ، وَتُرِكَ مَالُهُ فِي يَدَيْهِ.
Imam Malik, may Allah have mercy on him, said that if a person declares his slave as Mudabbar, then dies, and some of his wealth is present while some is absent, and the Mudabbar cannot be freed from the one-third of the wealth that is present, then the Mudabbar will be held back, and his earnings will also be collected, until the absent wealth also appears. Then, if the Mudabbar can be freed from the one-third of the total wealth of the master, he will be freed, and the wealth and earnings of the Mudabbar will belong to him. And if he cannot be completely freed from the one-third, then only the portion equivalent to the one-third will be freed, and his wealth will remain with him.
قَالَ مَالِكٌ الْأَمْرُ الْمُجْتَمَعُ عَلَيْهِ عِنْدَنَا : أَنَّ كُلَّ عَتَاقَةٍ أَعْتَقَهَا رَجُلٌ. فِي وَصِيَّةٍ أَوْصَى بِهَا فِي صِحَّةٍ أَوْ مَرَضٍ : أَنَّهُ يَرُدُّهَا مَتَى شَاءَ. وَيُغَيِّرُهَا مَتَى شَاءَ، مَا لَمْ يَكُنْ تَدْبِيرًا. فَإِذَا دَبَّرَ، فَلَا سَبِيلَ لَهُ إِلَى رَدِّ مَا دَبَّرَ. ¤
Imam Malik, may Allah have mercy on him, said that as for all bequests of emancipation, whether made in good health or illness, they can be revoked or changed. However, in the case of tadbir, once someone has been made a mudabbar, there is no longer the option to revoke it.
قَالَ مَالِكٌ : وَكُلُّ وَلَدٍ وَلَدَتْهُ أَمَةٌ، أَوْصَى بِعِتْقِهَا وَلَمْ تُدَبَّرْ. فَإِنَّ وَلَدَهَا لَا يَعْتِقُونَ مَعَهَا إِذَا عَتَقَتْ. وَذَلِكَ أَنَّ سَيِّدَهَا يُغَيِّرُ وَصِيَّتَهُ إِنْ شَاءَ. وَيَرُدُّهَا مَتَى شَاءَ. وَلَمْ يَثْبُتْ لَهَا عَتَاقَةٌ. وَإِنَّمَا هِيَ بِمَنْزِلَةِ رَجُلٍ قَالَ لِجَارِيَتِهِ : إِنْ بَقِيَتْ عِنْدِي فُلَانَةُ حَتَّى أَمُوتَ، فَهِيَ حُرَّةٌ.
Imam Malik, may Allah have mercy on him, said that if someone makes a bequest for the emancipation of a slave woman but does not make her a mudabbara, then her children will not be freed along with their mother, because the master had the right to change this bequest, and freedom was not established for their mother. Rather, it is like someone saying: If such-and-such slave woman remains with me until my death, then she is free. If she remains until his death, then she will be freed, but the master has the right to sell her or her children before death. Thus, according to the ancient Sunnah, there is a great difference between a bequest of emancipation and a bequest of tadbeer. If a bequest were like tadbeer, then no person would have the right to change or alter his bequest.
قَالَ مَالِكٌ: فَإِنْ أَدْرَكَتْ ذَلِكَ، كَانَ لَهَا ذَلِكَ. وَإِنْ شَاءَ، قَبْلَ ذَلِكَ، بَاعَهَا وَوَلَدَهَا لِأَنَّهُ لَمْ يُدْخِلْ وَلَدَهَا فِي شَيْءٍ مِمَّا جَعَلَ لَهَا.
Malik said: If she attains that, then it is hers. But if he wishes, before that, he may sell her and her child, because he did not include her child in anything that he assigned to her.
قَالَ : وَالْوَصِيَّةُ فِي الْعَتَاقَةِ مُخَالِفَةٌ لِلتَّدْبِيرِ، فَرَقَ بَيْنَ ذَلِكَ مَا مَضَى مِنَ السُّنَّةِ. قَالَ : وَلَوْ كَانَتِ الْوَصِيَّةُ بِمَنْزِلَةِ التَّدْبِيرِ. كَانَ كُلُّ مُوصٍ لَا يَقْدِرُ عَلَى تَغْيِيرِ وَصِيَّتِهِ. وَمَا ذُكِرَ فِيهَا مِنَ الْعَتَاقَةِ. وَكَانَ قَدْ حَبَسَ عَلَيْهِ مِنْ مَالِهِ مَا لَا يَسْتَطِيعُ أَنْ يَنْتَفِعَ بِهِ. ¤
He said: And the bequest regarding emancipation is different from tadbir; what has passed from the Sunnah has distinguished between them. He said: And if the bequest were in the same position as tadbir, then every testator would not be able to change his bequest, and what is mentioned in it regarding emancipation, and he would have withheld from his wealth what he could not benefit from.
قَالَ مَالِكٌ فِي رَجُلٍ دَبَّرَ رَقِيقًا لَهُ جَمِيعًا. فِي صِحَّتِهِ وَلَيْسَ لَهُ مَالٌ غَيْرُهُمْ : إِنْ كَانَ دَبَّرَ بَعْضَهُمْ قَبْلَ بَعْضٍ بُدِئَ بِالْأَوَّلِ فَالْأَوَّلِ، حَتَّى يَبْلُغَ الثُّلُثَ. وَإِنْ كَانَ دَبَّرَهُمْ جَمِيعًا فِي مَرَضِهِ. فَقَالَ : فُلَانٌ حُرٌّ. وَفُلَانٌ حُرٌّ. وَفُلَانٌ حُرٌّ. فِي كَلَامٍ وَاحِدٍ. إِنْ حَدَثَ بِي فِي مَرَضِي هَذَا حَدَثُ مَوْتٍ، أَوْ دَبَّرَهُمْ جَمِيعًا فِي كَلِمَةٍ وَاحِدَةٍ، تَحَاصَّوْا فِي الثُّلُثِ. وَلَمْ يُبَدَّأْ أَحَدٌ مِنْهُمْ قَبْلَ صَاحِبِهِ. وَإِنَّمَا هِيَ وَصِيَّةٌ. وَإِنَّمَا لَهُمُ الثُّلُثُ. يُقْسَمُ بَيْنَهُمْ بِالْحِصَصِ. ثُمَّ يَعْتِقُ مِنْهُمُ الثُّلُثُ بَالِغًا مَا بَلَغَ. قَالَ : وَلَا يُبَدَّأُ أَحَدٌ مِنْهُمْ إِذَا كَانَ ذَلِكَ كُلُّهُ فِي مَرَضِهِ. ¤
Imam Malik, may Allah have mercy on him, said that if a person, while in good health, declares several of his slaves as mudabbar and possesses no wealth other than them, and if he declared them mudabbar one after the other, then the one who was declared mudabbar first will be freed from one third of the wealth, then the second, then the third, and so on as long as there is room within one third of the wealth. If he declared all of them mudabbar at the same time in a single statement, then one third of each will be freed when all are declared mudabbar during illness.
قَالَ مَالِكٌ فِي رَجُلٍ دَبَّرَ غُلَامًا لَهُ. فَهَلَكَ السَّيِّدُ وَلَا مَالَ لَهُ إِلَّا الْعَبْدُ الْمُدَبَّرُ. وَلِلْعَبْدِ مَالٌ قَالَ : يُعْتَقُ ثُلُثُ الْمُدَبَّرِ. وَيُوقَفُ مَالُهُ بِيَدَيْهِ. ¤
Imam Malik, may Allah have mercy on him, said that if a person declared his slave as Mudabbar and had no other wealth except that, then the master died and the Mudabbar has wealth, one third of the Mudabbar will be set free and the wealth will remain with him.
قَالَ مَالِكٌ فِي مُدَبَّرٍ كَاتَبَهُ سَيِّدُهُ فَمَاتَ السَّيِّدُ وَلَمْ يَتْرُكْ مَالًا غَيْرَهُ. قَالَ مَالِكٌ : يُعْتَقُ مِنْهُ ثُلُثُهُ. وَيُوضَعُ عَنْهُ ثُلُثُ كِتَابَتِهِ. وَيَكُونُ عَلَيْهِ ثُلُثَاهَا. ¤
Imam Malik, may Allah have mercy on him, said that if a mudabbar is made a mukatab by his master, then the master dies and leaves nothing except him, then one third of him will be freed, and one third will be deducted from the price of the kitabah, and two thirds will have to be paid by the mudabbar.
قَالَ مَالِكٌ فِي رَجُلٍ أَعْتَقَ نِصْفَ عَبْدٍ لَهُ وَهُوَ مَرِيضٌ. فَبَتَّ عِتْقَ نِصْفِهِ. أَوْ بَتَّ عِتْقَهُ كُلَّهُ. وَقَدْ كَانَ دَبَّرَ عَبْدًا لَهُ آخَرَ قَبْلَ ذَلِكَ. قَالَ : يُبَدَّأُ بِالْمُدَبَّرِ قَبْلَ الَّذِي أَعْتَقَهُ وَهُوَ مَرِيضٌ. وَذَلِكَ أَنَّهُ لَيْسَ لِلرَّجُلِ أَنْ يَرُدَّ مَا دَبَّرَ. وَلَا أَنْ يَتَعَقَّبَهُ بِأَمْرٍ يَرُدُّهُ بِهِ. فَإِذَا عَتَقَ الْمُدَبَّرُ فَلْيَكُنْ مَا بَقِيَ مِنَ الثُّلُثِ فِي الَّذِي أَعْتَقَ شَطْرَهُ. حَتَّى يَسْتَتِمَّ عِتْقُهُ كُلُّهُ، فِي ثُلُثِ مَالِ الْمَيِّتِ. فَإِنْ لَمْ يَبْلُغْ ذَلِكَ فَضْلَ الثُّلُثِ، عَتَقَ مِنْهُ مَا بَلَغَ فَضْلَ الثُّلُثِ، بَعْدَ عِتْقِ الْمُدَبَّرِ الْأَوَّلِ.
Imam Malik, may Allah have mercy on him, said that if a person, during his terminal illness, frees half or all of his slave, and he had previously made his slave a mudabbar, then from one-third of the wealth, the mudabbar will be freed first. Then, if the remaining wealth suffices to free the slave, he will be freed; otherwise, he will be freed to the extent of the wealth that remains.
حَدَّثَنِي مَالِك أَنَّهُ بَلَغَهُ، أَنَّ سَعِيدَ بْنَ الْمُسَيَّبِ سُئِلَ عَنْ مُكَاتَبٍ كَانَ بَيْنَ رَجُلَيْنِ، فَأَعْتَقَ أَحَدُهُمَا نَصِيبَهُ، فَمَاتَ الْمُكَاتَبُ وَتَرَكَ مَالًا كَثِيرًا، فَقَالَ : " يُؤَدَّى إِلَى الَّذِي تَمَاسَكَ بِكِتَابَتِهِ الَّذِي بَقِيَ لَهُ، ثُمَّ يَقْتَسِمَانِ مَا بَقِيَ بِالسَّوِيَّةِ " .
Hazrat Saeed bin Musayyib was asked: If a mukatab (contracted slave) is shared between two men, and one of them frees his share, then the mukatab dies and leaves behind a lot of wealth, what is the ruling? Saeed said: The one who did not free (his share) will take the compensation for his share of the contract, and whatever remains after that will be divided between the two men.
Hadith 1299
حَدَّثَنِي مَالِك أَنَّهُ بَلَغَهُ، أَنَّ سَعِيدَ بْنَ الْمُسَيَّبِ سُئِلَ عَنْ مُكَاتَبٍ كَانَ بَيْنَ رَجُلَيْنِ، فَأَعْتَقَ أَحَدُهُمَا نَصِيبَهُ، فَمَاتَ الْمُكَاتَبُ وَتَرَكَ مَالًا كَثِيرًا، فَقَالَ : " يُؤَدَّى إِلَى الَّذِي تَمَاسَكَ بِكِتَابَتِهِ الَّذِي بَقِيَ لَهُ، ثُمَّ يَقْتَسِمَانِ مَا بَقِيَ بِالسَّوِيَّةِ " .
Hazrat Saeed bin Musayyib was asked: If a mukatab (contracted slave) is shared between two men, and one of them frees his share, then the mukatab dies and leaves behind a lot of wealth, what is the ruling? Saeed said: The one who did not free (his share) will take the compensation for his share of the contract, and whatever remains after that will be divided between the two men.
قَالَ : وَهَذَا أَيْضًا فِي كُلِّ مَنْ أُعْتِقَ، فَإِنَّمَا مِيرَاثُهُ لِأَقْرَبِ النَّاسِ مِمَّنْ أَعْتَقَهُ مِنْ وَلَدٍ أَوْ عَصَبَةٍ مِنَ الرِّجَالِ يَوْمَ يَمُوتُ الْمُعْتَقُ، بَعْدَ أَنْ يَعْتِقَ وَيَصِيرَ مَوْرُوثًا بِالْوَلَاءِ . ¤
Imam Malik, may Allah have mercy on him, said that in this way, if a person is set free, then his inheritance will go to the closest relative of the one who set him free, whether it is a son or any other male agnate, on the day that the slave died.
قَالَ مَالِك : الْإِخْوَةُ فِي الْكِتَابَةِ بِمَنْزِلَةِ الْوَلَدِ، إِذَا كُوتِبُوا جَمِيعًا كِتَابَةً وَاحِدَةً إِذَا لَمْ يَكُنْ لِأَحَدٍ مِنْهُمْ وَلَدٌ كَاتَبَ عَلَيْهِمْ، أَوْ وُلِدُوا فِي كِتَابَتِهِ أَوْ كَاتَبَ عَلَيْهِمْ، ثُمَّ هَلَكَ أَحَدُهُمْ وَتَرَكَ مَالًا أُدِّيَ عَنْهُمْ جَمِيعُ مَا عَلَيْهِمْ مِنْ كِتَابَتِهِمْ وَعَتَقُوا، وَكَانَ فَضْلُ الْمَالِ بَعْدَ ذَلِكَ لِوَلَدِهِ دُونَ إِخْوَتِهِ ¤
Imam Malik, may Allah have mercy on him, said that if several brothers are collectively made mukatab, and they have no children who were born during the period of the contract of mukatabah, or who entered into the contract of mukatabah, then those brothers will inherit from one another. If any of them has a son who was born during the period of the contract of mukatabah, or upon whom the contract of mukatabah was enacted and he dies, then first, from his wealth, the total amount of the contract of mukatabah will be paid, and whatever remains will go to his children, not to his brothers.
قَالَ مَالِكٌ فِي رَجُلٍ كَاتَبَ عَبْدَهُ بِذَهَبٍ أَوْ وَرِقٍ. وَاشْتَرَطَ عَلَيْهِ فِي كِتَابَتِهِ سَفَرًا أَوْ خِدْمَةً أَوْ ضَحِيَّةً : إِنَّ كُلَّ شَيْءٍ مِنْ ذَلِكَ سَمَّى بِاسْمِهِ ثُمَّ قَوِيَ الْمُكَاتَبُ عَلَى أَدَاءِ نُجُومِهِ كُلِّهَا قَبْلَ مَحِلِّهَا. قَالَ: إِذَا أَدَّى نُجُومَهُ كُلَّهَا وَعَلَيْهِ هَذَا الشَّرْطُ عَتَقَ فَتَمَّتْ حُرْمَتُهُ وَنُظِرَ إِلَى مَا شَرَطَ عَلَيْهِ مِنْ خِدْمَةٍ أَوْ سَفَرٍ أَوْ مَا أَشْبَهَ ذَلِكَ. مِمَّا يُعَالِجُهُ هُوَ بِنَفْسِهِ. فَذَلِكَ مَوْضُوعٌ عَنْهُ لَيْسَ لِسَيِّدِهِ فِيهِ شَيْءٌ وَمَا كَانَ مِنْ ضَحِيَّةٍ أَوْ كِسْوَةٍ أَوْ شَيْءٍ يُؤَدِّيهِ. فَإِنَّمَا هُوَ بِمَنْزِلَةِ الدَّنَانِيرِ وَالدَّرَاهِمِ يُقَوَّمُ ذَلِكَ عَلَيْهِ فَيَدْفَعُهُ مَعَ نُجُومِهِ وَلَا يَعْتِقُ حَتَّى يَدْفَعَ ذَلِكَ مَعَ نُجُومِهِ. ¤
Imam Malik, may Allah have mercy on him, said that if a person makes his slave a mukatab (one who has a contract for freedom) for gold or silver, and sets a condition in the contract such as travel, service, or sacrifice, but specifies this condition, then if the mukatab becomes able to pay his installments before the due time and pays them, but this condition still remains upon him, he will become free, and his sanctity will be complete. Now, regarding this condition, if it is such that the mukatab himself has to fulfill it (like the condition of travel or service), then it will not be obligatory upon the mukatab, nor will the master have the right to demand its fulfillment. And if the condition is such that something has to be given, like the condition of sacrifice or clothing, then it will be like the dirhams and dinars; the value of that thing will be assessed and he will pay it along with his installments. Until he pays it, he will not be free.
قَالَ مَالِكٌ الْأَمْرُ الْمُجْتَمَعُ عَلَيْهِ عِنْدَنَا الَّذِي لَا اخْتِلَافَ فِيهِ أَنَّ الْمُكَاتَبَ بِمَنْزِلَةِ عَبْدٍ أَعْتَقَهُ سَيِّدُهُ بَعْدَ خِدْمَةِ عَشْرِ سِنِينَ. فَإِذَا هَلَكَ سَيِّدُهُ الَّذِي أَعْتَقَهُ قَبْلَ عَشْرِ سِنِينَ. فَإِنَّ مَا بَقِيَ عَلَيْهِ مِنْ خِدْمَتِهِ لِوَرَثَتِهِ وَكَانَ وَلَاؤُهُ لِلَّذِي عَقَدَ عِتْقَهُ وَلِوَلَدِهِ مِنَ الرِّجَالِ أَوِ الْعَصَبَةِ. ¤
Imam Malik, may Allah have mercy on him, said that a mukatab is like a slave whom the master sets free after ten years of service. If the master dies and ten years have not passed, then he will complete the ten years of service with the heirs, and the wala’ will go to the one who established his freedom, or to his male offspring or to his asabah (male relatives through the father).
قَالَ مَالِكٌ فِي الرَّجُلِ يَشْتَرِطُ عَلَى مُكَاتَبِهِ أَنَّكَ لَا تُسَافِرُ وَلَا تَنْكِحُ وَلَا تَخْرُجُ مِنْ أَرْضِي إِلَّا بِإِذْنِي : فَإِنْ فَعَلْتَ شَيْئًا مِنْ ذَلِكَ بِغَيْرِ إِذْنِي فَمَحْوُ كِتَابَتِكَ بِيَدِي. قَالَ مَالِكٌ : لَيْسَ مَحْوُ كِتَابَتِهِ بِيَدِهِ إِنْ فَعَلَ الْمُكَاتَبُ شَيْئًا مِنْ ذَلِكَ. وَلْيَرْفَعْ سَيِّدُهُ ذَلِكَ إِلَى السُّلْطَانِ وَلَيْسَ لِلْمُكَاتَبِ أَنْ يَنْكِحَ وَلَا يُسَافِرَ وَلَا يَخْرُجَ مِنْ أَرْضِ سَيِّدِهِ. إِلَّا بِإِذْنِهِ اشْتَرَطَ ذَلِكَ أَوْ لَمْ يَشْتَرِطْهُ. وَذَلِكَ أَنَّ الرَّجُلَ يُكَاتِبُ عَبْدَهُ بِمِائَةِ دِينَارٍ وَلَهُ أَلْفُ دِينَارٍ أَوْ أَكْثَرُ مِنْ ذَلِكَ فَيَنْطَلِقُ فَيَنْكِحُ الْمَرْأَةَ فَيُصْدِقُهَا الصَّدَاقَ الَّذِي يُجْحِفُ بِمَالِهِ وَيَكُونُ فِيهِ عَجْزُهُ فَيَرْجِعُ إِلَى سَيِّدِهِ عَبْدًا لَا مَالَ لَهُ. أَوْ يُسَافِرُ فَتَحِلُّ نُجُومُهُ وَهُوَ غَائِبٌ فَلَيْسَ ذَلِكَ لَهُ وَلَا عَلَى ذَلِكَ كَاتَبَهُ. وَذَلِكَ بِيَدِ سَيِّدِهِ إِنْ شَاءَ أَذِنَ لَهُ فِي ذَلِكَ وَإِنْ شَاءَ مَنَعَهُ.
Imam Malik, may Allah have mercy on him, said that if a person stipulates with his mukatab (contracted slave) that he should not travel, or not marry, or not leave his land without his permission, and if he does so, then it will be in his (the master’s) power to annul the contract of manumission. In this case, the annulment of the contract will not be in his power, even if the mukatab does any of these things. If the master annuls the contract of the mukatab, then the mukatab should complain to the judge, who will rule that the contract cannot be annulled. However, it is necessary that the mukatab should not marry, travel, or leave the land without the master’s permission, whether this condition was stipulated or not. The reason for this is that a man contracts his slave for one hundred dinars, and the slave has a thousand dinars with him, so he marries and spends those dinars as dowry, then becomes helpless and returns to the master, having neither wealth nor anything else. In this, there is complete loss for the master. Or the mukatab travels, and the time for the installments arrives, but he is not present, so in this there is hardship for the master. For this reason, it is not proper for the mukatab to marry or travel without the master’s permission; rather, the authority over these matters belongs to the master, whether he permits or forbids.
قَالَ مَالِكٌ : إِنَّ الْمُكَاتَبَ إِذَا أَعْتَقَ عَبْدَهُ إِنَّ ذَلِكَ غَيْرُ جَائِزٍ لَهُ. إِلَّا بِإِذْنِ سَيِّدِهِ فَإِنْ أَجَازَ ذَلِكَ سَيِّدُهُ لَهُ ثُمَّ عَتَقَ الْمُكَاتَبُ كَانَ وَلَاؤُهُ لِلْمُكَاتَبِ. وَإِنْ مَاتَ الْمُكَاتَبُ قَبْلَ أَنْ يُعْتَقَ كَانَ وَلَاءُ الْمُعْتَقِ لِسَيِّدِ الْمُكَاتَبِ وَإِنْ مَاتَ الْمُعْتَقُ قَبْلَ أَنْ يُعْتَقَ الْمُكَاتَبُ وَرِثَهُ سَيِّدُ الْمُكَاتَبِ¤
Imam Malik, may Allah have mercy on him, said that if a mukatab (a slave with a contract for freedom) also makes his own slave a mukatab, and then the mukatab of the mukatab is freed before the original mukatab, then his wala’ (right of allegiance) will go to the mawla (master) of the original mukatab until the original mukatab is freed. When the original mukatab is freed, the wala’ of his mukatab will return to him. If the mukatab dies or becomes incapable before paying off the contract, then his free children will not receive the wala’ of their father’s mukatab, because their father did not have the right to wala’, as he was not freed.
قَالَ مَالِكٌ : وَكَذَلِكَ أَيْضًا لَوْ كَاتَبَ الْمُكَاتَبُ عَبْدًا فَعَتَقَ الْمُكَاتَبُ الْآخَرُ قَبْلَ سَيِّدِهِ الَّذِي كَاتَبَهُ فَإِنَّ وَلَاءَهُ لِسَيِّدِ الْمُكَاتَبِ مَا لَمْ يَعْتِقِ الْمُكَاتَبُ الْأَوَّلُ الَّذِي كَاتَبَهُ. فَإِنْ عَتَقَ الَّذِي كَاتَبَهُ رَجَعَ إِلَيْهِ وَلَاءُ مُكَاتَبِهِ الَّذِي كَانَ عَتَقَ قَبْلَهُ. وَإِنْ مَاتَ الْمُكَاتَبُ الْأَوَّلُ قَبْلَ أَنْ يُؤَدِّيَ أَوْ عَجَزَ عَنْ كِتَابَتِهِ وَلَهُ وَلَدٌ أَحْرَارٌ لَمْ يَرِثُوا وَلَاءَ مُكَاتَبِ أَبِيهِمْ لِأَنَّهُ لَمْ يَثْبُتْ لِأَبِيهِمُ الْوَلَاءُ. وَلَا يَكُونُ لَهُ الْوَلَاءُ حَتَّى يَعْتِقَ. ¤
Imam Malik, may Allah have mercy on him, said that if a mukatab (contracted slave) is jointly owned by two men, and then one of them waives his right but the other does not, and then the mukatab dies and leaves wealth, then the one who did not waive his right will take his due, and whatever wealth remains will be divided between both of them as if he had died in the state of slavery, because the one who waived his right did not set him free, rather he only forgave his own right.
قَالَ مَالِكٌ فِي الْمُكَاتَبِ يَكُونُ بَيْنَ الرَّجُلَيْنِ فَيَتْرُكُ أَحَدُهُمَا لِلْمُكَاتَبِ الَّذِي لَهُ عَلَيْهِ وَيَشِحُّ الْآخَرُ ثُمَّ يَمُوتُ الْمُكَاتَبُ وَيَتْرُكُ مَالًا. قَالَ مَالِكٌ : يَقْضِي الَّذِي لَمْ يَتْرُكْ لَهُ شَيْئًا مَا بَقِيَ لَهُ عَلَيْهِ. ثُمَّ يَقْتَسِمَانِ الْمَالَ كَهَيْئَتِهِ لَوْ مَاتَ عَبْدًا لِأَنَّ الَّذِي صَنَعَ لَيْسَ بِعَتَاقَةٍ. وَإِنَّمَا تَرَكَ مَا كَانَ لَهُ عَلَيْهِ. ¤
Malik said about the mukatab who is between two men, and one of them leaves to the mukatab what he has against him, and the other withholds, then the mukatab dies and leaves wealth. Malik said: The one who did not leave him anything is to be given what remains due to him. Then they divide the wealth as if he had died a slave, because what was done is not emancipation, but rather he only left what was due to him.
قَالَ مَالِكٌ وَمِمَّا يُبَيِّنُ ذَلِكَ : أَنَّ الرَّجُلَ إِذَا مَاتَ وَتَرَكَ مُكَاتَبًا وَتَرَكَ بَنِينَ رِجَالًا وَنِسَاءً. ثُمَّ أَعْتَقَ أَحَدُ الْبَنِينَ نَصِيبَهُ مِنَ الْمُكَاتَبِ إِنَّ ذَلِكَ لَا يُثْبِتُ لَهُ مِنَ الْوَلَاءِ شَيْئًا وَلَوْ كَانَتْ عَتَاقَةً لَثَبَتَ الْوَلَاءُ لِمَنْ أَعْتَقَ مِنْهُمْ مِنْ رِجَالِهِمْ وَنِسَائِهِمْ. ¤
Imam Malik, may Allah have mercy on him, said: The evidence for this is: A man died and left behind a mukatab and also left behind sons and daughters. Then one of the daughters freed her share, so the wala’ would not be established for her. If this had been emancipation, then the wala’ would necessarily be established for her.
قَالَ مَالِكٌ : وَمِمَّا يُبَيِّنُ ذَلِكَ أَيْضًا أَنَّهُمْ إِذَا أَعْتَقَ أَحَدُهُمْ نَصِيبَهُ ثُمَّ عَجَزَ الْمُكَاتَبُ لَمْ يُقَوَّمْ عَلَى الَّذِي أَعْتَقَ نَصِيبَهُ مَا بَقِيَ مِنَ الْمُكَاتَبِ وَلَوْ كَانَتْ عَتَاقَةً قُوِّمَ عَلَيْهِ حَتَّى يَعْتِقَ فِي مَالِهِ كَمَا قَالَ رَسُولُ اللّٰهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ : ” مَنْ أَعْتَقَ شِرْكًا لَهُ فِي عَبْدٍ قُوِّمَ عَلَيْهِ قِيمَةَ الْعَدْلِ. فَإِنْ لَمْ يَكُنْ لَهُ مَالٌ عَتَقَ مِنْهُ مَا عَتَقَ.“ ¤
Imam Malik, may Allah have mercy on him, said that this is also evidence that if a person frees his share and then the mukatab becomes free, the one who freed his share will not have to pay the price of the remaining shares. If this was considered emancipation, then according to the hadith, he would have to pay the price of the shares of the others.
قَالَ مَالِكٌ : وَمِمَّا يُبَيِّنُ ذَلِكَ أَيْضًا أَنَّ مِنْ سُنَّةِ الْمُسْلِمِينَ الَّتِي لَا اخْتِلَافَ فِيهَا. أَنَّ مَنْ أَعْتَقَ شِرْكًا لَهُ فِي مُكَاتَبٍ لَمْ يُعْتَقْ عَلَيْهِ فِي مَالِهِ وَلَوْ عَتَقَ عَلَيْهِ. كَانَ الْوَلَاءُ لَهُ دُونَ شُرَكَائِهِ. ¤
Imam Malik, may Allah have mercy on him, said that another proof of this is that the practice of the Muslims, about which there is no difference, is that if a person frees a share from a mukatab, then he will not be freed from his wealth, because if it were so, the wala’ would go to him and not to his partners.
قَالَ مَالِكٌ : وَمِمَّا يُبَيِّنُ ذَلِكَ أَيْضًا أَنَّ مِنْ سُنَّةِ الْمُسْلِمِينَ أَنَّ الْوَلَاءَ لِمَنْ عَقَدَ الْكِتَابَةَ. وَأَنَّهُ لَيْسَ لِمَنْ وَرِثَ سَيِّدَ الْمُكَاتَبِ مِنَ النِّسَاءِ مِنْ وَلَاءِ الْمُكَاتَبِ. وَإِنْ أَعْتَقْنَ نَصِيبَهُنَّ شَيْءٌ إِنَّمَا وَلَاؤُهُ لِوَلَدِ سَيِّدِ الْمُكَاتَبِ الذُّكُورِ أَوْ عَصَبَتِهِ مِنَ الرِّجَالِ.
Imam Malik, may Allah have mercy on him, said that another proof of this is that the practice of the Muslims is also that the person who enters into a contract of kitabah, the wala’ will go to him, and among the heirs of the master of the mukatab, the women will not receive the wala’, even if they free a portion themselves. Rather, the wala’ will go to the sons of the master of the mukatab or to other male agnates.
قَالَ مَالِكٌ : إِذَا كَانَ الْقَوْمُ جَمِيعًا فِي كِتَابَةٍ وَاحِدَةٍ. لَمْ يُعْتِقْ سَيِّدُهُمْ أَحَدًا مِنْهُمْ دُونَ مُؤَامَرَةِ أَصْحَابِهِ الَّذِينَ مَعَهُ فِي الْكِتَابَةِ وَرِضًا مِنْهُمْ. وَإِنْ كَانُوا صِغَارًا فَلَيْسَ مُؤَامَرَتُهُمْ بِشَيْءٍ. وَلَا يَجُوزُ ذَلِكَ عَلَيْهِمْ. .
Imam Malik, may Allah have mercy on him, said that if several slaves are contracted as mukatab (contracted for emancipation) in a single agreement, the master cannot free one of the slaves unless the other mukatab slaves agree. If they are minors, their consent is not considered. The reason for this is that among several slaves, one slave may be very clever and hardworking, and it is expected that through his labor and effort, he may also secure the freedom of the others. The master might then free only that person so that the remaining slaves, being unable to work as hard, would remain slaves. This is not permissible, because it causes harm to the remaining slaves, and the Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings be upon him, said: "There is no harm in Islam."
قَالَ : وَذَلِكَ أَنَّ الرَّجُلَ رُبَّمَا كَانَ يَسْعَى عَلَى جَمِيعِ الْقَوْمِ وَيُؤَدِّي عَنْهُمْ كِتَابَتَهُمْ لِتَتِمَّ بِهِ عَتَاقَتُهُمْ فَيَعْمِدُ السَّيِّدُ إِلَى الَّذِي يُؤَدِّي عَنْهُمْ. وَبِهِ نَجَاتُهُمْ مِنَ الرِّقِّ، فَيُعْتِقُهُ. فَيَكُونُ ذَلِكَ عَجْزًا لِمَنْ بَقِيَ مِنْهُمْ وَإِنَّمَا أَرَادَ بِذَلِكَ الْفَضْلَ وَالزِّيَادَةَ لِنَفْسِهِ فَلَا يَجُوزُ ذَلِكَ عَلَى مَنْ بَقِيَ مِنْهُمْ وَقَدْ قَالَ رَسُولُ اللّٰهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ : ” لَا ضَرَرَ وَلَا ضِرَارَ وَهَذَا أَشَدُّ الضَّرَرِ.“
He said: That is because a man might be striving on behalf of all the people and paying their contract so that their emancipation would be completed through him. Then the master would single out the one who is paying on their behalf, and through whom is their salvation from slavery, and emancipate him. That would be a disadvantage for those who remain, and he only intended by that to gain virtue and increase for himself. So that is not permissible regarding those who remain among them. And the Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings be upon him, said: "There is to be no harm and no reciprocating harm, and this is the greatest harm."
قَالَ مَالِكٌ فِي الْعَبِيدِ يُكَاتَبُونَ جَمِيعًا : إِنَّ لِسَيِّدِهِمْ أَنْ يُعْتِقَ مِنْهُمُ الْكَبِيرَ الْفَانِيَ وَالصَّغِيرَ الَّذِي لَا يُؤَدِّي وَاحِدٌ مِنْهُمَا شَيْئًا وَلَيْسَ عِنْدَ وَاحِدٍ مِنْهُمَا عَوْنٌ وَلَا قُوَّةٌ فِي كِتَابَتِهِمْ فَذَلِكَ جَائِزٌ لَهُ.
Imam Malik, may Allah have mercy on him, said that if several slaves are contracted for manumission (mukatab), and among them there is a slave who is either extremely old or very young, such that the other slaves do not receive any help from him in fulfilling the payment of the contract, then it is permissible for the master to free him.
قَالَ مَالِكٌ فِي الرَّجُلِ يُكَاتِبُ عَبْدَهُ. ثُمَّ يَمُوتُ الْمُكَاتَبُ وَيَتْرُكُ أُمَّ وَلَدِهِ. وَقَدْ بَقِيَتْ عَلَيْهِ مِنْ كِتَابَتِهِ بَقِيَّةٌ وَيَتْرُكُ وَفَاءً بِمَا عَلَيْهِ : إِنَّ أُمَّ وَلَدِهِ أَمَةٌ مَمْلُوكَةٌ حِينَ لَمْ يُعْتَقِ الْمُكَاتَبُ حَتَّى مَاتَ. وَلَمْ يَتْرُكْ وَلَدًا فَيُعْتَقُونَ بِأَدَاءِ مَا بَقِيَ فَتُعْتَقُ أُمُّ وَلَدِ أَبِيهِمْ بِعِتْقِهِمْ. ¤
Imam Malik, may Allah have mercy on him, said that if a person makes his slave a mukatab (one who has a contract for freedom), then the mukatab dies and leaves behind an umm walad (a slave woman who has borne a child to her master), and leaves behind enough wealth to fulfill the contract of kitabah, then that umm walad will become the slave of the mukatab’s master, because the mukatab was not free at the time of his death, nor did he leave behind any offspring by whom the umm walad would also become free.
قَالَ مَالِكٌ : فِي الْمُكَاتَبِ يُعْتِقُ عَبْدًا لَهُ أَوْ يَتَصَدَّقُ بِبَعْضِ مَالِهِ وَلَمْ يَعْلَمْ بِذَلِكَ سَيِّدُهُ حَتَّى عَتَقَ الْمُكَاتَبُ. قَالَ مَالِكٌ : يَنْفُذُ ذَلِكَ عَلَيْهِ وَلَيْسَ لِلْمُكَاتَبِ أَنْ يَرْجِعَ فِيهِ فَإِنْ عَلِمَ سَيِّدُ الْمُكَاتَبِ قَبْلَ أَنْ يَعْتِقَ الْمُكَاتَبُ فَرَدَّ ذَلِكَ وَلَمْ يُجِزْهُ فَإِنَّهُ إِنْ عَتَقَ الْمُكَاتَبُ وَذَلِكَ فِي يَدِهِ لَمْ يَكُنْ عَلَيْهِ أَنْ يُعْتِقَ ذَلِكَ الْعَبْدَ وَلَا أَنْ يُخْرِجَ تِلْكَ الصَّدَقَةَ إِلَّا أَنْ يَفْعَلَ ذَلِكَ طَائِعًا مِنْ عِنْدِ نَفْسِهِ.
Imam Malik, may Allah have mercy on him, said that if a mukatab frees his slave, or gives some of his wealth in charity, and the master is not informed of this until the mukatab becomes free, then after his freedom, the mukatab cannot invalidate that charity or emancipation. However, if the master is informed of it before the mukatab's freedom and does not give permission, then that charity or emancipation becomes void. In this case, it is not obligatory for the mukatab to free that slave again or give charity after his freedom, but he may do so willingly.
قَالَ مَالِكٌ إِنَّ أَحْسَنَ مَا سَمِعْتُ فِي الْمُكَاتَبِ يُعْتِقُهُ سَيِّدُهُ عِنْدَ الْمَوْتِ : أَنَّ الْمُكَاتَبَ يُقَامُ عَلَى هَيْئَتِهِ تِلْكَ الَّتِي لَوْ بِيعَ كَانَ ذَلِكَ الثَّمَنَ الَّذِي يَبْلُغُ فَإِنْ كَانَتِ الْقِيمَةُ أَقَلَّ مِمَّا بَقِيَ عَلَيْهِ مِنَ الْكِتَابَةِ وُضِعَ ذَلِكَ فِي ثُلُثِ الْمَيِّتِ. وَلَمْ يُنْظَرْ إِلَى عَدَدِ الدَّرَاهِمِ الَّتِي بَقِيَتْ عَلَيْهِ. وَذَلِكَ أَنَّهُ لَوْ قُتِلَ لَمْ يَغْرَمْ قَاتِلُهُ إِلَّا قِيمَتَهُ يَوْمَ قَتْلِهِ وَلَوْ جُرِحَ لَمْ يَغْرَمْ جَارِحُهُ إِلَّا دِيَةَ جَرْحِهِ يَوْمَ جَرَحَهُ. وَلَا يُنْظَرُ فِي شَيْءٍ مِنْ ذَلِكَ إِلَى مَا كُوتِبَ عَلَيْهِ مِنَ الدَّنَانِيرِ وَالدَّرَاهِمِ. لِأَنَّهُ عَبْدٌ مَا بَقِيَ عَلَيْهِ مِنْ كِتَابَتِهِ شَيْءٌ وَإِنْ كَانَ الَّذِي بَقِيَ عَلَيْهِ مِنْ كِتَابَتِهِ أَقَلَّ مِنْ قِيمَتِهِ لَمْ يُحْسَبْ فِي ثُلُثِ الْمَيِّتِ إِلَّا مَا بَقِيَ عَلَيْهِ مِنْ كِتَابَتِهِ. وَذَلِكَ أَنَّهُ إِنَّمَا تَرَكَ الْمَيِّتُ لَهُ مَا بَقِيَ عَلَيْهِ مِنْ كِتَابَتِهِ فَصَارَتْ وَصِيَّةً أَوْصَى بِهَا. ¤
Imam Malik, may Allah have mercy on him, said that if a mukatab owes his master one thousand dirhams, and then at the time of death the master forgives one thousand dirhams, the value of the mukatab will be assessed. If his value is one thousand dirhams, then it is as if one-tenth of the contract of manumission has been forgiven, and according to the value, if it is two hundred dirhams, then it is as if one-tenth of the value has been forgiven. Its example is such that if the master forgives the entire amount of the contract, then in the one-third of the wealth, only the value of the mukatab will be considered, that is, one thousand dirhams. If he forgives half, then in the one-third of the wealth, half will be considered. If it is less or more than that, it will also be according to this calculation.
قَالَ مَالِكٌ : وَتَفْسِيرُ ذَلِكَ أَنَّهُ لَوْ كَانَتْ قِيمَةُ الْمُكَاتَبِ أَلْفَ دِرْهَمٍ وَلَمْ يَبْقَ مِنْ كِتَابَتِهِ إِلَّا مِائَةُ دِرْهَمٍ. فَأَوْصَى سَيِّدُهُ لَهُ بِالْمِائَةِ دِرْهَمٍ الَّتِي بَقِيَتْ عَلَيْهِ. حُسِبَتْ لَهُ فِي ثُلُثِ سَيِّدِهِ فَصَارَ حُرًّا بِهَا. ¤
Imam Malik, may Allah have mercy on him, said that if a person, at the time of his death, pardons his mukatab from a thousand dirhams, but does not specify in which installment this pardon will apply, whether in the first or the last, then one-tenth will be pardoned from each installment.
قَالَ مَالِكٌ فِي رَجُلٍ كَاتَبَ عَبْدَهُ عِنْدَ مَوْتِهِ : إِنَّهُ يُقَوَّمُ عَبْدًا. فَإِنْ كَانَ فِي ثُلُثِهِ سَعَةٌ لِثَمَنِ الْعَبْدِ جَازَ لَهُ ذَلِكَ. ¤
Imam Malik, may Allah have mercy on him, said that when a man forgives his mukatab (contracted slave) a thousand dirhams either at the beginning or at the end of the contract, and the total amount of the contract is three thousand dirhams, then the value of the mukatab will be assessed, and then this value will be divided for each thousand. The value of the thousand whose term is shorter will be less compared to the thousand that comes after it. Similarly, the thousand that is at the very end will have the least value, because as the term increases, the value decreases accordingly. Then, the value that falls upon the thousand which has been forgiven will be deducted from the one-third of the wealth. If it is less or more than that, it will also be according to this calculation.
قَالَ مَالِكٌ وَتَفْسِيرُ ذَلِكَ : أَنْ تَكُونَ قِيمَةُ الْعَبْدِ أَلْفَ دِينَارٍ. فَيُكَاتِبُهُ سَيِّدُهُ عَلَى مِائَتَيْ دِينَارٍ عِنْدَ مَوْتِهِ فَيَكُونُ ثُلُثُ مَالِ سَيِّدِهِ أَلْفَ دِينَارٍ. فَذَلِكَ جَائِزٌ لَهُ. وَإِنَّمَا هِيَ وَصِيَّةٌ أَوْصَى لَهُ بِهَا فِي ثُلُثِهِ فَإِنْ كَانَ السَّيِّدُ قَدْ أَوْصَى لِقَوْمٍ بِوَصَايَا. وَلَيْسَ فِي الثُّلُثِ فَضْلٌ عَنْ قِيمَةِ الْمُكَاتَبِ، بُدِئَ بِالْمُكَاتَبِ. لِأَنَّ الْكِتَابَةَ عَتَاقَةٌ. وَالْعَتَاقَةُ تُبَدَّأُ عَلَى الْوَصَايَا، ثُمَّ تُجْعَلُ تِلْكَ الْوَصَايَا فِي كِتَابَةِ الْمُكَاتَبِ يَتْبَعُونَهُ بِهَا وَيُخَيَّرُ وَرَثَةُ الْمُوصِي. فَإِنْ أَحَبُّوا أَنْ يُعْطُوا أَهْلَ الْوَصَايَا وَصَايَاهُمْ كَامِلَةً وَتَكُونُ كِتَابَةُ الْمُكَاتَبِ لَهُمْ. فَذَلِكَ لَهُمْ وَإِنْ أَبَوْا وَأَسْلَمُوا الْمُكَاتَبَ وَمَا عَلَيْهِ إِلَى أَهْلِ الْوَصَايَا. فَذَلِكَ لَهُمْ لِأَنَّ الثُّلُثَ صَارَ فِي الْمُكَاتَبِ وَلِأَنَّ كُلَّ وَصِيَّةٍ أَوْصَى بِهَا أَحَدٌ فَقَالَ : الْوَرَثَةُ الَّذِي أَوْصَى بِهِ صَاحِبُنَا أَكْثَرُ مِنْ ثُلُثِهِ. وَقَدْ أَخَذَ مَا لَيْسَ لَهُ. قَالَ: فَإِنَّ وَرَثَتَهُ يُخَيَّرُونَ. فَيُقَالُ لَهُمْ قَدْ أَوْصَى صَاحِبُكُمْ بِمَا قَدْ عَلِمْتُمْ. فَإِنْ أَحْبَبْتُمْ أَنْ تُنَفِّذُوا ذَلِكَ لِأَهْلِهِ عَلَى مَا أَوْصَى بِهِ الْمَيِّتُ وَإِلَّا فَأَسْلِمُوا إِلَى أَهْلِ الْوَصَايَا ثُلُثَ مَالِ الْمَيِّتِ كُلِّهِ. قَالَ فَإِنْ أَسْلَمَ الْوَرَثَةُ الْمُكَاتَبَ إِلَى أَهْلِ الْوَصَايَا. كَانَ لِأَهْلِ الْوَصَايَا مَا عَلَيْهِ مِنَ الْكِتَابَةِ فَإِنْ أَدَّى الْمُكَاتَبُ مَا عَلَيْهِ مِنَ الْكِتَابَةِ أَخَذُوا ذَلِكَ فِي وَصَايَاهُمْ عَلَى قَدْرِ حِصَصِهِمْ وَإِنْ عَجَزَ الْمُكَاتَبُ كَانَ عَبْدًا لِأَهْلِ الْوَصَايَا لَا يَرْجِعُ إِلَى أَهْلِ الْمِيرَاثِ لِأَنَّهُمْ تَرَكُوهُ حِينَ خُيِّرُوا. وَلِأَنَّ أَهْلَ الْوَصَايَا حِينَ أُسْلِمَ إِلَيْهِمْ ضَمِنُوهُ فَلَوْ مَاتَ لَمْ يَكُنْ لَهُمْ عَلَى الْوَرَثَةِ شَيْءٌ وَإِنْ مَاتَ الْمُكَاتَبُ قَبْلَ أَنْ يُؤَدِّيَ كِتَابَتَهُ وَتَرَكَ مَالًا هُوَ أَكْثَرُ مِمَّا عَلَيْهِ. فَمَالُهُ لِأَهْلِ الْوَصَايَا. وَإِنْ أَدَّى الْمُكَاتَبُ مَا عَلَيْهِ عَتَقَ وَرَجَعَ وَلَاؤُهُ إِلَى عَصَبَةِ الَّذِي عَقَدَ كِتَابَتَهُ. ¤
Imam Malik, may Allah have mercy on him, said: If a person, at the time of death, made a bequest of a quarter of a mukatab for someone, and freed a quarter, then that person died, and after that the mukatab died and left behind wealth more than the price of his contract of manumission, then the heirs of the master and the legatee will be given as much as the remaining price of the contract of manumission. Then, whatever wealth remains, one third of it will go to the legatee and two thirds to the heirs.
قَالَ مَالِكٌ : فِي الْمُكَاتَبِ يَكُونُ لِسَيِّدِهِ عَلَيْهِ عَشَرَةُ آلَافِ دِرْهَمٍ فَيَضَعُ عَنْهُ عِنْدَ مَوْتِهِ أَلْفَ دِرْهَمٍ. قَالَ مَالِكٌ : يُقَوَّمُ الْمُكَاتَبُ فَيُنْظَرُ كَمْ قِيمَتُهُ. فَإِنْ كَانَتْ قِيمَتُهُ أَلْفَ دِرْهَمٍ فَالَّذِي وُضِعَ عَنْهُ عُشْرُ الْكِتَابَةِ. وَذَلِكَ فِي الْقِيمَةِ مِائَةُ دِرْهَمٍ. وَهُوَ عُشْرُ الْقِيمَةِ فَيُوضَعُ عَنْهُ عُشْرُ الْكِتَابَةِ فَيَصِيرُ ذَلِكَ إِلَى عُشْرِ الْقِيمَةِ نَقْدًا. وَإِنَّمَا ذَلِكَ كَهَيْئَتِهِ لَوْ وُضِعَ عَنْهُ جَمِيعُ مَا عَلَيْهِ وَلَوْ فَعَلَ ذَلِكَ لَمْ يُحْسَبْ فِي ثُلُثِ مَالِ الْمَيِّتِ إِلَّا قِيمَةُ الْمُكَاتَبِ أَلْفُ دِرْهَمٍ. وَإِنْ كَانَ الَّذِي وُضِعَ عَنْهُ نِصْفُ الْكِتَابَةِ حُسِبَ فِي ثُلُثِ مَالِ الْمَيِّتِ نِصْفُ الْقِيمَةِ. وَإِنْ كَانَ أَقَلَّ مِنْ ذَلِكَ أَوْ أَكْثَرَ فَهُوَ عَلَى هَذَا الْحِسَابِ. ¤
Imam Malik, may Allah have mercy on him, said that if a master frees his mukatab at the time of his death, and he cannot be freed from the one-third, then he will be freed to the extent possible, and that much of the price of the contract of manumission will be waived. For example, if the mukatab owed five thousand dirhams and his value was two thousand dirhams, and the deceased's one-third estate is one thousand dirhams, then half of the mukatab will be freed and half of the contract price, that is, two and a half thousand rupees, will be waived.
قَالَ مَالِكٌ : إِذَا وَضَعَ الرَّجُلُ عَنْ مُكَاتَبِهِ عِنْدَ مَوْتِهِ أَلْفَ دِرْهَمٍ مِنْ عَشَرَةِ آلَافِ دِرْهَمٍ وَلَمْ يُسَمِّ أَنَّهَا مِنْ أَوَّلِ كِتَابَتِهِ أَوْ مِنْ آخِرِهَا. وُضِعَ عَنْهُ مِنْ كُلِّ نَجْمٍ عُشْرُهُ. ¤
Imam Malik, may Allah have mercy on him, said that if a person made a bequest that a certain slave of his is free and another should be made a mukatab (contracted for freedom), and the one-third of the wealth is not sufficient for both, then freeing (the slave) will take precedence over the mukatabah (contract).
قَالَ مَالِكٌ : وَإِذَا وَضَعَ الرَّجُلُ عَنْ مُكَاتَبِهِ عِنْدَ الْمَوْتِ أَلْفَ دِرْهَمٍ مِنْ أَوَّلِ كِتَابَتِهِ أَوْ مِنْ آخِرِهَا. وَكَانَ أَصْلُ الْكِتَابَةِ عَلَى ثَلَاثَةِ آلَافِ دِرْهَمٍ قُوِّمَ الْمُكَاتَبُ قِيمَةَ النَّقْدِ ثُمَّ قُسِمَتْ تِلْكَ الْقِيمَةُ فَجُعِلَ لِتِلْكَ الْأَلْفِ الَّتِي مِنْ أَوَّلِ الْكِتَابَةِ حِصَّتُهَا مِنْ تِلْكَ الْقِيمَةِ بِقَدْرِ قُرْبِهَا مِنَ الْأَجَلِ وَفَضْلِهَا. ثُمَّ الْأَلْفُ الَّتِي تَلِي الْأَلْفَ الْأُولَى بِقَدْرِ فَضْلِهَا أَيْضًا. ثُمَّ الْأَلْفُ الَّتِي تَلِيهَا بِقَدْرِ فَضْلِهَا أَيْضًا حَتَّى يُؤْتَى عَلَى آخِرِهَا تَفْضُلُ كُلُّ أَلْفٍ بِقَدْرِ مَوْضِعِهَا فِي تَعْجِيلِ الْأَجَلِ وَتَأْخِيرِهِ ؛ لِأَنَّ مَا اسْتَأْخَرَ مِنْ ذَلِكَ كَانَ أَقَلَّ فِي الْقِيمَةِ ثُمَّ يُوضَعُ فِي ثُلُثِ الْمَيِّتِ قَدْرُ مَا أَصَابَ تِلْكَ الْأَلْفَ مِنَ الْقِيمَةِ عَلَى تَفَاضُلِ ذَلِكَ إِنْ قَلَّ أَوْ كَثُرَ. فَهُوَ عَلَى هَذَا الْحِسَابِ. ¤
Malik said: If a man remits from his mukatab at the time of death one thousand dirhams from the beginning of his contract or from its end, and the original contract was for three thousand dirhams, the mukatab is valued at the cash value, then that value is divided, and the share of that thousand from the beginning of the contract is given its portion of that value according to its proximity to the term and its advantage. Then the next thousand after the first thousand is given its share also according to its advantage. Then the thousand after that is given its share also according to its advantage, until the end of it is reached. Each thousand has an advantage according to its position in the hastening or delaying of the term; because what is delayed from that is less in value. Then, in the third of the deceased, is placed the amount that corresponds to that thousand from the value, according to the difference, whether it is little or much. Thus, it is according to this calculation.
قَالَ مَالِكٌ : فِي رَجُلٍ أَوْصَى لِرَجُلٍ بِرُبُعِ مُكَاتَبٍ أَوْ أَعْتَقَ رُبُعَهُ. فَهَلَكَ الرَّجُلُ ثُمَّ هَلَكَ الْمُكَاتَبُ وَتَرَكَ مَالًا كَثِيرًا أَكْثَرَ مِمَّا بَقِيَ عَلَيْهِ. قَالَ مَالِكٌ : يُعْطَى وَرَثَةُ السَّيِّدِ وَالَّذِي أَوْصَى لَهُ بِرُبُعِ الْمُكَاتَبِ مَا بَقِيَ لَهُمْ عَلَى الْمُكَاتَبِ ثُمَّ يَقْتَسِمُونَ مَا فَضَلَ فَيَكُونُ لِلْمُوصَى لَهُ بِرُبُعِ الْمُكَاتَبِ ثُلُثُ مَا فَضَلَ بَعْدَ أَدَاءِ الْكِتَابَةِ وَلِوَرَثَةِ سَيِّدِهِ الثُّلُثَانِ. وَذَلِكَ أَنَّ الْمُكَاتَبَ عَبْدٌ مَا بَقِيَ عَلَيْهِ مِنْ كِتَابَتِهِ شَيْءٌ فَإِنَّمَا يُورَثُ بِالرِّقِّ. ¤
Malik said: Regarding a man who bequeathed to another man a quarter of a mukatab (a slave with a contract for manumission), or freed a quarter of him. Then the man died, and then the mukatab died and left much wealth, more than what remained upon him. Malik said: The heirs of the master and the one to whom the quarter of the mukatab was bequeathed are given what remains for them upon the mukatab, then they divide what is left over. So, the one to whom the quarter of the mukatab was bequeathed receives a third of what remains after the payment of the contract, and the heirs of his master receive two-thirds. That is because the mukatab is a slave as long as anything remains upon him from his contract, for he is inherited by virtue of his enslavement.
قَالَ مَالِكٌ فِي مُكَاتَبٍ أَعْتَقَهُ سَيِّدُهُ عِنْدَ الْمَوْتِ قَالَ : إِنْ لَمْ يَحْمِلْهُ ثُلُثُ الْمَيِّتِ عَتَقَ مِنْهُ قَدْرُ مَا حَمَلَ الثُّلُثُ وَيُوضَعُ عَنْهُ مِنَ الْكِتَابَةِ قَدْرُ ذَلِكَ. إِنْ كَانَ عَلَى الْمُكَاتَبِ خَمْسَةُ آلَافِ دِرْهَمٍ وَكَانَتْ قِيمَتُهُ أَلْفَيْ دِرْهَمٍ نَقْدًا. وَيَكُونُ ثُلُثُ الْمَيِّتِ أَلْفَ دِرْهَمٍ. عَتَقَ نِصْفُهُ وَيُوضَعُ عَنْهُ شَطْرُ الْكِتَابَةِ. ¤
Malik said regarding a mukatab whom his master emancipated at the time of death: He said, if the third of the deceased’s estate does not cover it, then he is emancipated to the extent that the third covers, and the corresponding portion of the contract is waived for him. If the mukatab owes five thousand dirhams and his value is two thousand dirhams in cash, and the third of the deceased’s estate is one thousand dirhams, then half of him is emancipated and half of the contract is waived for him.
قَالَ مَالِكٌ : فِي رَجُلٍ قَالَ : فِي وَصِيَّتِهِ غُلَامِي فُلَانٌ حُرٌّ وَكَاتِبُوا فُلَانًا تُبَدَّأُ الْعَتَاقَةُ عَلَى الْكِتَابَةِ.
Malik said: Regarding a man who said in his will: "My slave boy so-and-so is free, and make a contract of manumission with so-and-so," the emancipation is to be given precedence over the contract of manumission.
قَالَ مَالِكٌ : الْأَمْرُ عِنْدَنَا فِيمَنْ دَبَّرَ جَارِيَةً لَهُ. فَوَلَدَتْ أَوْلَادًا بَعْدَ تَدْبِيرِهِ إِيَّاهَا. ثُمَّ مَاتَتِ الْجَارِيَةُ قَبْلَ الَّذِي دَبَّرَهَا : إِنَّ وَلَدَهَا بِمَنْزِلَتِهَا. قَدْ ثَبَتَ لَهُمْ مِنَ الشَّرْطِ مِثْلُ الَّذِي ثَبَتَ لَهَا. وَلَا يَضُرُّهُمْ هَلَاكُ أُمِّهِمْ. فَإِذَا مَاتَ الَّذِي كَانَ دَبَّرَهَا فَقَدْ عَتَقُوا، إِنْ وَسِعَهُمُ الثُّلُثُ. ¤
Imam Malik, may Allah have mercy on him, said that if a person declares his slave woman as mudabbar, and after that she gives birth to children, then if that slave woman dies in the presence of her master, her children will remain mudabbar like their mother. When the master dies and there is room in one third of the wealth, they will be set free.
قَالَ مَالِكٌ : كُلُّ ذَاتِ رَحِمٍ فَوَلَدُهَا بِمَنْزِلَتِهَا. إِنْ كَانَتْ حُرَّةً فَوَلَدَتْ بَعْدَ عِتْقِهَا. فَوَلَدُهَا أَحْرَارٌ. وَإِنْ كَانَتْ مُدَبَّرَةً أَوْ مُكَاتَبَةً أَوْ مُعْتَقَةً إِلَى سِنِينَ. أَوْ مُخْدَمَةً أَوْ بَعْضَهَا حُرًّا أَوْ مَرْهُونَةً أَوْ أُمَّ وَلَدٍ فَوَلَدُ كُلِّ وَاحِدَةٍ مِنْهُنَّ عَلَى مِثَالِ حَالِ أُمِّهِ. يَعْتِقُونَ بِعِتْقِهَا وَيَرِقُّونَ بِرِقِّهَا. ¤
Imam Malik, may Allah have mercy on him, said that the children of every woman will be like their mother, whether she is a mudabbirah, a mukatabah, a mu‘taqah ila ajal, a makhdumah, a mu‘taqat al-ba‘d, a gard, or an umm walad. The children of each will be like their mother: if she is free, then they are free; and if she becomes a slave, then they too will become slaves.
قَالَ مَالِكٌ فِي مُدَبَّرَةٍ دُبِّرَتْ وَهِيَ حَامِلٌ وَلَمْ يَعْلَمْ سَيِّدُهَا بِحَمْلِهَا : إِنَّ وَلَدَهَا بِمَنْزِلَتِهَا. وَإِنَّمَا ذَلِكَ بِمَنْزِلَةِ رَجُلٍ أَعْتَقَ جَارِيَةً لَهُ وَهِيَ حَامِلٌ. وَلَمْ يَعْلَمْ بِحَمْلِهَا. قَالَ مَالِكٌ : فَالسُّنَّةُ فِيهَا أَنَّ وَلَدَهَا يَتْبَعُهَا وَيَعْتِقُ بِعِتْقِهَا. ¤
Imam Malik, may Allah have mercy on him, said that if a slave woman is made mudabbar while she is pregnant, then her child will also become mudabbar. The example of this is that if a person frees his pregnant slave woman and he did not know that she was pregnant, then her child will also become free.
قَالَ مَالِكٌ : وَكَذَلِكَ لَوْ أَنَّ رَجُلًا ابْتَاعَ جَارِيَةً وَهِيَ حَامِلٌ. فَالْوَلِيدَةُ وَمَا فِي بَطْنِهَا لِمَنِ ابْتَاعَهَا. اشْتَرَطَ ذَلِكَ الْمُبْتَاعُ أَوْ لَمْ يَشْتَرِطْهُ. ¤
Imam Malik, may Allah have mercy on him, said that similarly, if a person sells a pregnant slave woman, then the slave woman and the child in her womb will belong to the buyer, whether the buyer stipulated this condition or not.
قَالَ مَالِكٌ : وَلَا يَحِلُّ لِلْبَائِعِ أَنْ يَسْتَثْنِيَ مَا فِي بَطْنِهَا. لِأَنَّ ذَلِكَ غَرَرٌ. يَضَعُ مِنْ ثَمَنِهَا. وَلَا يَدْرِي أَيَصِلُ ذَلِكَ إِلَيْهِ أَمْ لَا. وَإِنَّمَا ذَلِكَ بِمَنْزِلَةِ مَا لَوْ بَاعَ جَنِينًا فِي بَطْنِ أُمِّهِ. وَذَلِكَ لَا يَحِلُّ لَهُ، لِأَنَّهُ غَرَرٌ. ¤
Imam Malik, may Allah have mercy on him, said that similarly it is not permissible for the seller to sell a slave-girl and sell her pregnancy, because there is deception in it; perhaps the child will be born or perhaps not. Its example is like a person selling the unborn child in the womb; such a sale is not valid.
قَالَ مَالِكٌ فِي مُكَاتَبٍ أَوْ مُدَبَّرٍ ابْتَاعَ أَحَدُهُمَا جَارِيَةً. فَوَطِئَهَا. فَحَمَلَتْ مِنْهُ وَوَلَدَتْ. قَالَ : وَلَدُ كُلِّ وَاحِدٍ مِنْهُمَا مِنْ جَارِيَتِهِ بِمَنْزِلَتِهِ. يَعْتِقُونَ بِعِتْقِهِ. وَيَرِقُّونَ بِرِقِّهِ. قَالَ مَالِكٌ : فَإِذَا أُعْتِقَ هُوَ. فَإِنَّمَا أُمُّ وَلَدِهِ مَالٌ مِنْ مَالِهِ. يُسَلَّمُ إِلَيْهِ إِذَا أُعْتِقَ.
Imam Malik, may Allah have mercy on him, said that if a mukatab or a mudabbar buys a slave girl and has intercourse with her, and she becomes pregnant and gives birth to a child, then the child of each will follow his father; with his freedom, the child will also be free, and with his slavery, the child will also be a slave. If the mukatab or mudabbar is set free, then the umm walad will be like him and like his mother, and she will be entrusted to him.
قَالَ مَالِكٌ فِي مُدَبَّرٍ قَالَ لِسَيِّدِهِ : عَجِّلْ لِي الْعِتْقَ. وَأُعْطِيكَ خَمْسِينَ مِنْهَا مُنَجَّمَةً عَلَيَّ. فَقَالَ سَيِّدُهُ : نَعَمْ. أَنْتَ حُرٌّ. وَعَلَيْكَ خَمْسُونَ دِينَارًا. تُؤَدِّي إِلَيَّ كُلَّ عَامٍ عَشَرَةَ دَنَانِيرَ. فَرَضِيَ بِذَلِكَ الْعَبْدُ. ثُمَّ هَلَكَ السَّيِّدُ بَعْدَ ذَلِكَ بِيَوْمٍ أَوْ يَوْمَيْنِ أَوْ ثَلَاثَةٍ. قَالَ مَالِكٌ : يَثْبُتُ لَهُ الْعِتْقُ. وَصَارَتِ الْخَمْسُونَ دِينَارًا دَيْنًا عَلَيْهِ. وَجَازَتْ شَهَادَتُهُ. وَثَبَتَتْ حُرْمَتُهُ. وَمِيرَاثُهُ وَحُدُودُهُ. وَلَا يَضَعُ عَنْهُ مَوْتُ سَيِّدِهِ. شَيْئًا مِنْ ذَلِكَ الدَّيْنِ. ¤
Imam Malik, may Allah have mercy on him, said that if a mudabbar says to his master: "Set me free now and I will pay you fifty dinars in installments," and the master says: "Alright, you are free, so pay me fifty dinars over five years, ten dinars each year," and the mudabbar agrees to this, then if the master dies after two or three days, the mudabbar will become free, and the fifty dinars will remain as a debt upon him. His testimony will be valid, and all his rights regarding sanctity, inheritance, and legal punishments will be complete, and the death of the master will not reduce anything from those fifty dinars.
قَالَ مَالِكٌ فِي رَجُلٍ دَبَّرَ عَبْدًا لَهُ. فَمَاتَ السَّيِّدُ. وَلَهُ مَالٌ حَاضِرٌ وَمَالٌ غَائِبٌ. فَلَمْ يَكُنْ فِي مَالِهِ الْحَاضِرِ مَا يَخْرُجُ فِيهِ الْمُدَبَّرُ. قَالَ : يُوقَفُ الْمُدَبَّرُ بِمَالِهِ. وَيُجْمَعُ خَرَاجُهُ حَتَّى يَتَبَيَّنَ مِنَ الْمَالِ الْغَائِبِ. فَإِنْ كَانَ فِيمَا تَرَكَ سَيِّدُهُ، مِمَّا يَحْمِلُهُ الثُّلُثُ، عَتَقَ بِمَالِهِ. وَبِمَا جُمِعَ مِنْ خَرَاجِهِ فَإِنْ لَمْ يَكُنْ فِيمَا تَرَكَ سَيِّدُهُ مَا يَحْمِلُهُ، عَتَقَ مِنْهُ قَدْرُ الثُّلُثِ، وَتُرِكَ مَالُهُ فِي يَدَيْهِ.
Imam Malik, may Allah have mercy on him, said that if a person declares his slave as Mudabbar, then dies, and some of his wealth is present while some is absent, and the Mudabbar cannot be freed from the one-third of the wealth that is present, then the Mudabbar will be held back, and his earnings will also be collected, until the absent wealth also appears. Then, if the Mudabbar can be freed from the one-third of the total wealth of the master, he will be freed, and the wealth and earnings of the Mudabbar will belong to him. And if he cannot be completely freed from the one-third, then only the portion equivalent to the one-third will be freed, and his wealth will remain with him.
قَالَ مَالِكٌ الْأَمْرُ الْمُجْتَمَعُ عَلَيْهِ عِنْدَنَا : أَنَّ كُلَّ عَتَاقَةٍ أَعْتَقَهَا رَجُلٌ. فِي وَصِيَّةٍ أَوْصَى بِهَا فِي صِحَّةٍ أَوْ مَرَضٍ : أَنَّهُ يَرُدُّهَا مَتَى شَاءَ. وَيُغَيِّرُهَا مَتَى شَاءَ، مَا لَمْ يَكُنْ تَدْبِيرًا. فَإِذَا دَبَّرَ، فَلَا سَبِيلَ لَهُ إِلَى رَدِّ مَا دَبَّرَ. ¤
Imam Malik, may Allah have mercy on him, said that as for all bequests of emancipation, whether made in good health or illness, they can be revoked or changed. However, in the case of tadbir, once someone has been made a mudabbar, there is no longer the option to revoke it.
قَالَ مَالِكٌ : وَكُلُّ وَلَدٍ وَلَدَتْهُ أَمَةٌ، أَوْصَى بِعِتْقِهَا وَلَمْ تُدَبَّرْ. فَإِنَّ وَلَدَهَا لَا يَعْتِقُونَ مَعَهَا إِذَا عَتَقَتْ. وَذَلِكَ أَنَّ سَيِّدَهَا يُغَيِّرُ وَصِيَّتَهُ إِنْ شَاءَ. وَيَرُدُّهَا مَتَى شَاءَ. وَلَمْ يَثْبُتْ لَهَا عَتَاقَةٌ. وَإِنَّمَا هِيَ بِمَنْزِلَةِ رَجُلٍ قَالَ لِجَارِيَتِهِ : إِنْ بَقِيَتْ عِنْدِي فُلَانَةُ حَتَّى أَمُوتَ، فَهِيَ حُرَّةٌ.
Imam Malik, may Allah have mercy on him, said that if someone makes a bequest for the emancipation of a slave woman but does not make her a mudabbara, then her children will not be freed along with their mother, because the master had the right to change this bequest, and freedom was not established for their mother. Rather, it is like someone saying: If such-and-such slave woman remains with me until my death, then she is free. If she remains until his death, then she will be freed, but the master has the right to sell her or her children before death. Thus, according to the ancient Sunnah, there is a great difference between a bequest of emancipation and a bequest of tadbeer. If a bequest were like tadbeer, then no person would have the right to change or alter his bequest.
قَالَ مَالِكٌ: فَإِنْ أَدْرَكَتْ ذَلِكَ، كَانَ لَهَا ذَلِكَ. وَإِنْ شَاءَ، قَبْلَ ذَلِكَ، بَاعَهَا وَوَلَدَهَا لِأَنَّهُ لَمْ يُدْخِلْ وَلَدَهَا فِي شَيْءٍ مِمَّا جَعَلَ لَهَا.
Malik said: If she attains that, then it is hers. But if he wishes, before that, he may sell her and her child, because he did not include her child in anything that he assigned to her.
قَالَ : وَالْوَصِيَّةُ فِي الْعَتَاقَةِ مُخَالِفَةٌ لِلتَّدْبِيرِ، فَرَقَ بَيْنَ ذَلِكَ مَا مَضَى مِنَ السُّنَّةِ. قَالَ : وَلَوْ كَانَتِ الْوَصِيَّةُ بِمَنْزِلَةِ التَّدْبِيرِ. كَانَ كُلُّ مُوصٍ لَا يَقْدِرُ عَلَى تَغْيِيرِ وَصِيَّتِهِ. وَمَا ذُكِرَ فِيهَا مِنَ الْعَتَاقَةِ. وَكَانَ قَدْ حَبَسَ عَلَيْهِ مِنْ مَالِهِ مَا لَا يَسْتَطِيعُ أَنْ يَنْتَفِعَ بِهِ. ¤
He said: And the bequest regarding emancipation is different from tadbir; what has passed from the Sunnah has distinguished between them. He said: And if the bequest were in the same position as tadbir, then every testator would not be able to change his bequest, and what is mentioned in it regarding emancipation, and he would have withheld from his wealth what he could not benefit from.
قَالَ مَالِكٌ فِي رَجُلٍ دَبَّرَ رَقِيقًا لَهُ جَمِيعًا. فِي صِحَّتِهِ وَلَيْسَ لَهُ مَالٌ غَيْرُهُمْ : إِنْ كَانَ دَبَّرَ بَعْضَهُمْ قَبْلَ بَعْضٍ بُدِئَ بِالْأَوَّلِ فَالْأَوَّلِ، حَتَّى يَبْلُغَ الثُّلُثَ. وَإِنْ كَانَ دَبَّرَهُمْ جَمِيعًا فِي مَرَضِهِ. فَقَالَ : فُلَانٌ حُرٌّ. وَفُلَانٌ حُرٌّ. وَفُلَانٌ حُرٌّ. فِي كَلَامٍ وَاحِدٍ. إِنْ حَدَثَ بِي فِي مَرَضِي هَذَا حَدَثُ مَوْتٍ، أَوْ دَبَّرَهُمْ جَمِيعًا فِي كَلِمَةٍ وَاحِدَةٍ، تَحَاصَّوْا فِي الثُّلُثِ. وَلَمْ يُبَدَّأْ أَحَدٌ مِنْهُمْ قَبْلَ صَاحِبِهِ. وَإِنَّمَا هِيَ وَصِيَّةٌ. وَإِنَّمَا لَهُمُ الثُّلُثُ. يُقْسَمُ بَيْنَهُمْ بِالْحِصَصِ. ثُمَّ يَعْتِقُ مِنْهُمُ الثُّلُثُ بَالِغًا مَا بَلَغَ. قَالَ : وَلَا يُبَدَّأُ أَحَدٌ مِنْهُمْ إِذَا كَانَ ذَلِكَ كُلُّهُ فِي مَرَضِهِ. ¤
Imam Malik, may Allah have mercy on him, said that if a person, while in good health, declares several of his slaves as mudabbar and possesses no wealth other than them, and if he declared them mudabbar one after the other, then the one who was declared mudabbar first will be freed from one third of the wealth, then the second, then the third, and so on as long as there is room within one third of the wealth. If he declared all of them mudabbar at the same time in a single statement, then one third of each will be freed when all are declared mudabbar during illness.
قَالَ مَالِكٌ فِي رَجُلٍ دَبَّرَ غُلَامًا لَهُ. فَهَلَكَ السَّيِّدُ وَلَا مَالَ لَهُ إِلَّا الْعَبْدُ الْمُدَبَّرُ. وَلِلْعَبْدِ مَالٌ قَالَ : يُعْتَقُ ثُلُثُ الْمُدَبَّرِ. وَيُوقَفُ مَالُهُ بِيَدَيْهِ. ¤
Imam Malik, may Allah have mercy on him, said that if a person declared his slave as Mudabbar and had no other wealth except that, then the master died and the Mudabbar has wealth, one third of the Mudabbar will be set free and the wealth will remain with him.
قَالَ مَالِكٌ فِي مُدَبَّرٍ كَاتَبَهُ سَيِّدُهُ فَمَاتَ السَّيِّدُ وَلَمْ يَتْرُكْ مَالًا غَيْرَهُ. قَالَ مَالِكٌ : يُعْتَقُ مِنْهُ ثُلُثُهُ. وَيُوضَعُ عَنْهُ ثُلُثُ كِتَابَتِهِ. وَيَكُونُ عَلَيْهِ ثُلُثَاهَا. ¤
Imam Malik, may Allah have mercy on him, said that if a mudabbar is made a mukatab by his master, then the master dies and leaves nothing except him, then one third of him will be freed, and one third will be deducted from the price of the kitabah, and two thirds will have to be paid by the mudabbar.
قَالَ مَالِكٌ فِي رَجُلٍ أَعْتَقَ نِصْفَ عَبْدٍ لَهُ وَهُوَ مَرِيضٌ. فَبَتَّ عِتْقَ نِصْفِهِ. أَوْ بَتَّ عِتْقَهُ كُلَّهُ. وَقَدْ كَانَ دَبَّرَ عَبْدًا لَهُ آخَرَ قَبْلَ ذَلِكَ. قَالَ : يُبَدَّأُ بِالْمُدَبَّرِ قَبْلَ الَّذِي أَعْتَقَهُ وَهُوَ مَرِيضٌ. وَذَلِكَ أَنَّهُ لَيْسَ لِلرَّجُلِ أَنْ يَرُدَّ مَا دَبَّرَ. وَلَا أَنْ يَتَعَقَّبَهُ بِأَمْرٍ يَرُدُّهُ بِهِ. فَإِذَا عَتَقَ الْمُدَبَّرُ فَلْيَكُنْ مَا بَقِيَ مِنَ الثُّلُثِ فِي الَّذِي أَعْتَقَ شَطْرَهُ. حَتَّى يَسْتَتِمَّ عِتْقُهُ كُلُّهُ، فِي ثُلُثِ مَالِ الْمَيِّتِ. فَإِنْ لَمْ يَبْلُغْ ذَلِكَ فَضْلَ الثُّلُثِ، عَتَقَ مِنْهُ مَا بَلَغَ فَضْلَ الثُّلُثِ، بَعْدَ عِتْقِ الْمُدَبَّرِ الْأَوَّلِ.
Imam Malik, may Allah have mercy on him, said that if a person, during his terminal illness, frees half or all of his slave, and he had previously made his slave a mudabbar, then from one-third of the wealth, the mudabbar will be freed first. Then, if the remaining wealth suffices to free the slave, he will be freed; otherwise, he will be freed to the extent of the wealth that remains.
قَالَ مَالِك : إِذَا كَاتَبَ الْمُكَاتَبُ فَعَتَقَ، فَإِنَّمَا يَرِثُهُ أَوْلَى النَّاسِ بِمَنْ كَاتَبَهُ مِنَ الرِّجَالِ يَوْمَ تُوُفِّيَ الْمُكَاتَبُ مِنْ وَلَدٍ، أَوْ عَصَبَةٍ ¤
Imam Malik, may Allah have mercy on him, said that when a mukatab becomes free, his heir will be the person who made him a mukatab, or the closest male relative among the mukatab's relatives on the day the mukatab dies, whether it is a son or another 'asaba (male agnate).
Hadith 1299
حَدَّثَنِي مَالِك أَنَّهُ بَلَغَهُ، أَنَّ سَعِيدَ بْنَ الْمُسَيَّبِ سُئِلَ عَنْ مُكَاتَبٍ كَانَ بَيْنَ رَجُلَيْنِ، فَأَعْتَقَ أَحَدُهُمَا نَصِيبَهُ، فَمَاتَ الْمُكَاتَبُ وَتَرَكَ مَالًا كَثِيرًا، فَقَالَ : " يُؤَدَّى إِلَى الَّذِي تَمَاسَكَ بِكِتَابَتِهِ الَّذِي بَقِيَ لَهُ، ثُمَّ يَقْتَسِمَانِ مَا بَقِيَ بِالسَّوِيَّةِ " .
Hazrat Saeed bin Musayyib was asked: If a mukatab (contracted slave) is shared between two men, and one of them frees his share, then the mukatab dies and leaves behind a lot of wealth, what is the ruling? Saeed said: The one who did not free (his share) will take the compensation for his share of the contract, and whatever remains after that will be divided between the two men.
قَالَ مَالِك : إِذَا كَاتَبَ الْمُكَاتَبُ فَعَتَقَ، فَإِنَّمَا يَرِثُهُ أَوْلَى النَّاسِ بِمَنْ كَاتَبَهُ مِنَ الرِّجَالِ يَوْمَ تُوُفِّيَ الْمُكَاتَبُ مِنْ وَلَدٍ، أَوْ عَصَبَةٍ ¤
Imam Malik, may Allah have mercy on him, said that when a mukatab becomes free, his heir will be the person who made him a mukatab, or the closest male relative among the mukatab's relatives on the day the mukatab dies, whether it is a son or another 'asaba (male agnate).
قَالَ مَالِك : الْإِخْوَةُ فِي الْكِتَابَةِ بِمَنْزِلَةِ الْوَلَدِ، إِذَا كُوتِبُوا جَمِيعًا كِتَابَةً وَاحِدَةً إِذَا لَمْ يَكُنْ لِأَحَدٍ مِنْهُمْ وَلَدٌ كَاتَبَ عَلَيْهِمْ، أَوْ وُلِدُوا فِي كِتَابَتِهِ أَوْ كَاتَبَ عَلَيْهِمْ، ثُمَّ هَلَكَ أَحَدُهُمْ وَتَرَكَ مَالًا أُدِّيَ عَنْهُمْ جَمِيعُ مَا عَلَيْهِمْ مِنْ كِتَابَتِهِمْ وَعَتَقُوا، وَكَانَ فَضْلُ الْمَالِ بَعْدَ ذَلِكَ لِوَلَدِهِ دُونَ إِخْوَتِهِ ¤
Imam Malik, may Allah have mercy on him, said that if several brothers are collectively made mukatab, and they have no children who were born during the period of the contract of mukatabah, or who entered into the contract of mukatabah, then those brothers will inherit from one another. If any of them has a son who was born during the period of the contract of mukatabah, or upon whom the contract of mukatabah was enacted and he dies, then first, from his wealth, the total amount of the contract of mukatabah will be paid, and whatever remains will go to his children, not to his brothers.
قَالَ مَالِكٌ فِي رَجُلٍ كَاتَبَ عَبْدَهُ بِذَهَبٍ أَوْ وَرِقٍ. وَاشْتَرَطَ عَلَيْهِ فِي كِتَابَتِهِ سَفَرًا أَوْ خِدْمَةً أَوْ ضَحِيَّةً : إِنَّ كُلَّ شَيْءٍ مِنْ ذَلِكَ سَمَّى بِاسْمِهِ ثُمَّ قَوِيَ الْمُكَاتَبُ عَلَى أَدَاءِ نُجُومِهِ كُلِّهَا قَبْلَ مَحِلِّهَا. قَالَ: إِذَا أَدَّى نُجُومَهُ كُلَّهَا وَعَلَيْهِ هَذَا الشَّرْطُ عَتَقَ فَتَمَّتْ حُرْمَتُهُ وَنُظِرَ إِلَى مَا شَرَطَ عَلَيْهِ مِنْ خِدْمَةٍ أَوْ سَفَرٍ أَوْ مَا أَشْبَهَ ذَلِكَ. مِمَّا يُعَالِجُهُ هُوَ بِنَفْسِهِ. فَذَلِكَ مَوْضُوعٌ عَنْهُ لَيْسَ لِسَيِّدِهِ فِيهِ شَيْءٌ وَمَا كَانَ مِنْ ضَحِيَّةٍ أَوْ كِسْوَةٍ أَوْ شَيْءٍ يُؤَدِّيهِ. فَإِنَّمَا هُوَ بِمَنْزِلَةِ الدَّنَانِيرِ وَالدَّرَاهِمِ يُقَوَّمُ ذَلِكَ عَلَيْهِ فَيَدْفَعُهُ مَعَ نُجُومِهِ وَلَا يَعْتِقُ حَتَّى يَدْفَعَ ذَلِكَ مَعَ نُجُومِهِ. ¤
Imam Malik, may Allah have mercy on him, said that if a person makes his slave a mukatab (one who has a contract for freedom) for gold or silver, and sets a condition in the contract such as travel, service, or sacrifice, but specifies this condition, then if the mukatab becomes able to pay his installments before the due time and pays them, but this condition still remains upon him, he will become free, and his sanctity will be complete. Now, regarding this condition, if it is such that the mukatab himself has to fulfill it (like the condition of travel or service), then it will not be obligatory upon the mukatab, nor will the master have the right to demand its fulfillment. And if the condition is such that something has to be given, like the condition of sacrifice or clothing, then it will be like the dirhams and dinars; the value of that thing will be assessed and he will pay it along with his installments. Until he pays it, he will not be free.
قَالَ مَالِكٌ الْأَمْرُ الْمُجْتَمَعُ عَلَيْهِ عِنْدَنَا الَّذِي لَا اخْتِلَافَ فِيهِ أَنَّ الْمُكَاتَبَ بِمَنْزِلَةِ عَبْدٍ أَعْتَقَهُ سَيِّدُهُ بَعْدَ خِدْمَةِ عَشْرِ سِنِينَ. فَإِذَا هَلَكَ سَيِّدُهُ الَّذِي أَعْتَقَهُ قَبْلَ عَشْرِ سِنِينَ. فَإِنَّ مَا بَقِيَ عَلَيْهِ مِنْ خِدْمَتِهِ لِوَرَثَتِهِ وَكَانَ وَلَاؤُهُ لِلَّذِي عَقَدَ عِتْقَهُ وَلِوَلَدِهِ مِنَ الرِّجَالِ أَوِ الْعَصَبَةِ. ¤
Imam Malik, may Allah have mercy on him, said that a mukatab is like a slave whom the master sets free after ten years of service. If the master dies and ten years have not passed, then he will complete the ten years of service with the heirs, and the wala’ will go to the one who established his freedom, or to his male offspring or to his asabah (male relatives through the father).
قَالَ مَالِكٌ فِي الرَّجُلِ يَشْتَرِطُ عَلَى مُكَاتَبِهِ أَنَّكَ لَا تُسَافِرُ وَلَا تَنْكِحُ وَلَا تَخْرُجُ مِنْ أَرْضِي إِلَّا بِإِذْنِي : فَإِنْ فَعَلْتَ شَيْئًا مِنْ ذَلِكَ بِغَيْرِ إِذْنِي فَمَحْوُ كِتَابَتِكَ بِيَدِي. قَالَ مَالِكٌ : لَيْسَ مَحْوُ كِتَابَتِهِ بِيَدِهِ إِنْ فَعَلَ الْمُكَاتَبُ شَيْئًا مِنْ ذَلِكَ. وَلْيَرْفَعْ سَيِّدُهُ ذَلِكَ إِلَى السُّلْطَانِ وَلَيْسَ لِلْمُكَاتَبِ أَنْ يَنْكِحَ وَلَا يُسَافِرَ وَلَا يَخْرُجَ مِنْ أَرْضِ سَيِّدِهِ. إِلَّا بِإِذْنِهِ اشْتَرَطَ ذَلِكَ أَوْ لَمْ يَشْتَرِطْهُ. وَذَلِكَ أَنَّ الرَّجُلَ يُكَاتِبُ عَبْدَهُ بِمِائَةِ دِينَارٍ وَلَهُ أَلْفُ دِينَارٍ أَوْ أَكْثَرُ مِنْ ذَلِكَ فَيَنْطَلِقُ فَيَنْكِحُ الْمَرْأَةَ فَيُصْدِقُهَا الصَّدَاقَ الَّذِي يُجْحِفُ بِمَالِهِ وَيَكُونُ فِيهِ عَجْزُهُ فَيَرْجِعُ إِلَى سَيِّدِهِ عَبْدًا لَا مَالَ لَهُ. أَوْ يُسَافِرُ فَتَحِلُّ نُجُومُهُ وَهُوَ غَائِبٌ فَلَيْسَ ذَلِكَ لَهُ وَلَا عَلَى ذَلِكَ كَاتَبَهُ. وَذَلِكَ بِيَدِ سَيِّدِهِ إِنْ شَاءَ أَذِنَ لَهُ فِي ذَلِكَ وَإِنْ شَاءَ مَنَعَهُ.
Imam Malik, may Allah have mercy on him, said that if a person stipulates with his mukatab (contracted slave) that he should not travel, or not marry, or not leave his land without his permission, and if he does so, then it will be in his (the master’s) power to annul the contract of manumission. In this case, the annulment of the contract will not be in his power, even if the mukatab does any of these things. If the master annuls the contract of the mukatab, then the mukatab should complain to the judge, who will rule that the contract cannot be annulled. However, it is necessary that the mukatab should not marry, travel, or leave the land without the master’s permission, whether this condition was stipulated or not. The reason for this is that a man contracts his slave for one hundred dinars, and the slave has a thousand dinars with him, so he marries and spends those dinars as dowry, then becomes helpless and returns to the master, having neither wealth nor anything else. In this, there is complete loss for the master. Or the mukatab travels, and the time for the installments arrives, but he is not present, so in this there is hardship for the master. For this reason, it is not proper for the mukatab to marry or travel without the master’s permission; rather, the authority over these matters belongs to the master, whether he permits or forbids.
قَالَ مَالِكٌ : إِنَّ الْمُكَاتَبَ إِذَا أَعْتَقَ عَبْدَهُ إِنَّ ذَلِكَ غَيْرُ جَائِزٍ لَهُ. إِلَّا بِإِذْنِ سَيِّدِهِ فَإِنْ أَجَازَ ذَلِكَ سَيِّدُهُ لَهُ ثُمَّ عَتَقَ الْمُكَاتَبُ كَانَ وَلَاؤُهُ لِلْمُكَاتَبِ. وَإِنْ مَاتَ الْمُكَاتَبُ قَبْلَ أَنْ يُعْتَقَ كَانَ وَلَاءُ الْمُعْتَقِ لِسَيِّدِ الْمُكَاتَبِ وَإِنْ مَاتَ الْمُعْتَقُ قَبْلَ أَنْ يُعْتَقَ الْمُكَاتَبُ وَرِثَهُ سَيِّدُ الْمُكَاتَبِ¤
Imam Malik, may Allah have mercy on him, said that if a mukatab (a slave with a contract for freedom) also makes his own slave a mukatab, and then the mukatab of the mukatab is freed before the original mukatab, then his wala’ (right of allegiance) will go to the mawla (master) of the original mukatab until the original mukatab is freed. When the original mukatab is freed, the wala’ of his mukatab will return to him. If the mukatab dies or becomes incapable before paying off the contract, then his free children will not receive the wala’ of their father’s mukatab, because their father did not have the right to wala’, as he was not freed.
قَالَ مَالِكٌ : وَكَذَلِكَ أَيْضًا لَوْ كَاتَبَ الْمُكَاتَبُ عَبْدًا فَعَتَقَ الْمُكَاتَبُ الْآخَرُ قَبْلَ سَيِّدِهِ الَّذِي كَاتَبَهُ فَإِنَّ وَلَاءَهُ لِسَيِّدِ الْمُكَاتَبِ مَا لَمْ يَعْتِقِ الْمُكَاتَبُ الْأَوَّلُ الَّذِي كَاتَبَهُ. فَإِنْ عَتَقَ الَّذِي كَاتَبَهُ رَجَعَ إِلَيْهِ وَلَاءُ مُكَاتَبِهِ الَّذِي كَانَ عَتَقَ قَبْلَهُ. وَإِنْ مَاتَ الْمُكَاتَبُ الْأَوَّلُ قَبْلَ أَنْ يُؤَدِّيَ أَوْ عَجَزَ عَنْ كِتَابَتِهِ وَلَهُ وَلَدٌ أَحْرَارٌ لَمْ يَرِثُوا وَلَاءَ مُكَاتَبِ أَبِيهِمْ لِأَنَّهُ لَمْ يَثْبُتْ لِأَبِيهِمُ الْوَلَاءُ. وَلَا يَكُونُ لَهُ الْوَلَاءُ حَتَّى يَعْتِقَ. ¤
Imam Malik, may Allah have mercy on him, said that if a mukatab (contracted slave) is jointly owned by two men, and then one of them waives his right but the other does not, and then the mukatab dies and leaves wealth, then the one who did not waive his right will take his due, and whatever wealth remains will be divided between both of them as if he had died in the state of slavery, because the one who waived his right did not set him free, rather he only forgave his own right.
قَالَ مَالِكٌ فِي الْمُكَاتَبِ يَكُونُ بَيْنَ الرَّجُلَيْنِ فَيَتْرُكُ أَحَدُهُمَا لِلْمُكَاتَبِ الَّذِي لَهُ عَلَيْهِ وَيَشِحُّ الْآخَرُ ثُمَّ يَمُوتُ الْمُكَاتَبُ وَيَتْرُكُ مَالًا. قَالَ مَالِكٌ : يَقْضِي الَّذِي لَمْ يَتْرُكْ لَهُ شَيْئًا مَا بَقِيَ لَهُ عَلَيْهِ. ثُمَّ يَقْتَسِمَانِ الْمَالَ كَهَيْئَتِهِ لَوْ مَاتَ عَبْدًا لِأَنَّ الَّذِي صَنَعَ لَيْسَ بِعَتَاقَةٍ. وَإِنَّمَا تَرَكَ مَا كَانَ لَهُ عَلَيْهِ. ¤
Malik said about the mukatab who is between two men, and one of them leaves to the mukatab what he has against him, and the other withholds, then the mukatab dies and leaves wealth. Malik said: The one who did not leave him anything is to be given what remains due to him. Then they divide the wealth as if he had died a slave, because what was done is not emancipation, but rather he only left what was due to him.
قَالَ مَالِكٌ وَمِمَّا يُبَيِّنُ ذَلِكَ : أَنَّ الرَّجُلَ إِذَا مَاتَ وَتَرَكَ مُكَاتَبًا وَتَرَكَ بَنِينَ رِجَالًا وَنِسَاءً. ثُمَّ أَعْتَقَ أَحَدُ الْبَنِينَ نَصِيبَهُ مِنَ الْمُكَاتَبِ إِنَّ ذَلِكَ لَا يُثْبِتُ لَهُ مِنَ الْوَلَاءِ شَيْئًا وَلَوْ كَانَتْ عَتَاقَةً لَثَبَتَ الْوَلَاءُ لِمَنْ أَعْتَقَ مِنْهُمْ مِنْ رِجَالِهِمْ وَنِسَائِهِمْ. ¤
Imam Malik, may Allah have mercy on him, said: The evidence for this is: A man died and left behind a mukatab and also left behind sons and daughters. Then one of the daughters freed her share, so the wala’ would not be established for her. If this had been emancipation, then the wala’ would necessarily be established for her.
قَالَ مَالِكٌ : وَمِمَّا يُبَيِّنُ ذَلِكَ أَيْضًا أَنَّهُمْ إِذَا أَعْتَقَ أَحَدُهُمْ نَصِيبَهُ ثُمَّ عَجَزَ الْمُكَاتَبُ لَمْ يُقَوَّمْ عَلَى الَّذِي أَعْتَقَ نَصِيبَهُ مَا بَقِيَ مِنَ الْمُكَاتَبِ وَلَوْ كَانَتْ عَتَاقَةً قُوِّمَ عَلَيْهِ حَتَّى يَعْتِقَ فِي مَالِهِ كَمَا قَالَ رَسُولُ اللّٰهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ : ” مَنْ أَعْتَقَ شِرْكًا لَهُ فِي عَبْدٍ قُوِّمَ عَلَيْهِ قِيمَةَ الْعَدْلِ. فَإِنْ لَمْ يَكُنْ لَهُ مَالٌ عَتَقَ مِنْهُ مَا عَتَقَ.“ ¤
Imam Malik, may Allah have mercy on him, said that this is also evidence that if a person frees his share and then the mukatab becomes free, the one who freed his share will not have to pay the price of the remaining shares. If this was considered emancipation, then according to the hadith, he would have to pay the price of the shares of the others.
قَالَ مَالِكٌ : وَمِمَّا يُبَيِّنُ ذَلِكَ أَيْضًا أَنَّ مِنْ سُنَّةِ الْمُسْلِمِينَ الَّتِي لَا اخْتِلَافَ فِيهَا. أَنَّ مَنْ أَعْتَقَ شِرْكًا لَهُ فِي مُكَاتَبٍ لَمْ يُعْتَقْ عَلَيْهِ فِي مَالِهِ وَلَوْ عَتَقَ عَلَيْهِ. كَانَ الْوَلَاءُ لَهُ دُونَ شُرَكَائِهِ. ¤
Imam Malik, may Allah have mercy on him, said that another proof of this is that the practice of the Muslims, about which there is no difference, is that if a person frees a share from a mukatab, then he will not be freed from his wealth, because if it were so, the wala’ would go to him and not to his partners.
قَالَ مَالِكٌ : وَمِمَّا يُبَيِّنُ ذَلِكَ أَيْضًا أَنَّ مِنْ سُنَّةِ الْمُسْلِمِينَ أَنَّ الْوَلَاءَ لِمَنْ عَقَدَ الْكِتَابَةَ. وَأَنَّهُ لَيْسَ لِمَنْ وَرِثَ سَيِّدَ الْمُكَاتَبِ مِنَ النِّسَاءِ مِنْ وَلَاءِ الْمُكَاتَبِ. وَإِنْ أَعْتَقْنَ نَصِيبَهُنَّ شَيْءٌ إِنَّمَا وَلَاؤُهُ لِوَلَدِ سَيِّدِ الْمُكَاتَبِ الذُّكُورِ أَوْ عَصَبَتِهِ مِنَ الرِّجَالِ.
Imam Malik, may Allah have mercy on him, said that another proof of this is that the practice of the Muslims is also that the person who enters into a contract of kitabah, the wala’ will go to him, and among the heirs of the master of the mukatab, the women will not receive the wala’, even if they free a portion themselves. Rather, the wala’ will go to the sons of the master of the mukatab or to other male agnates.
قَالَ مَالِكٌ : إِذَا كَانَ الْقَوْمُ جَمِيعًا فِي كِتَابَةٍ وَاحِدَةٍ. لَمْ يُعْتِقْ سَيِّدُهُمْ أَحَدًا مِنْهُمْ دُونَ مُؤَامَرَةِ أَصْحَابِهِ الَّذِينَ مَعَهُ فِي الْكِتَابَةِ وَرِضًا مِنْهُمْ. وَإِنْ كَانُوا صِغَارًا فَلَيْسَ مُؤَامَرَتُهُمْ بِشَيْءٍ. وَلَا يَجُوزُ ذَلِكَ عَلَيْهِمْ. .
Imam Malik, may Allah have mercy on him, said that if several slaves are contracted as mukatab (contracted for emancipation) in a single agreement, the master cannot free one of the slaves unless the other mukatab slaves agree. If they are minors, their consent is not considered. The reason for this is that among several slaves, one slave may be very clever and hardworking, and it is expected that through his labor and effort, he may also secure the freedom of the others. The master might then free only that person so that the remaining slaves, being unable to work as hard, would remain slaves. This is not permissible, because it causes harm to the remaining slaves, and the Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings be upon him, said: "There is no harm in Islam."
قَالَ : وَذَلِكَ أَنَّ الرَّجُلَ رُبَّمَا كَانَ يَسْعَى عَلَى جَمِيعِ الْقَوْمِ وَيُؤَدِّي عَنْهُمْ كِتَابَتَهُمْ لِتَتِمَّ بِهِ عَتَاقَتُهُمْ فَيَعْمِدُ السَّيِّدُ إِلَى الَّذِي يُؤَدِّي عَنْهُمْ. وَبِهِ نَجَاتُهُمْ مِنَ الرِّقِّ، فَيُعْتِقُهُ. فَيَكُونُ ذَلِكَ عَجْزًا لِمَنْ بَقِيَ مِنْهُمْ وَإِنَّمَا أَرَادَ بِذَلِكَ الْفَضْلَ وَالزِّيَادَةَ لِنَفْسِهِ فَلَا يَجُوزُ ذَلِكَ عَلَى مَنْ بَقِيَ مِنْهُمْ وَقَدْ قَالَ رَسُولُ اللّٰهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ : ” لَا ضَرَرَ وَلَا ضِرَارَ وَهَذَا أَشَدُّ الضَّرَرِ.“
He said: That is because a man might be striving on behalf of all the people and paying their contract so that their emancipation would be completed through him. Then the master would single out the one who is paying on their behalf, and through whom is their salvation from slavery, and emancipate him. That would be a disadvantage for those who remain, and he only intended by that to gain virtue and increase for himself. So that is not permissible regarding those who remain among them. And the Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings be upon him, said: "There is to be no harm and no reciprocating harm, and this is the greatest harm."
قَالَ مَالِكٌ فِي الْعَبِيدِ يُكَاتَبُونَ جَمِيعًا : إِنَّ لِسَيِّدِهِمْ أَنْ يُعْتِقَ مِنْهُمُ الْكَبِيرَ الْفَانِيَ وَالصَّغِيرَ الَّذِي لَا يُؤَدِّي وَاحِدٌ مِنْهُمَا شَيْئًا وَلَيْسَ عِنْدَ وَاحِدٍ مِنْهُمَا عَوْنٌ وَلَا قُوَّةٌ فِي كِتَابَتِهِمْ فَذَلِكَ جَائِزٌ لَهُ.
Imam Malik, may Allah have mercy on him, said that if several slaves are contracted for manumission (mukatab), and among them there is a slave who is either extremely old or very young, such that the other slaves do not receive any help from him in fulfilling the payment of the contract, then it is permissible for the master to free him.
قَالَ مَالِكٌ فِي الرَّجُلِ يُكَاتِبُ عَبْدَهُ. ثُمَّ يَمُوتُ الْمُكَاتَبُ وَيَتْرُكُ أُمَّ وَلَدِهِ. وَقَدْ بَقِيَتْ عَلَيْهِ مِنْ كِتَابَتِهِ بَقِيَّةٌ وَيَتْرُكُ وَفَاءً بِمَا عَلَيْهِ : إِنَّ أُمَّ وَلَدِهِ أَمَةٌ مَمْلُوكَةٌ حِينَ لَمْ يُعْتَقِ الْمُكَاتَبُ حَتَّى مَاتَ. وَلَمْ يَتْرُكْ وَلَدًا فَيُعْتَقُونَ بِأَدَاءِ مَا بَقِيَ فَتُعْتَقُ أُمُّ وَلَدِ أَبِيهِمْ بِعِتْقِهِمْ. ¤
Imam Malik, may Allah have mercy on him, said that if a person makes his slave a mukatab (one who has a contract for freedom), then the mukatab dies and leaves behind an umm walad (a slave woman who has borne a child to her master), and leaves behind enough wealth to fulfill the contract of kitabah, then that umm walad will become the slave of the mukatab’s master, because the mukatab was not free at the time of his death, nor did he leave behind any offspring by whom the umm walad would also become free.
قَالَ مَالِكٌ : فِي الْمُكَاتَبِ يُعْتِقُ عَبْدًا لَهُ أَوْ يَتَصَدَّقُ بِبَعْضِ مَالِهِ وَلَمْ يَعْلَمْ بِذَلِكَ سَيِّدُهُ حَتَّى عَتَقَ الْمُكَاتَبُ. قَالَ مَالِكٌ : يَنْفُذُ ذَلِكَ عَلَيْهِ وَلَيْسَ لِلْمُكَاتَبِ أَنْ يَرْجِعَ فِيهِ فَإِنْ عَلِمَ سَيِّدُ الْمُكَاتَبِ قَبْلَ أَنْ يَعْتِقَ الْمُكَاتَبُ فَرَدَّ ذَلِكَ وَلَمْ يُجِزْهُ فَإِنَّهُ إِنْ عَتَقَ الْمُكَاتَبُ وَذَلِكَ فِي يَدِهِ لَمْ يَكُنْ عَلَيْهِ أَنْ يُعْتِقَ ذَلِكَ الْعَبْدَ وَلَا أَنْ يُخْرِجَ تِلْكَ الصَّدَقَةَ إِلَّا أَنْ يَفْعَلَ ذَلِكَ طَائِعًا مِنْ عِنْدِ نَفْسِهِ.
Imam Malik, may Allah have mercy on him, said that if a mukatab frees his slave, or gives some of his wealth in charity, and the master is not informed of this until the mukatab becomes free, then after his freedom, the mukatab cannot invalidate that charity or emancipation. However, if the master is informed of it before the mukatab's freedom and does not give permission, then that charity or emancipation becomes void. In this case, it is not obligatory for the mukatab to free that slave again or give charity after his freedom, but he may do so willingly.
قَالَ مَالِكٌ إِنَّ أَحْسَنَ مَا سَمِعْتُ فِي الْمُكَاتَبِ يُعْتِقُهُ سَيِّدُهُ عِنْدَ الْمَوْتِ : أَنَّ الْمُكَاتَبَ يُقَامُ عَلَى هَيْئَتِهِ تِلْكَ الَّتِي لَوْ بِيعَ كَانَ ذَلِكَ الثَّمَنَ الَّذِي يَبْلُغُ فَإِنْ كَانَتِ الْقِيمَةُ أَقَلَّ مِمَّا بَقِيَ عَلَيْهِ مِنَ الْكِتَابَةِ وُضِعَ ذَلِكَ فِي ثُلُثِ الْمَيِّتِ. وَلَمْ يُنْظَرْ إِلَى عَدَدِ الدَّرَاهِمِ الَّتِي بَقِيَتْ عَلَيْهِ. وَذَلِكَ أَنَّهُ لَوْ قُتِلَ لَمْ يَغْرَمْ قَاتِلُهُ إِلَّا قِيمَتَهُ يَوْمَ قَتْلِهِ وَلَوْ جُرِحَ لَمْ يَغْرَمْ جَارِحُهُ إِلَّا دِيَةَ جَرْحِهِ يَوْمَ جَرَحَهُ. وَلَا يُنْظَرُ فِي شَيْءٍ مِنْ ذَلِكَ إِلَى مَا كُوتِبَ عَلَيْهِ مِنَ الدَّنَانِيرِ وَالدَّرَاهِمِ. لِأَنَّهُ عَبْدٌ مَا بَقِيَ عَلَيْهِ مِنْ كِتَابَتِهِ شَيْءٌ وَإِنْ كَانَ الَّذِي بَقِيَ عَلَيْهِ مِنْ كِتَابَتِهِ أَقَلَّ مِنْ قِيمَتِهِ لَمْ يُحْسَبْ فِي ثُلُثِ الْمَيِّتِ إِلَّا مَا بَقِيَ عَلَيْهِ مِنْ كِتَابَتِهِ. وَذَلِكَ أَنَّهُ إِنَّمَا تَرَكَ الْمَيِّتُ لَهُ مَا بَقِيَ عَلَيْهِ مِنْ كِتَابَتِهِ فَصَارَتْ وَصِيَّةً أَوْصَى بِهَا. ¤
Imam Malik, may Allah have mercy on him, said that if a mukatab owes his master one thousand dirhams, and then at the time of death the master forgives one thousand dirhams, the value of the mukatab will be assessed. If his value is one thousand dirhams, then it is as if one-tenth of the contract of manumission has been forgiven, and according to the value, if it is two hundred dirhams, then it is as if one-tenth of the value has been forgiven. Its example is such that if the master forgives the entire amount of the contract, then in the one-third of the wealth, only the value of the mukatab will be considered, that is, one thousand dirhams. If he forgives half, then in the one-third of the wealth, half will be considered. If it is less or more than that, it will also be according to this calculation.
قَالَ مَالِكٌ : وَتَفْسِيرُ ذَلِكَ أَنَّهُ لَوْ كَانَتْ قِيمَةُ الْمُكَاتَبِ أَلْفَ دِرْهَمٍ وَلَمْ يَبْقَ مِنْ كِتَابَتِهِ إِلَّا مِائَةُ دِرْهَمٍ. فَأَوْصَى سَيِّدُهُ لَهُ بِالْمِائَةِ دِرْهَمٍ الَّتِي بَقِيَتْ عَلَيْهِ. حُسِبَتْ لَهُ فِي ثُلُثِ سَيِّدِهِ فَصَارَ حُرًّا بِهَا. ¤
Imam Malik, may Allah have mercy on him, said that if a person, at the time of his death, pardons his mukatab from a thousand dirhams, but does not specify in which installment this pardon will apply, whether in the first or the last, then one-tenth will be pardoned from each installment.
قَالَ مَالِكٌ فِي رَجُلٍ كَاتَبَ عَبْدَهُ عِنْدَ مَوْتِهِ : إِنَّهُ يُقَوَّمُ عَبْدًا. فَإِنْ كَانَ فِي ثُلُثِهِ سَعَةٌ لِثَمَنِ الْعَبْدِ جَازَ لَهُ ذَلِكَ. ¤
Imam Malik, may Allah have mercy on him, said that when a man forgives his mukatab (contracted slave) a thousand dirhams either at the beginning or at the end of the contract, and the total amount of the contract is three thousand dirhams, then the value of the mukatab will be assessed, and then this value will be divided for each thousand. The value of the thousand whose term is shorter will be less compared to the thousand that comes after it. Similarly, the thousand that is at the very end will have the least value, because as the term increases, the value decreases accordingly. Then, the value that falls upon the thousand which has been forgiven will be deducted from the one-third of the wealth. If it is less or more than that, it will also be according to this calculation.
قَالَ مَالِكٌ وَتَفْسِيرُ ذَلِكَ : أَنْ تَكُونَ قِيمَةُ الْعَبْدِ أَلْفَ دِينَارٍ. فَيُكَاتِبُهُ سَيِّدُهُ عَلَى مِائَتَيْ دِينَارٍ عِنْدَ مَوْتِهِ فَيَكُونُ ثُلُثُ مَالِ سَيِّدِهِ أَلْفَ دِينَارٍ. فَذَلِكَ جَائِزٌ لَهُ. وَإِنَّمَا هِيَ وَصِيَّةٌ أَوْصَى لَهُ بِهَا فِي ثُلُثِهِ فَإِنْ كَانَ السَّيِّدُ قَدْ أَوْصَى لِقَوْمٍ بِوَصَايَا. وَلَيْسَ فِي الثُّلُثِ فَضْلٌ عَنْ قِيمَةِ الْمُكَاتَبِ، بُدِئَ بِالْمُكَاتَبِ. لِأَنَّ الْكِتَابَةَ عَتَاقَةٌ. وَالْعَتَاقَةُ تُبَدَّأُ عَلَى الْوَصَايَا، ثُمَّ تُجْعَلُ تِلْكَ الْوَصَايَا فِي كِتَابَةِ الْمُكَاتَبِ يَتْبَعُونَهُ بِهَا وَيُخَيَّرُ وَرَثَةُ الْمُوصِي. فَإِنْ أَحَبُّوا أَنْ يُعْطُوا أَهْلَ الْوَصَايَا وَصَايَاهُمْ كَامِلَةً وَتَكُونُ كِتَابَةُ الْمُكَاتَبِ لَهُمْ. فَذَلِكَ لَهُمْ وَإِنْ أَبَوْا وَأَسْلَمُوا الْمُكَاتَبَ وَمَا عَلَيْهِ إِلَى أَهْلِ الْوَصَايَا. فَذَلِكَ لَهُمْ لِأَنَّ الثُّلُثَ صَارَ فِي الْمُكَاتَبِ وَلِأَنَّ كُلَّ وَصِيَّةٍ أَوْصَى بِهَا أَحَدٌ فَقَالَ : الْوَرَثَةُ الَّذِي أَوْصَى بِهِ صَاحِبُنَا أَكْثَرُ مِنْ ثُلُثِهِ. وَقَدْ أَخَذَ مَا لَيْسَ لَهُ. قَالَ: فَإِنَّ وَرَثَتَهُ يُخَيَّرُونَ. فَيُقَالُ لَهُمْ قَدْ أَوْصَى صَاحِبُكُمْ بِمَا قَدْ عَلِمْتُمْ. فَإِنْ أَحْبَبْتُمْ أَنْ تُنَفِّذُوا ذَلِكَ لِأَهْلِهِ عَلَى مَا أَوْصَى بِهِ الْمَيِّتُ وَإِلَّا فَأَسْلِمُوا إِلَى أَهْلِ الْوَصَايَا ثُلُثَ مَالِ الْمَيِّتِ كُلِّهِ. قَالَ فَإِنْ أَسْلَمَ الْوَرَثَةُ الْمُكَاتَبَ إِلَى أَهْلِ الْوَصَايَا. كَانَ لِأَهْلِ الْوَصَايَا مَا عَلَيْهِ مِنَ الْكِتَابَةِ فَإِنْ أَدَّى الْمُكَاتَبُ مَا عَلَيْهِ مِنَ الْكِتَابَةِ أَخَذُوا ذَلِكَ فِي وَصَايَاهُمْ عَلَى قَدْرِ حِصَصِهِمْ وَإِنْ عَجَزَ الْمُكَاتَبُ كَانَ عَبْدًا لِأَهْلِ الْوَصَايَا لَا يَرْجِعُ إِلَى أَهْلِ الْمِيرَاثِ لِأَنَّهُمْ تَرَكُوهُ حِينَ خُيِّرُوا. وَلِأَنَّ أَهْلَ الْوَصَايَا حِينَ أُسْلِمَ إِلَيْهِمْ ضَمِنُوهُ فَلَوْ مَاتَ لَمْ يَكُنْ لَهُمْ عَلَى الْوَرَثَةِ شَيْءٌ وَإِنْ مَاتَ الْمُكَاتَبُ قَبْلَ أَنْ يُؤَدِّيَ كِتَابَتَهُ وَتَرَكَ مَالًا هُوَ أَكْثَرُ مِمَّا عَلَيْهِ. فَمَالُهُ لِأَهْلِ الْوَصَايَا. وَإِنْ أَدَّى الْمُكَاتَبُ مَا عَلَيْهِ عَتَقَ وَرَجَعَ وَلَاؤُهُ إِلَى عَصَبَةِ الَّذِي عَقَدَ كِتَابَتَهُ. ¤
Imam Malik, may Allah have mercy on him, said: If a person, at the time of death, made a bequest of a quarter of a mukatab for someone, and freed a quarter, then that person died, and after that the mukatab died and left behind wealth more than the price of his contract of manumission, then the heirs of the master and the legatee will be given as much as the remaining price of the contract of manumission. Then, whatever wealth remains, one third of it will go to the legatee and two thirds to the heirs.
قَالَ مَالِكٌ : فِي الْمُكَاتَبِ يَكُونُ لِسَيِّدِهِ عَلَيْهِ عَشَرَةُ آلَافِ دِرْهَمٍ فَيَضَعُ عَنْهُ عِنْدَ مَوْتِهِ أَلْفَ دِرْهَمٍ. قَالَ مَالِكٌ : يُقَوَّمُ الْمُكَاتَبُ فَيُنْظَرُ كَمْ قِيمَتُهُ. فَإِنْ كَانَتْ قِيمَتُهُ أَلْفَ دِرْهَمٍ فَالَّذِي وُضِعَ عَنْهُ عُشْرُ الْكِتَابَةِ. وَذَلِكَ فِي الْقِيمَةِ مِائَةُ دِرْهَمٍ. وَهُوَ عُشْرُ الْقِيمَةِ فَيُوضَعُ عَنْهُ عُشْرُ الْكِتَابَةِ فَيَصِيرُ ذَلِكَ إِلَى عُشْرِ الْقِيمَةِ نَقْدًا. وَإِنَّمَا ذَلِكَ كَهَيْئَتِهِ لَوْ وُضِعَ عَنْهُ جَمِيعُ مَا عَلَيْهِ وَلَوْ فَعَلَ ذَلِكَ لَمْ يُحْسَبْ فِي ثُلُثِ مَالِ الْمَيِّتِ إِلَّا قِيمَةُ الْمُكَاتَبِ أَلْفُ دِرْهَمٍ. وَإِنْ كَانَ الَّذِي وُضِعَ عَنْهُ نِصْفُ الْكِتَابَةِ حُسِبَ فِي ثُلُثِ مَالِ الْمَيِّتِ نِصْفُ الْقِيمَةِ. وَإِنْ كَانَ أَقَلَّ مِنْ ذَلِكَ أَوْ أَكْثَرَ فَهُوَ عَلَى هَذَا الْحِسَابِ. ¤
Imam Malik, may Allah have mercy on him, said that if a master frees his mukatab at the time of his death, and he cannot be freed from the one-third, then he will be freed to the extent possible, and that much of the price of the contract of manumission will be waived. For example, if the mukatab owed five thousand dirhams and his value was two thousand dirhams, and the deceased's one-third estate is one thousand dirhams, then half of the mukatab will be freed and half of the contract price, that is, two and a half thousand rupees, will be waived.
قَالَ مَالِكٌ : إِذَا وَضَعَ الرَّجُلُ عَنْ مُكَاتَبِهِ عِنْدَ مَوْتِهِ أَلْفَ دِرْهَمٍ مِنْ عَشَرَةِ آلَافِ دِرْهَمٍ وَلَمْ يُسَمِّ أَنَّهَا مِنْ أَوَّلِ كِتَابَتِهِ أَوْ مِنْ آخِرِهَا. وُضِعَ عَنْهُ مِنْ كُلِّ نَجْمٍ عُشْرُهُ. ¤
Imam Malik, may Allah have mercy on him, said that if a person made a bequest that a certain slave of his is free and another should be made a mukatab (contracted for freedom), and the one-third of the wealth is not sufficient for both, then freeing (the slave) will take precedence over the mukatabah (contract).
قَالَ مَالِكٌ : وَإِذَا وَضَعَ الرَّجُلُ عَنْ مُكَاتَبِهِ عِنْدَ الْمَوْتِ أَلْفَ دِرْهَمٍ مِنْ أَوَّلِ كِتَابَتِهِ أَوْ مِنْ آخِرِهَا. وَكَانَ أَصْلُ الْكِتَابَةِ عَلَى ثَلَاثَةِ آلَافِ دِرْهَمٍ قُوِّمَ الْمُكَاتَبُ قِيمَةَ النَّقْدِ ثُمَّ قُسِمَتْ تِلْكَ الْقِيمَةُ فَجُعِلَ لِتِلْكَ الْأَلْفِ الَّتِي مِنْ أَوَّلِ الْكِتَابَةِ حِصَّتُهَا مِنْ تِلْكَ الْقِيمَةِ بِقَدْرِ قُرْبِهَا مِنَ الْأَجَلِ وَفَضْلِهَا. ثُمَّ الْأَلْفُ الَّتِي تَلِي الْأَلْفَ الْأُولَى بِقَدْرِ فَضْلِهَا أَيْضًا. ثُمَّ الْأَلْفُ الَّتِي تَلِيهَا بِقَدْرِ فَضْلِهَا أَيْضًا حَتَّى يُؤْتَى عَلَى آخِرِهَا تَفْضُلُ كُلُّ أَلْفٍ بِقَدْرِ مَوْضِعِهَا فِي تَعْجِيلِ الْأَجَلِ وَتَأْخِيرِهِ ؛ لِأَنَّ مَا اسْتَأْخَرَ مِنْ ذَلِكَ كَانَ أَقَلَّ فِي الْقِيمَةِ ثُمَّ يُوضَعُ فِي ثُلُثِ الْمَيِّتِ قَدْرُ مَا أَصَابَ تِلْكَ الْأَلْفَ مِنَ الْقِيمَةِ عَلَى تَفَاضُلِ ذَلِكَ إِنْ قَلَّ أَوْ كَثُرَ. فَهُوَ عَلَى هَذَا الْحِسَابِ. ¤
Malik said: If a man remits from his mukatab at the time of death one thousand dirhams from the beginning of his contract or from its end, and the original contract was for three thousand dirhams, the mukatab is valued at the cash value, then that value is divided, and the share of that thousand from the beginning of the contract is given its portion of that value according to its proximity to the term and its advantage. Then the next thousand after the first thousand is given its share also according to its advantage. Then the thousand after that is given its share also according to its advantage, until the end of it is reached. Each thousand has an advantage according to its position in the hastening or delaying of the term; because what is delayed from that is less in value. Then, in the third of the deceased, is placed the amount that corresponds to that thousand from the value, according to the difference, whether it is little or much. Thus, it is according to this calculation.
قَالَ مَالِكٌ : فِي رَجُلٍ أَوْصَى لِرَجُلٍ بِرُبُعِ مُكَاتَبٍ أَوْ أَعْتَقَ رُبُعَهُ. فَهَلَكَ الرَّجُلُ ثُمَّ هَلَكَ الْمُكَاتَبُ وَتَرَكَ مَالًا كَثِيرًا أَكْثَرَ مِمَّا بَقِيَ عَلَيْهِ. قَالَ مَالِكٌ : يُعْطَى وَرَثَةُ السَّيِّدِ وَالَّذِي أَوْصَى لَهُ بِرُبُعِ الْمُكَاتَبِ مَا بَقِيَ لَهُمْ عَلَى الْمُكَاتَبِ ثُمَّ يَقْتَسِمُونَ مَا فَضَلَ فَيَكُونُ لِلْمُوصَى لَهُ بِرُبُعِ الْمُكَاتَبِ ثُلُثُ مَا فَضَلَ بَعْدَ أَدَاءِ الْكِتَابَةِ وَلِوَرَثَةِ سَيِّدِهِ الثُّلُثَانِ. وَذَلِكَ أَنَّ الْمُكَاتَبَ عَبْدٌ مَا بَقِيَ عَلَيْهِ مِنْ كِتَابَتِهِ شَيْءٌ فَإِنَّمَا يُورَثُ بِالرِّقِّ. ¤
Malik said: Regarding a man who bequeathed to another man a quarter of a mukatab (a slave with a contract for manumission), or freed a quarter of him. Then the man died, and then the mukatab died and left much wealth, more than what remained upon him. Malik said: The heirs of the master and the one to whom the quarter of the mukatab was bequeathed are given what remains for them upon the mukatab, then they divide what is left over. So, the one to whom the quarter of the mukatab was bequeathed receives a third of what remains after the payment of the contract, and the heirs of his master receive two-thirds. That is because the mukatab is a slave as long as anything remains upon him from his contract, for he is inherited by virtue of his enslavement.
قَالَ مَالِكٌ فِي مُكَاتَبٍ أَعْتَقَهُ سَيِّدُهُ عِنْدَ الْمَوْتِ قَالَ : إِنْ لَمْ يَحْمِلْهُ ثُلُثُ الْمَيِّتِ عَتَقَ مِنْهُ قَدْرُ مَا حَمَلَ الثُّلُثُ وَيُوضَعُ عَنْهُ مِنَ الْكِتَابَةِ قَدْرُ ذَلِكَ. إِنْ كَانَ عَلَى الْمُكَاتَبِ خَمْسَةُ آلَافِ دِرْهَمٍ وَكَانَتْ قِيمَتُهُ أَلْفَيْ دِرْهَمٍ نَقْدًا. وَيَكُونُ ثُلُثُ الْمَيِّتِ أَلْفَ دِرْهَمٍ. عَتَقَ نِصْفُهُ وَيُوضَعُ عَنْهُ شَطْرُ الْكِتَابَةِ. ¤
Malik said regarding a mukatab whom his master emancipated at the time of death: He said, if the third of the deceased’s estate does not cover it, then he is emancipated to the extent that the third covers, and the corresponding portion of the contract is waived for him. If the mukatab owes five thousand dirhams and his value is two thousand dirhams in cash, and the third of the deceased’s estate is one thousand dirhams, then half of him is emancipated and half of the contract is waived for him.
قَالَ مَالِكٌ : فِي رَجُلٍ قَالَ : فِي وَصِيَّتِهِ غُلَامِي فُلَانٌ حُرٌّ وَكَاتِبُوا فُلَانًا تُبَدَّأُ الْعَتَاقَةُ عَلَى الْكِتَابَةِ.
Malik said: Regarding a man who said in his will: "My slave boy so-and-so is free, and make a contract of manumission with so-and-so," the emancipation is to be given precedence over the contract of manumission.
قَالَ مَالِكٌ : الْأَمْرُ عِنْدَنَا فِيمَنْ دَبَّرَ جَارِيَةً لَهُ. فَوَلَدَتْ أَوْلَادًا بَعْدَ تَدْبِيرِهِ إِيَّاهَا. ثُمَّ مَاتَتِ الْجَارِيَةُ قَبْلَ الَّذِي دَبَّرَهَا : إِنَّ وَلَدَهَا بِمَنْزِلَتِهَا. قَدْ ثَبَتَ لَهُمْ مِنَ الشَّرْطِ مِثْلُ الَّذِي ثَبَتَ لَهَا. وَلَا يَضُرُّهُمْ هَلَاكُ أُمِّهِمْ. فَإِذَا مَاتَ الَّذِي كَانَ دَبَّرَهَا فَقَدْ عَتَقُوا، إِنْ وَسِعَهُمُ الثُّلُثُ. ¤
Imam Malik, may Allah have mercy on him, said that if a person declares his slave woman as mudabbar, and after that she gives birth to children, then if that slave woman dies in the presence of her master, her children will remain mudabbar like their mother. When the master dies and there is room in one third of the wealth, they will be set free.
قَالَ مَالِكٌ : كُلُّ ذَاتِ رَحِمٍ فَوَلَدُهَا بِمَنْزِلَتِهَا. إِنْ كَانَتْ حُرَّةً فَوَلَدَتْ بَعْدَ عِتْقِهَا. فَوَلَدُهَا أَحْرَارٌ. وَإِنْ كَانَتْ مُدَبَّرَةً أَوْ مُكَاتَبَةً أَوْ مُعْتَقَةً إِلَى سِنِينَ. أَوْ مُخْدَمَةً أَوْ بَعْضَهَا حُرًّا أَوْ مَرْهُونَةً أَوْ أُمَّ وَلَدٍ فَوَلَدُ كُلِّ وَاحِدَةٍ مِنْهُنَّ عَلَى مِثَالِ حَالِ أُمِّهِ. يَعْتِقُونَ بِعِتْقِهَا وَيَرِقُّونَ بِرِقِّهَا. ¤
Imam Malik, may Allah have mercy on him, said that the children of every woman will be like their mother, whether she is a mudabbirah, a mukatabah, a mu‘taqah ila ajal, a makhdumah, a mu‘taqat al-ba‘d, a gard, or an umm walad. The children of each will be like their mother: if she is free, then they are free; and if she becomes a slave, then they too will become slaves.
قَالَ مَالِكٌ فِي مُدَبَّرَةٍ دُبِّرَتْ وَهِيَ حَامِلٌ وَلَمْ يَعْلَمْ سَيِّدُهَا بِحَمْلِهَا : إِنَّ وَلَدَهَا بِمَنْزِلَتِهَا. وَإِنَّمَا ذَلِكَ بِمَنْزِلَةِ رَجُلٍ أَعْتَقَ جَارِيَةً لَهُ وَهِيَ حَامِلٌ. وَلَمْ يَعْلَمْ بِحَمْلِهَا. قَالَ مَالِكٌ : فَالسُّنَّةُ فِيهَا أَنَّ وَلَدَهَا يَتْبَعُهَا وَيَعْتِقُ بِعِتْقِهَا. ¤
Imam Malik, may Allah have mercy on him, said that if a slave woman is made mudabbar while she is pregnant, then her child will also become mudabbar. The example of this is that if a person frees his pregnant slave woman and he did not know that she was pregnant, then her child will also become free.
قَالَ مَالِكٌ : وَكَذَلِكَ لَوْ أَنَّ رَجُلًا ابْتَاعَ جَارِيَةً وَهِيَ حَامِلٌ. فَالْوَلِيدَةُ وَمَا فِي بَطْنِهَا لِمَنِ ابْتَاعَهَا. اشْتَرَطَ ذَلِكَ الْمُبْتَاعُ أَوْ لَمْ يَشْتَرِطْهُ. ¤
Imam Malik, may Allah have mercy on him, said that similarly, if a person sells a pregnant slave woman, then the slave woman and the child in her womb will belong to the buyer, whether the buyer stipulated this condition or not.
قَالَ مَالِكٌ : وَلَا يَحِلُّ لِلْبَائِعِ أَنْ يَسْتَثْنِيَ مَا فِي بَطْنِهَا. لِأَنَّ ذَلِكَ غَرَرٌ. يَضَعُ مِنْ ثَمَنِهَا. وَلَا يَدْرِي أَيَصِلُ ذَلِكَ إِلَيْهِ أَمْ لَا. وَإِنَّمَا ذَلِكَ بِمَنْزِلَةِ مَا لَوْ بَاعَ جَنِينًا فِي بَطْنِ أُمِّهِ. وَذَلِكَ لَا يَحِلُّ لَهُ، لِأَنَّهُ غَرَرٌ. ¤
Imam Malik, may Allah have mercy on him, said that similarly it is not permissible for the seller to sell a slave-girl and sell her pregnancy, because there is deception in it; perhaps the child will be born or perhaps not. Its example is like a person selling the unborn child in the womb; such a sale is not valid.
قَالَ مَالِكٌ فِي مُكَاتَبٍ أَوْ مُدَبَّرٍ ابْتَاعَ أَحَدُهُمَا جَارِيَةً. فَوَطِئَهَا. فَحَمَلَتْ مِنْهُ وَوَلَدَتْ. قَالَ : وَلَدُ كُلِّ وَاحِدٍ مِنْهُمَا مِنْ جَارِيَتِهِ بِمَنْزِلَتِهِ. يَعْتِقُونَ بِعِتْقِهِ. وَيَرِقُّونَ بِرِقِّهِ. قَالَ مَالِكٌ : فَإِذَا أُعْتِقَ هُوَ. فَإِنَّمَا أُمُّ وَلَدِهِ مَالٌ مِنْ مَالِهِ. يُسَلَّمُ إِلَيْهِ إِذَا أُعْتِقَ.
Imam Malik, may Allah have mercy on him, said that if a mukatab or a mudabbar buys a slave girl and has intercourse with her, and she becomes pregnant and gives birth to a child, then the child of each will follow his father; with his freedom, the child will also be free, and with his slavery, the child will also be a slave. If the mukatab or mudabbar is set free, then the umm walad will be like him and like his mother, and she will be entrusted to him.
قَالَ مَالِكٌ فِي مُدَبَّرٍ قَالَ لِسَيِّدِهِ : عَجِّلْ لِي الْعِتْقَ. وَأُعْطِيكَ خَمْسِينَ مِنْهَا مُنَجَّمَةً عَلَيَّ. فَقَالَ سَيِّدُهُ : نَعَمْ. أَنْتَ حُرٌّ. وَعَلَيْكَ خَمْسُونَ دِينَارًا. تُؤَدِّي إِلَيَّ كُلَّ عَامٍ عَشَرَةَ دَنَانِيرَ. فَرَضِيَ بِذَلِكَ الْعَبْدُ. ثُمَّ هَلَكَ السَّيِّدُ بَعْدَ ذَلِكَ بِيَوْمٍ أَوْ يَوْمَيْنِ أَوْ ثَلَاثَةٍ. قَالَ مَالِكٌ : يَثْبُتُ لَهُ الْعِتْقُ. وَصَارَتِ الْخَمْسُونَ دِينَارًا دَيْنًا عَلَيْهِ. وَجَازَتْ شَهَادَتُهُ. وَثَبَتَتْ حُرْمَتُهُ. وَمِيرَاثُهُ وَحُدُودُهُ. وَلَا يَضَعُ عَنْهُ مَوْتُ سَيِّدِهِ. شَيْئًا مِنْ ذَلِكَ الدَّيْنِ. ¤
Imam Malik, may Allah have mercy on him, said that if a mudabbar says to his master: "Set me free now and I will pay you fifty dinars in installments," and the master says: "Alright, you are free, so pay me fifty dinars over five years, ten dinars each year," and the mudabbar agrees to this, then if the master dies after two or three days, the mudabbar will become free, and the fifty dinars will remain as a debt upon him. His testimony will be valid, and all his rights regarding sanctity, inheritance, and legal punishments will be complete, and the death of the master will not reduce anything from those fifty dinars.
قَالَ مَالِكٌ فِي رَجُلٍ دَبَّرَ عَبْدًا لَهُ. فَمَاتَ السَّيِّدُ. وَلَهُ مَالٌ حَاضِرٌ وَمَالٌ غَائِبٌ. فَلَمْ يَكُنْ فِي مَالِهِ الْحَاضِرِ مَا يَخْرُجُ فِيهِ الْمُدَبَّرُ. قَالَ : يُوقَفُ الْمُدَبَّرُ بِمَالِهِ. وَيُجْمَعُ خَرَاجُهُ حَتَّى يَتَبَيَّنَ مِنَ الْمَالِ الْغَائِبِ. فَإِنْ كَانَ فِيمَا تَرَكَ سَيِّدُهُ، مِمَّا يَحْمِلُهُ الثُّلُثُ، عَتَقَ بِمَالِهِ. وَبِمَا جُمِعَ مِنْ خَرَاجِهِ فَإِنْ لَمْ يَكُنْ فِيمَا تَرَكَ سَيِّدُهُ مَا يَحْمِلُهُ، عَتَقَ مِنْهُ قَدْرُ الثُّلُثِ، وَتُرِكَ مَالُهُ فِي يَدَيْهِ.
Imam Malik, may Allah have mercy on him, said that if a person declares his slave as Mudabbar, then dies, and some of his wealth is present while some is absent, and the Mudabbar cannot be freed from the one-third of the wealth that is present, then the Mudabbar will be held back, and his earnings will also be collected, until the absent wealth also appears. Then, if the Mudabbar can be freed from the one-third of the total wealth of the master, he will be freed, and the wealth and earnings of the Mudabbar will belong to him. And if he cannot be completely freed from the one-third, then only the portion equivalent to the one-third will be freed, and his wealth will remain with him.
قَالَ مَالِكٌ الْأَمْرُ الْمُجْتَمَعُ عَلَيْهِ عِنْدَنَا : أَنَّ كُلَّ عَتَاقَةٍ أَعْتَقَهَا رَجُلٌ. فِي وَصِيَّةٍ أَوْصَى بِهَا فِي صِحَّةٍ أَوْ مَرَضٍ : أَنَّهُ يَرُدُّهَا مَتَى شَاءَ. وَيُغَيِّرُهَا مَتَى شَاءَ، مَا لَمْ يَكُنْ تَدْبِيرًا. فَإِذَا دَبَّرَ، فَلَا سَبِيلَ لَهُ إِلَى رَدِّ مَا دَبَّرَ. ¤
Imam Malik, may Allah have mercy on him, said that as for all bequests of emancipation, whether made in good health or illness, they can be revoked or changed. However, in the case of tadbir, once someone has been made a mudabbar, there is no longer the option to revoke it.
قَالَ مَالِكٌ : وَكُلُّ وَلَدٍ وَلَدَتْهُ أَمَةٌ، أَوْصَى بِعِتْقِهَا وَلَمْ تُدَبَّرْ. فَإِنَّ وَلَدَهَا لَا يَعْتِقُونَ مَعَهَا إِذَا عَتَقَتْ. وَذَلِكَ أَنَّ سَيِّدَهَا يُغَيِّرُ وَصِيَّتَهُ إِنْ شَاءَ. وَيَرُدُّهَا مَتَى شَاءَ. وَلَمْ يَثْبُتْ لَهَا عَتَاقَةٌ. وَإِنَّمَا هِيَ بِمَنْزِلَةِ رَجُلٍ قَالَ لِجَارِيَتِهِ : إِنْ بَقِيَتْ عِنْدِي فُلَانَةُ حَتَّى أَمُوتَ، فَهِيَ حُرَّةٌ.
Imam Malik, may Allah have mercy on him, said that if someone makes a bequest for the emancipation of a slave woman but does not make her a mudabbara, then her children will not be freed along with their mother, because the master had the right to change this bequest, and freedom was not established for their mother. Rather, it is like someone saying: If such-and-such slave woman remains with me until my death, then she is free. If she remains until his death, then she will be freed, but the master has the right to sell her or her children before death. Thus, according to the ancient Sunnah, there is a great difference between a bequest of emancipation and a bequest of tadbeer. If a bequest were like tadbeer, then no person would have the right to change or alter his bequest.
قَالَ مَالِكٌ: فَإِنْ أَدْرَكَتْ ذَلِكَ، كَانَ لَهَا ذَلِكَ. وَإِنْ شَاءَ، قَبْلَ ذَلِكَ، بَاعَهَا وَوَلَدَهَا لِأَنَّهُ لَمْ يُدْخِلْ وَلَدَهَا فِي شَيْءٍ مِمَّا جَعَلَ لَهَا.
Malik said: If she attains that, then it is hers. But if he wishes, before that, he may sell her and her child, because he did not include her child in anything that he assigned to her.
قَالَ : وَالْوَصِيَّةُ فِي الْعَتَاقَةِ مُخَالِفَةٌ لِلتَّدْبِيرِ، فَرَقَ بَيْنَ ذَلِكَ مَا مَضَى مِنَ السُّنَّةِ. قَالَ : وَلَوْ كَانَتِ الْوَصِيَّةُ بِمَنْزِلَةِ التَّدْبِيرِ. كَانَ كُلُّ مُوصٍ لَا يَقْدِرُ عَلَى تَغْيِيرِ وَصِيَّتِهِ. وَمَا ذُكِرَ فِيهَا مِنَ الْعَتَاقَةِ. وَكَانَ قَدْ حَبَسَ عَلَيْهِ مِنْ مَالِهِ مَا لَا يَسْتَطِيعُ أَنْ يَنْتَفِعَ بِهِ. ¤
He said: And the bequest regarding emancipation is different from tadbir; what has passed from the Sunnah has distinguished between them. He said: And if the bequest were in the same position as tadbir, then every testator would not be able to change his bequest, and what is mentioned in it regarding emancipation, and he would have withheld from his wealth what he could not benefit from.
قَالَ مَالِكٌ فِي رَجُلٍ دَبَّرَ رَقِيقًا لَهُ جَمِيعًا. فِي صِحَّتِهِ وَلَيْسَ لَهُ مَالٌ غَيْرُهُمْ : إِنْ كَانَ دَبَّرَ بَعْضَهُمْ قَبْلَ بَعْضٍ بُدِئَ بِالْأَوَّلِ فَالْأَوَّلِ، حَتَّى يَبْلُغَ الثُّلُثَ. وَإِنْ كَانَ دَبَّرَهُمْ جَمِيعًا فِي مَرَضِهِ. فَقَالَ : فُلَانٌ حُرٌّ. وَفُلَانٌ حُرٌّ. وَفُلَانٌ حُرٌّ. فِي كَلَامٍ وَاحِدٍ. إِنْ حَدَثَ بِي فِي مَرَضِي هَذَا حَدَثُ مَوْتٍ، أَوْ دَبَّرَهُمْ جَمِيعًا فِي كَلِمَةٍ وَاحِدَةٍ، تَحَاصَّوْا فِي الثُّلُثِ. وَلَمْ يُبَدَّأْ أَحَدٌ مِنْهُمْ قَبْلَ صَاحِبِهِ. وَإِنَّمَا هِيَ وَصِيَّةٌ. وَإِنَّمَا لَهُمُ الثُّلُثُ. يُقْسَمُ بَيْنَهُمْ بِالْحِصَصِ. ثُمَّ يَعْتِقُ مِنْهُمُ الثُّلُثُ بَالِغًا مَا بَلَغَ. قَالَ : وَلَا يُبَدَّأُ أَحَدٌ مِنْهُمْ إِذَا كَانَ ذَلِكَ كُلُّهُ فِي مَرَضِهِ. ¤
Imam Malik, may Allah have mercy on him, said that if a person, while in good health, declares several of his slaves as mudabbar and possesses no wealth other than them, and if he declared them mudabbar one after the other, then the one who was declared mudabbar first will be freed from one third of the wealth, then the second, then the third, and so on as long as there is room within one third of the wealth. If he declared all of them mudabbar at the same time in a single statement, then one third of each will be freed when all are declared mudabbar during illness.
قَالَ مَالِكٌ فِي رَجُلٍ دَبَّرَ غُلَامًا لَهُ. فَهَلَكَ السَّيِّدُ وَلَا مَالَ لَهُ إِلَّا الْعَبْدُ الْمُدَبَّرُ. وَلِلْعَبْدِ مَالٌ قَالَ : يُعْتَقُ ثُلُثُ الْمُدَبَّرِ. وَيُوقَفُ مَالُهُ بِيَدَيْهِ. ¤
Imam Malik, may Allah have mercy on him, said that if a person declared his slave as Mudabbar and had no other wealth except that, then the master died and the Mudabbar has wealth, one third of the Mudabbar will be set free and the wealth will remain with him.
قَالَ مَالِكٌ فِي مُدَبَّرٍ كَاتَبَهُ سَيِّدُهُ فَمَاتَ السَّيِّدُ وَلَمْ يَتْرُكْ مَالًا غَيْرَهُ. قَالَ مَالِكٌ : يُعْتَقُ مِنْهُ ثُلُثُهُ. وَيُوضَعُ عَنْهُ ثُلُثُ كِتَابَتِهِ. وَيَكُونُ عَلَيْهِ ثُلُثَاهَا. ¤
Imam Malik, may Allah have mercy on him, said that if a mudabbar is made a mukatab by his master, then the master dies and leaves nothing except him, then one third of him will be freed, and one third will be deducted from the price of the kitabah, and two thirds will have to be paid by the mudabbar.
قَالَ مَالِكٌ فِي رَجُلٍ أَعْتَقَ نِصْفَ عَبْدٍ لَهُ وَهُوَ مَرِيضٌ. فَبَتَّ عِتْقَ نِصْفِهِ. أَوْ بَتَّ عِتْقَهُ كُلَّهُ. وَقَدْ كَانَ دَبَّرَ عَبْدًا لَهُ آخَرَ قَبْلَ ذَلِكَ. قَالَ : يُبَدَّأُ بِالْمُدَبَّرِ قَبْلَ الَّذِي أَعْتَقَهُ وَهُوَ مَرِيضٌ. وَذَلِكَ أَنَّهُ لَيْسَ لِلرَّجُلِ أَنْ يَرُدَّ مَا دَبَّرَ. وَلَا أَنْ يَتَعَقَّبَهُ بِأَمْرٍ يَرُدُّهُ بِهِ. فَإِذَا عَتَقَ الْمُدَبَّرُ فَلْيَكُنْ مَا بَقِيَ مِنَ الثُّلُثِ فِي الَّذِي أَعْتَقَ شَطْرَهُ. حَتَّى يَسْتَتِمَّ عِتْقُهُ كُلُّهُ، فِي ثُلُثِ مَالِ الْمَيِّتِ. فَإِنْ لَمْ يَبْلُغْ ذَلِكَ فَضْلَ الثُّلُثِ، عَتَقَ مِنْهُ مَا بَلَغَ فَضْلَ الثُّلُثِ، بَعْدَ عِتْقِ الْمُدَبَّرِ الْأَوَّلِ.
Imam Malik, may Allah have mercy on him, said that if a person, during his terminal illness, frees half or all of his slave, and he had previously made his slave a mudabbar, then from one-third of the wealth, the mudabbar will be freed first. Then, if the remaining wealth suffices to free the slave, he will be freed; otherwise, he will be freed to the extent of the wealth that remains.
قَالَ : وَهَذَا أَيْضًا فِي كُلِّ مَنْ أُعْتِقَ، فَإِنَّمَا مِيرَاثُهُ لِأَقْرَبِ النَّاسِ مِمَّنْ أَعْتَقَهُ مِنْ وَلَدٍ أَوْ عَصَبَةٍ مِنَ الرِّجَالِ يَوْمَ يَمُوتُ الْمُعْتَقُ، بَعْدَ أَنْ يَعْتِقَ وَيَصِيرَ مَوْرُوثًا بِالْوَلَاءِ . ¤
Imam Malik, may Allah have mercy on him, said that in this way, if a person is set free, then his inheritance will go to the closest relative of the one who set him free, whether it is a son or any other male agnate, on the day that the slave died.
Hadith 1299
حَدَّثَنِي مَالِك أَنَّهُ بَلَغَهُ، أَنَّ سَعِيدَ بْنَ الْمُسَيَّبِ سُئِلَ عَنْ مُكَاتَبٍ كَانَ بَيْنَ رَجُلَيْنِ، فَأَعْتَقَ أَحَدُهُمَا نَصِيبَهُ، فَمَاتَ الْمُكَاتَبُ وَتَرَكَ مَالًا كَثِيرًا، فَقَالَ : " يُؤَدَّى إِلَى الَّذِي تَمَاسَكَ بِكِتَابَتِهِ الَّذِي بَقِيَ لَهُ، ثُمَّ يَقْتَسِمَانِ مَا بَقِيَ بِالسَّوِيَّةِ " .
Hazrat Saeed bin Musayyib was asked: If a mukatab (contracted slave) is shared between two men, and one of them frees his share, then the mukatab dies and leaves behind a lot of wealth, what is the ruling? Saeed said: The one who did not free (his share) will take the compensation for his share of the contract, and whatever remains after that will be divided between the two men.
قَالَ مَالِك : إِذَا كَاتَبَ الْمُكَاتَبُ فَعَتَقَ، فَإِنَّمَا يَرِثُهُ أَوْلَى النَّاسِ بِمَنْ كَاتَبَهُ مِنَ الرِّجَالِ يَوْمَ تُوُفِّيَ الْمُكَاتَبُ مِنْ وَلَدٍ، أَوْ عَصَبَةٍ ¤
Imam Malik, may Allah have mercy on him, said that when a mukatab becomes free, his heir will be the person who made him a mukatab, or the closest male relative among the mukatab's relatives on the day the mukatab dies, whether it is a son or another 'asaba (male agnate).
قَالَ : وَهَذَا أَيْضًا فِي كُلِّ مَنْ أُعْتِقَ، فَإِنَّمَا مِيرَاثُهُ لِأَقْرَبِ النَّاسِ مِمَّنْ أَعْتَقَهُ مِنْ وَلَدٍ أَوْ عَصَبَةٍ مِنَ الرِّجَالِ يَوْمَ يَمُوتُ الْمُعْتَقُ، بَعْدَ أَنْ يَعْتِقَ وَيَصِيرَ مَوْرُوثًا بِالْوَلَاءِ . ¤
Imam Malik, may Allah have mercy on him, said that in this way, if a person is set free, then his inheritance will go to the closest relative of the one who set him free, whether it is a son or any other male agnate, on the day that the slave died.
قَالَ مَالِكٌ فِي رَجُلٍ كَاتَبَ عَبْدَهُ بِذَهَبٍ أَوْ وَرِقٍ. وَاشْتَرَطَ عَلَيْهِ فِي كِتَابَتِهِ سَفَرًا أَوْ خِدْمَةً أَوْ ضَحِيَّةً : إِنَّ كُلَّ شَيْءٍ مِنْ ذَلِكَ سَمَّى بِاسْمِهِ ثُمَّ قَوِيَ الْمُكَاتَبُ عَلَى أَدَاءِ نُجُومِهِ كُلِّهَا قَبْلَ مَحِلِّهَا. قَالَ: إِذَا أَدَّى نُجُومَهُ كُلَّهَا وَعَلَيْهِ هَذَا الشَّرْطُ عَتَقَ فَتَمَّتْ حُرْمَتُهُ وَنُظِرَ إِلَى مَا شَرَطَ عَلَيْهِ مِنْ خِدْمَةٍ أَوْ سَفَرٍ أَوْ مَا أَشْبَهَ ذَلِكَ. مِمَّا يُعَالِجُهُ هُوَ بِنَفْسِهِ. فَذَلِكَ مَوْضُوعٌ عَنْهُ لَيْسَ لِسَيِّدِهِ فِيهِ شَيْءٌ وَمَا كَانَ مِنْ ضَحِيَّةٍ أَوْ كِسْوَةٍ أَوْ شَيْءٍ يُؤَدِّيهِ. فَإِنَّمَا هُوَ بِمَنْزِلَةِ الدَّنَانِيرِ وَالدَّرَاهِمِ يُقَوَّمُ ذَلِكَ عَلَيْهِ فَيَدْفَعُهُ مَعَ نُجُومِهِ وَلَا يَعْتِقُ حَتَّى يَدْفَعَ ذَلِكَ مَعَ نُجُومِهِ. ¤
Imam Malik, may Allah have mercy on him, said that if a person makes his slave a mukatab (one who has a contract for freedom) for gold or silver, and sets a condition in the contract such as travel, service, or sacrifice, but specifies this condition, then if the mukatab becomes able to pay his installments before the due time and pays them, but this condition still remains upon him, he will become free, and his sanctity will be complete. Now, regarding this condition, if it is such that the mukatab himself has to fulfill it (like the condition of travel or service), then it will not be obligatory upon the mukatab, nor will the master have the right to demand its fulfillment. And if the condition is such that something has to be given, like the condition of sacrifice or clothing, then it will be like the dirhams and dinars; the value of that thing will be assessed and he will pay it along with his installments. Until he pays it, he will not be free.
قَالَ مَالِكٌ الْأَمْرُ الْمُجْتَمَعُ عَلَيْهِ عِنْدَنَا الَّذِي لَا اخْتِلَافَ فِيهِ أَنَّ الْمُكَاتَبَ بِمَنْزِلَةِ عَبْدٍ أَعْتَقَهُ سَيِّدُهُ بَعْدَ خِدْمَةِ عَشْرِ سِنِينَ. فَإِذَا هَلَكَ سَيِّدُهُ الَّذِي أَعْتَقَهُ قَبْلَ عَشْرِ سِنِينَ. فَإِنَّ مَا بَقِيَ عَلَيْهِ مِنْ خِدْمَتِهِ لِوَرَثَتِهِ وَكَانَ وَلَاؤُهُ لِلَّذِي عَقَدَ عِتْقَهُ وَلِوَلَدِهِ مِنَ الرِّجَالِ أَوِ الْعَصَبَةِ. ¤
Imam Malik, may Allah have mercy on him, said that a mukatab is like a slave whom the master sets free after ten years of service. If the master dies and ten years have not passed, then he will complete the ten years of service with the heirs, and the wala’ will go to the one who established his freedom, or to his male offspring or to his asabah (male relatives through the father).
قَالَ مَالِكٌ فِي الرَّجُلِ يَشْتَرِطُ عَلَى مُكَاتَبِهِ أَنَّكَ لَا تُسَافِرُ وَلَا تَنْكِحُ وَلَا تَخْرُجُ مِنْ أَرْضِي إِلَّا بِإِذْنِي : فَإِنْ فَعَلْتَ شَيْئًا مِنْ ذَلِكَ بِغَيْرِ إِذْنِي فَمَحْوُ كِتَابَتِكَ بِيَدِي. قَالَ مَالِكٌ : لَيْسَ مَحْوُ كِتَابَتِهِ بِيَدِهِ إِنْ فَعَلَ الْمُكَاتَبُ شَيْئًا مِنْ ذَلِكَ. وَلْيَرْفَعْ سَيِّدُهُ ذَلِكَ إِلَى السُّلْطَانِ وَلَيْسَ لِلْمُكَاتَبِ أَنْ يَنْكِحَ وَلَا يُسَافِرَ وَلَا يَخْرُجَ مِنْ أَرْضِ سَيِّدِهِ. إِلَّا بِإِذْنِهِ اشْتَرَطَ ذَلِكَ أَوْ لَمْ يَشْتَرِطْهُ. وَذَلِكَ أَنَّ الرَّجُلَ يُكَاتِبُ عَبْدَهُ بِمِائَةِ دِينَارٍ وَلَهُ أَلْفُ دِينَارٍ أَوْ أَكْثَرُ مِنْ ذَلِكَ فَيَنْطَلِقُ فَيَنْكِحُ الْمَرْأَةَ فَيُصْدِقُهَا الصَّدَاقَ الَّذِي يُجْحِفُ بِمَالِهِ وَيَكُونُ فِيهِ عَجْزُهُ فَيَرْجِعُ إِلَى سَيِّدِهِ عَبْدًا لَا مَالَ لَهُ. أَوْ يُسَافِرُ فَتَحِلُّ نُجُومُهُ وَهُوَ غَائِبٌ فَلَيْسَ ذَلِكَ لَهُ وَلَا عَلَى ذَلِكَ كَاتَبَهُ. وَذَلِكَ بِيَدِ سَيِّدِهِ إِنْ شَاءَ أَذِنَ لَهُ فِي ذَلِكَ وَإِنْ شَاءَ مَنَعَهُ.
Imam Malik, may Allah have mercy on him, said that if a person stipulates with his mukatab (contracted slave) that he should not travel, or not marry, or not leave his land without his permission, and if he does so, then it will be in his (the master’s) power to annul the contract of manumission. In this case, the annulment of the contract will not be in his power, even if the mukatab does any of these things. If the master annuls the contract of the mukatab, then the mukatab should complain to the judge, who will rule that the contract cannot be annulled. However, it is necessary that the mukatab should not marry, travel, or leave the land without the master’s permission, whether this condition was stipulated or not. The reason for this is that a man contracts his slave for one hundred dinars, and the slave has a thousand dinars with him, so he marries and spends those dinars as dowry, then becomes helpless and returns to the master, having neither wealth nor anything else. In this, there is complete loss for the master. Or the mukatab travels, and the time for the installments arrives, but he is not present, so in this there is hardship for the master. For this reason, it is not proper for the mukatab to marry or travel without the master’s permission; rather, the authority over these matters belongs to the master, whether he permits or forbids.
قَالَ مَالِكٌ : إِنَّ الْمُكَاتَبَ إِذَا أَعْتَقَ عَبْدَهُ إِنَّ ذَلِكَ غَيْرُ جَائِزٍ لَهُ. إِلَّا بِإِذْنِ سَيِّدِهِ فَإِنْ أَجَازَ ذَلِكَ سَيِّدُهُ لَهُ ثُمَّ عَتَقَ الْمُكَاتَبُ كَانَ وَلَاؤُهُ لِلْمُكَاتَبِ. وَإِنْ مَاتَ الْمُكَاتَبُ قَبْلَ أَنْ يُعْتَقَ كَانَ وَلَاءُ الْمُعْتَقِ لِسَيِّدِ الْمُكَاتَبِ وَإِنْ مَاتَ الْمُعْتَقُ قَبْلَ أَنْ يُعْتَقَ الْمُكَاتَبُ وَرِثَهُ سَيِّدُ الْمُكَاتَبِ¤
Imam Malik, may Allah have mercy on him, said that if a mukatab (a slave with a contract for freedom) also makes his own slave a mukatab, and then the mukatab of the mukatab is freed before the original mukatab, then his wala’ (right of allegiance) will go to the mawla (master) of the original mukatab until the original mukatab is freed. When the original mukatab is freed, the wala’ of his mukatab will return to him. If the mukatab dies or becomes incapable before paying off the contract, then his free children will not receive the wala’ of their father’s mukatab, because their father did not have the right to wala’, as he was not freed.
قَالَ مَالِكٌ : وَكَذَلِكَ أَيْضًا لَوْ كَاتَبَ الْمُكَاتَبُ عَبْدًا فَعَتَقَ الْمُكَاتَبُ الْآخَرُ قَبْلَ سَيِّدِهِ الَّذِي كَاتَبَهُ فَإِنَّ وَلَاءَهُ لِسَيِّدِ الْمُكَاتَبِ مَا لَمْ يَعْتِقِ الْمُكَاتَبُ الْأَوَّلُ الَّذِي كَاتَبَهُ. فَإِنْ عَتَقَ الَّذِي كَاتَبَهُ رَجَعَ إِلَيْهِ وَلَاءُ مُكَاتَبِهِ الَّذِي كَانَ عَتَقَ قَبْلَهُ. وَإِنْ مَاتَ الْمُكَاتَبُ الْأَوَّلُ قَبْلَ أَنْ يُؤَدِّيَ أَوْ عَجَزَ عَنْ كِتَابَتِهِ وَلَهُ وَلَدٌ أَحْرَارٌ لَمْ يَرِثُوا وَلَاءَ مُكَاتَبِ أَبِيهِمْ لِأَنَّهُ لَمْ يَثْبُتْ لِأَبِيهِمُ الْوَلَاءُ. وَلَا يَكُونُ لَهُ الْوَلَاءُ حَتَّى يَعْتِقَ. ¤
Imam Malik, may Allah have mercy on him, said that if a mukatab (contracted slave) is jointly owned by two men, and then one of them waives his right but the other does not, and then the mukatab dies and leaves wealth, then the one who did not waive his right will take his due, and whatever wealth remains will be divided between both of them as if he had died in the state of slavery, because the one who waived his right did not set him free, rather he only forgave his own right.
قَالَ مَالِكٌ فِي الْمُكَاتَبِ يَكُونُ بَيْنَ الرَّجُلَيْنِ فَيَتْرُكُ أَحَدُهُمَا لِلْمُكَاتَبِ الَّذِي لَهُ عَلَيْهِ وَيَشِحُّ الْآخَرُ ثُمَّ يَمُوتُ الْمُكَاتَبُ وَيَتْرُكُ مَالًا. قَالَ مَالِكٌ : يَقْضِي الَّذِي لَمْ يَتْرُكْ لَهُ شَيْئًا مَا بَقِيَ لَهُ عَلَيْهِ. ثُمَّ يَقْتَسِمَانِ الْمَالَ كَهَيْئَتِهِ لَوْ مَاتَ عَبْدًا لِأَنَّ الَّذِي صَنَعَ لَيْسَ بِعَتَاقَةٍ. وَإِنَّمَا تَرَكَ مَا كَانَ لَهُ عَلَيْهِ. ¤
Malik said about the mukatab who is between two men, and one of them leaves to the mukatab what he has against him, and the other withholds, then the mukatab dies and leaves wealth. Malik said: The one who did not leave him anything is to be given what remains due to him. Then they divide the wealth as if he had died a slave, because what was done is not emancipation, but rather he only left what was due to him.
قَالَ مَالِكٌ وَمِمَّا يُبَيِّنُ ذَلِكَ : أَنَّ الرَّجُلَ إِذَا مَاتَ وَتَرَكَ مُكَاتَبًا وَتَرَكَ بَنِينَ رِجَالًا وَنِسَاءً. ثُمَّ أَعْتَقَ أَحَدُ الْبَنِينَ نَصِيبَهُ مِنَ الْمُكَاتَبِ إِنَّ ذَلِكَ لَا يُثْبِتُ لَهُ مِنَ الْوَلَاءِ شَيْئًا وَلَوْ كَانَتْ عَتَاقَةً لَثَبَتَ الْوَلَاءُ لِمَنْ أَعْتَقَ مِنْهُمْ مِنْ رِجَالِهِمْ وَنِسَائِهِمْ. ¤
Imam Malik, may Allah have mercy on him, said: The evidence for this is: A man died and left behind a mukatab and also left behind sons and daughters. Then one of the daughters freed her share, so the wala’ would not be established for her. If this had been emancipation, then the wala’ would necessarily be established for her.
قَالَ مَالِكٌ : وَمِمَّا يُبَيِّنُ ذَلِكَ أَيْضًا أَنَّهُمْ إِذَا أَعْتَقَ أَحَدُهُمْ نَصِيبَهُ ثُمَّ عَجَزَ الْمُكَاتَبُ لَمْ يُقَوَّمْ عَلَى الَّذِي أَعْتَقَ نَصِيبَهُ مَا بَقِيَ مِنَ الْمُكَاتَبِ وَلَوْ كَانَتْ عَتَاقَةً قُوِّمَ عَلَيْهِ حَتَّى يَعْتِقَ فِي مَالِهِ كَمَا قَالَ رَسُولُ اللّٰهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ : ” مَنْ أَعْتَقَ شِرْكًا لَهُ فِي عَبْدٍ قُوِّمَ عَلَيْهِ قِيمَةَ الْعَدْلِ. فَإِنْ لَمْ يَكُنْ لَهُ مَالٌ عَتَقَ مِنْهُ مَا عَتَقَ.“ ¤
Imam Malik, may Allah have mercy on him, said that this is also evidence that if a person frees his share and then the mukatab becomes free, the one who freed his share will not have to pay the price of the remaining shares. If this was considered emancipation, then according to the hadith, he would have to pay the price of the shares of the others.
قَالَ مَالِكٌ : وَمِمَّا يُبَيِّنُ ذَلِكَ أَيْضًا أَنَّ مِنْ سُنَّةِ الْمُسْلِمِينَ الَّتِي لَا اخْتِلَافَ فِيهَا. أَنَّ مَنْ أَعْتَقَ شِرْكًا لَهُ فِي مُكَاتَبٍ لَمْ يُعْتَقْ عَلَيْهِ فِي مَالِهِ وَلَوْ عَتَقَ عَلَيْهِ. كَانَ الْوَلَاءُ لَهُ دُونَ شُرَكَائِهِ. ¤
Imam Malik, may Allah have mercy on him, said that another proof of this is that the practice of the Muslims, about which there is no difference, is that if a person frees a share from a mukatab, then he will not be freed from his wealth, because if it were so, the wala’ would go to him and not to his partners.
قَالَ مَالِكٌ : وَمِمَّا يُبَيِّنُ ذَلِكَ أَيْضًا أَنَّ مِنْ سُنَّةِ الْمُسْلِمِينَ أَنَّ الْوَلَاءَ لِمَنْ عَقَدَ الْكِتَابَةَ. وَأَنَّهُ لَيْسَ لِمَنْ وَرِثَ سَيِّدَ الْمُكَاتَبِ مِنَ النِّسَاءِ مِنْ وَلَاءِ الْمُكَاتَبِ. وَإِنْ أَعْتَقْنَ نَصِيبَهُنَّ شَيْءٌ إِنَّمَا وَلَاؤُهُ لِوَلَدِ سَيِّدِ الْمُكَاتَبِ الذُّكُورِ أَوْ عَصَبَتِهِ مِنَ الرِّجَالِ.
Imam Malik, may Allah have mercy on him, said that another proof of this is that the practice of the Muslims is also that the person who enters into a contract of kitabah, the wala’ will go to him, and among the heirs of the master of the mukatab, the women will not receive the wala’, even if they free a portion themselves. Rather, the wala’ will go to the sons of the master of the mukatab or to other male agnates.
قَالَ مَالِكٌ : إِذَا كَانَ الْقَوْمُ جَمِيعًا فِي كِتَابَةٍ وَاحِدَةٍ. لَمْ يُعْتِقْ سَيِّدُهُمْ أَحَدًا مِنْهُمْ دُونَ مُؤَامَرَةِ أَصْحَابِهِ الَّذِينَ مَعَهُ فِي الْكِتَابَةِ وَرِضًا مِنْهُمْ. وَإِنْ كَانُوا صِغَارًا فَلَيْسَ مُؤَامَرَتُهُمْ بِشَيْءٍ. وَلَا يَجُوزُ ذَلِكَ عَلَيْهِمْ. .
Imam Malik, may Allah have mercy on him, said that if several slaves are contracted as mukatab (contracted for emancipation) in a single agreement, the master cannot free one of the slaves unless the other mukatab slaves agree. If they are minors, their consent is not considered. The reason for this is that among several slaves, one slave may be very clever and hardworking, and it is expected that through his labor and effort, he may also secure the freedom of the others. The master might then free only that person so that the remaining slaves, being unable to work as hard, would remain slaves. This is not permissible, because it causes harm to the remaining slaves, and the Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings be upon him, said: "There is no harm in Islam."
قَالَ : وَذَلِكَ أَنَّ الرَّجُلَ رُبَّمَا كَانَ يَسْعَى عَلَى جَمِيعِ الْقَوْمِ وَيُؤَدِّي عَنْهُمْ كِتَابَتَهُمْ لِتَتِمَّ بِهِ عَتَاقَتُهُمْ فَيَعْمِدُ السَّيِّدُ إِلَى الَّذِي يُؤَدِّي عَنْهُمْ. وَبِهِ نَجَاتُهُمْ مِنَ الرِّقِّ، فَيُعْتِقُهُ. فَيَكُونُ ذَلِكَ عَجْزًا لِمَنْ بَقِيَ مِنْهُمْ وَإِنَّمَا أَرَادَ بِذَلِكَ الْفَضْلَ وَالزِّيَادَةَ لِنَفْسِهِ فَلَا يَجُوزُ ذَلِكَ عَلَى مَنْ بَقِيَ مِنْهُمْ وَقَدْ قَالَ رَسُولُ اللّٰهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ : ” لَا ضَرَرَ وَلَا ضِرَارَ وَهَذَا أَشَدُّ الضَّرَرِ.“
He said: That is because a man might be striving on behalf of all the people and paying their contract so that their emancipation would be completed through him. Then the master would single out the one who is paying on their behalf, and through whom is their salvation from slavery, and emancipate him. That would be a disadvantage for those who remain, and he only intended by that to gain virtue and increase for himself. So that is not permissible regarding those who remain among them. And the Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings be upon him, said: "There is to be no harm and no reciprocating harm, and this is the greatest harm."
قَالَ مَالِكٌ فِي الْعَبِيدِ يُكَاتَبُونَ جَمِيعًا : إِنَّ لِسَيِّدِهِمْ أَنْ يُعْتِقَ مِنْهُمُ الْكَبِيرَ الْفَانِيَ وَالصَّغِيرَ الَّذِي لَا يُؤَدِّي وَاحِدٌ مِنْهُمَا شَيْئًا وَلَيْسَ عِنْدَ وَاحِدٍ مِنْهُمَا عَوْنٌ وَلَا قُوَّةٌ فِي كِتَابَتِهِمْ فَذَلِكَ جَائِزٌ لَهُ.
Imam Malik, may Allah have mercy on him, said that if several slaves are contracted for manumission (mukatab), and among them there is a slave who is either extremely old or very young, such that the other slaves do not receive any help from him in fulfilling the payment of the contract, then it is permissible for the master to free him.
قَالَ مَالِكٌ فِي الرَّجُلِ يُكَاتِبُ عَبْدَهُ. ثُمَّ يَمُوتُ الْمُكَاتَبُ وَيَتْرُكُ أُمَّ وَلَدِهِ. وَقَدْ بَقِيَتْ عَلَيْهِ مِنْ كِتَابَتِهِ بَقِيَّةٌ وَيَتْرُكُ وَفَاءً بِمَا عَلَيْهِ : إِنَّ أُمَّ وَلَدِهِ أَمَةٌ مَمْلُوكَةٌ حِينَ لَمْ يُعْتَقِ الْمُكَاتَبُ حَتَّى مَاتَ. وَلَمْ يَتْرُكْ وَلَدًا فَيُعْتَقُونَ بِأَدَاءِ مَا بَقِيَ فَتُعْتَقُ أُمُّ وَلَدِ أَبِيهِمْ بِعِتْقِهِمْ. ¤
Imam Malik, may Allah have mercy on him, said that if a person makes his slave a mukatab (one who has a contract for freedom), then the mukatab dies and leaves behind an umm walad (a slave woman who has borne a child to her master), and leaves behind enough wealth to fulfill the contract of kitabah, then that umm walad will become the slave of the mukatab’s master, because the mukatab was not free at the time of his death, nor did he leave behind any offspring by whom the umm walad would also become free.
قَالَ مَالِكٌ : فِي الْمُكَاتَبِ يُعْتِقُ عَبْدًا لَهُ أَوْ يَتَصَدَّقُ بِبَعْضِ مَالِهِ وَلَمْ يَعْلَمْ بِذَلِكَ سَيِّدُهُ حَتَّى عَتَقَ الْمُكَاتَبُ. قَالَ مَالِكٌ : يَنْفُذُ ذَلِكَ عَلَيْهِ وَلَيْسَ لِلْمُكَاتَبِ أَنْ يَرْجِعَ فِيهِ فَإِنْ عَلِمَ سَيِّدُ الْمُكَاتَبِ قَبْلَ أَنْ يَعْتِقَ الْمُكَاتَبُ فَرَدَّ ذَلِكَ وَلَمْ يُجِزْهُ فَإِنَّهُ إِنْ عَتَقَ الْمُكَاتَبُ وَذَلِكَ فِي يَدِهِ لَمْ يَكُنْ عَلَيْهِ أَنْ يُعْتِقَ ذَلِكَ الْعَبْدَ وَلَا أَنْ يُخْرِجَ تِلْكَ الصَّدَقَةَ إِلَّا أَنْ يَفْعَلَ ذَلِكَ طَائِعًا مِنْ عِنْدِ نَفْسِهِ.
Imam Malik, may Allah have mercy on him, said that if a mukatab frees his slave, or gives some of his wealth in charity, and the master is not informed of this until the mukatab becomes free, then after his freedom, the mukatab cannot invalidate that charity or emancipation. However, if the master is informed of it before the mukatab's freedom and does not give permission, then that charity or emancipation becomes void. In this case, it is not obligatory for the mukatab to free that slave again or give charity after his freedom, but he may do so willingly.
قَالَ مَالِكٌ إِنَّ أَحْسَنَ مَا سَمِعْتُ فِي الْمُكَاتَبِ يُعْتِقُهُ سَيِّدُهُ عِنْدَ الْمَوْتِ : أَنَّ الْمُكَاتَبَ يُقَامُ عَلَى هَيْئَتِهِ تِلْكَ الَّتِي لَوْ بِيعَ كَانَ ذَلِكَ الثَّمَنَ الَّذِي يَبْلُغُ فَإِنْ كَانَتِ الْقِيمَةُ أَقَلَّ مِمَّا بَقِيَ عَلَيْهِ مِنَ الْكِتَابَةِ وُضِعَ ذَلِكَ فِي ثُلُثِ الْمَيِّتِ. وَلَمْ يُنْظَرْ إِلَى عَدَدِ الدَّرَاهِمِ الَّتِي بَقِيَتْ عَلَيْهِ. وَذَلِكَ أَنَّهُ لَوْ قُتِلَ لَمْ يَغْرَمْ قَاتِلُهُ إِلَّا قِيمَتَهُ يَوْمَ قَتْلِهِ وَلَوْ جُرِحَ لَمْ يَغْرَمْ جَارِحُهُ إِلَّا دِيَةَ جَرْحِهِ يَوْمَ جَرَحَهُ. وَلَا يُنْظَرُ فِي شَيْءٍ مِنْ ذَلِكَ إِلَى مَا كُوتِبَ عَلَيْهِ مِنَ الدَّنَانِيرِ وَالدَّرَاهِمِ. لِأَنَّهُ عَبْدٌ مَا بَقِيَ عَلَيْهِ مِنْ كِتَابَتِهِ شَيْءٌ وَإِنْ كَانَ الَّذِي بَقِيَ عَلَيْهِ مِنْ كِتَابَتِهِ أَقَلَّ مِنْ قِيمَتِهِ لَمْ يُحْسَبْ فِي ثُلُثِ الْمَيِّتِ إِلَّا مَا بَقِيَ عَلَيْهِ مِنْ كِتَابَتِهِ. وَذَلِكَ أَنَّهُ إِنَّمَا تَرَكَ الْمَيِّتُ لَهُ مَا بَقِيَ عَلَيْهِ مِنْ كِتَابَتِهِ فَصَارَتْ وَصِيَّةً أَوْصَى بِهَا. ¤
Imam Malik, may Allah have mercy on him, said that if a mukatab owes his master one thousand dirhams, and then at the time of death the master forgives one thousand dirhams, the value of the mukatab will be assessed. If his value is one thousand dirhams, then it is as if one-tenth of the contract of manumission has been forgiven, and according to the value, if it is two hundred dirhams, then it is as if one-tenth of the value has been forgiven. Its example is such that if the master forgives the entire amount of the contract, then in the one-third of the wealth, only the value of the mukatab will be considered, that is, one thousand dirhams. If he forgives half, then in the one-third of the wealth, half will be considered. If it is less or more than that, it will also be according to this calculation.
قَالَ مَالِكٌ : وَتَفْسِيرُ ذَلِكَ أَنَّهُ لَوْ كَانَتْ قِيمَةُ الْمُكَاتَبِ أَلْفَ دِرْهَمٍ وَلَمْ يَبْقَ مِنْ كِتَابَتِهِ إِلَّا مِائَةُ دِرْهَمٍ. فَأَوْصَى سَيِّدُهُ لَهُ بِالْمِائَةِ دِرْهَمٍ الَّتِي بَقِيَتْ عَلَيْهِ. حُسِبَتْ لَهُ فِي ثُلُثِ سَيِّدِهِ فَصَارَ حُرًّا بِهَا. ¤
Imam Malik, may Allah have mercy on him, said that if a person, at the time of his death, pardons his mukatab from a thousand dirhams, but does not specify in which installment this pardon will apply, whether in the first or the last, then one-tenth will be pardoned from each installment.
قَالَ مَالِكٌ فِي رَجُلٍ كَاتَبَ عَبْدَهُ عِنْدَ مَوْتِهِ : إِنَّهُ يُقَوَّمُ عَبْدًا. فَإِنْ كَانَ فِي ثُلُثِهِ سَعَةٌ لِثَمَنِ الْعَبْدِ جَازَ لَهُ ذَلِكَ. ¤
Imam Malik, may Allah have mercy on him, said that when a man forgives his mukatab (contracted slave) a thousand dirhams either at the beginning or at the end of the contract, and the total amount of the contract is three thousand dirhams, then the value of the mukatab will be assessed, and then this value will be divided for each thousand. The value of the thousand whose term is shorter will be less compared to the thousand that comes after it. Similarly, the thousand that is at the very end will have the least value, because as the term increases, the value decreases accordingly. Then, the value that falls upon the thousand which has been forgiven will be deducted from the one-third of the wealth. If it is less or more than that, it will also be according to this calculation.
قَالَ مَالِكٌ وَتَفْسِيرُ ذَلِكَ : أَنْ تَكُونَ قِيمَةُ الْعَبْدِ أَلْفَ دِينَارٍ. فَيُكَاتِبُهُ سَيِّدُهُ عَلَى مِائَتَيْ دِينَارٍ عِنْدَ مَوْتِهِ فَيَكُونُ ثُلُثُ مَالِ سَيِّدِهِ أَلْفَ دِينَارٍ. فَذَلِكَ جَائِزٌ لَهُ. وَإِنَّمَا هِيَ وَصِيَّةٌ أَوْصَى لَهُ بِهَا فِي ثُلُثِهِ فَإِنْ كَانَ السَّيِّدُ قَدْ أَوْصَى لِقَوْمٍ بِوَصَايَا. وَلَيْسَ فِي الثُّلُثِ فَضْلٌ عَنْ قِيمَةِ الْمُكَاتَبِ، بُدِئَ بِالْمُكَاتَبِ. لِأَنَّ الْكِتَابَةَ عَتَاقَةٌ. وَالْعَتَاقَةُ تُبَدَّأُ عَلَى الْوَصَايَا، ثُمَّ تُجْعَلُ تِلْكَ الْوَصَايَا فِي كِتَابَةِ الْمُكَاتَبِ يَتْبَعُونَهُ بِهَا وَيُخَيَّرُ وَرَثَةُ الْمُوصِي. فَإِنْ أَحَبُّوا أَنْ يُعْطُوا أَهْلَ الْوَصَايَا وَصَايَاهُمْ كَامِلَةً وَتَكُونُ كِتَابَةُ الْمُكَاتَبِ لَهُمْ. فَذَلِكَ لَهُمْ وَإِنْ أَبَوْا وَأَسْلَمُوا الْمُكَاتَبَ وَمَا عَلَيْهِ إِلَى أَهْلِ الْوَصَايَا. فَذَلِكَ لَهُمْ لِأَنَّ الثُّلُثَ صَارَ فِي الْمُكَاتَبِ وَلِأَنَّ كُلَّ وَصِيَّةٍ أَوْصَى بِهَا أَحَدٌ فَقَالَ : الْوَرَثَةُ الَّذِي أَوْصَى بِهِ صَاحِبُنَا أَكْثَرُ مِنْ ثُلُثِهِ. وَقَدْ أَخَذَ مَا لَيْسَ لَهُ. قَالَ: فَإِنَّ وَرَثَتَهُ يُخَيَّرُونَ. فَيُقَالُ لَهُمْ قَدْ أَوْصَى صَاحِبُكُمْ بِمَا قَدْ عَلِمْتُمْ. فَإِنْ أَحْبَبْتُمْ أَنْ تُنَفِّذُوا ذَلِكَ لِأَهْلِهِ عَلَى مَا أَوْصَى بِهِ الْمَيِّتُ وَإِلَّا فَأَسْلِمُوا إِلَى أَهْلِ الْوَصَايَا ثُلُثَ مَالِ الْمَيِّتِ كُلِّهِ. قَالَ فَإِنْ أَسْلَمَ الْوَرَثَةُ الْمُكَاتَبَ إِلَى أَهْلِ الْوَصَايَا. كَانَ لِأَهْلِ الْوَصَايَا مَا عَلَيْهِ مِنَ الْكِتَابَةِ فَإِنْ أَدَّى الْمُكَاتَبُ مَا عَلَيْهِ مِنَ الْكِتَابَةِ أَخَذُوا ذَلِكَ فِي وَصَايَاهُمْ عَلَى قَدْرِ حِصَصِهِمْ وَإِنْ عَجَزَ الْمُكَاتَبُ كَانَ عَبْدًا لِأَهْلِ الْوَصَايَا لَا يَرْجِعُ إِلَى أَهْلِ الْمِيرَاثِ لِأَنَّهُمْ تَرَكُوهُ حِينَ خُيِّرُوا. وَلِأَنَّ أَهْلَ الْوَصَايَا حِينَ أُسْلِمَ إِلَيْهِمْ ضَمِنُوهُ فَلَوْ مَاتَ لَمْ يَكُنْ لَهُمْ عَلَى الْوَرَثَةِ شَيْءٌ وَإِنْ مَاتَ الْمُكَاتَبُ قَبْلَ أَنْ يُؤَدِّيَ كِتَابَتَهُ وَتَرَكَ مَالًا هُوَ أَكْثَرُ مِمَّا عَلَيْهِ. فَمَالُهُ لِأَهْلِ الْوَصَايَا. وَإِنْ أَدَّى الْمُكَاتَبُ مَا عَلَيْهِ عَتَقَ وَرَجَعَ وَلَاؤُهُ إِلَى عَصَبَةِ الَّذِي عَقَدَ كِتَابَتَهُ. ¤
Imam Malik, may Allah have mercy on him, said: If a person, at the time of death, made a bequest of a quarter of a mukatab for someone, and freed a quarter, then that person died, and after that the mukatab died and left behind wealth more than the price of his contract of manumission, then the heirs of the master and the legatee will be given as much as the remaining price of the contract of manumission. Then, whatever wealth remains, one third of it will go to the legatee and two thirds to the heirs.
قَالَ مَالِكٌ : فِي الْمُكَاتَبِ يَكُونُ لِسَيِّدِهِ عَلَيْهِ عَشَرَةُ آلَافِ دِرْهَمٍ فَيَضَعُ عَنْهُ عِنْدَ مَوْتِهِ أَلْفَ دِرْهَمٍ. قَالَ مَالِكٌ : يُقَوَّمُ الْمُكَاتَبُ فَيُنْظَرُ كَمْ قِيمَتُهُ. فَإِنْ كَانَتْ قِيمَتُهُ أَلْفَ دِرْهَمٍ فَالَّذِي وُضِعَ عَنْهُ عُشْرُ الْكِتَابَةِ. وَذَلِكَ فِي الْقِيمَةِ مِائَةُ دِرْهَمٍ. وَهُوَ عُشْرُ الْقِيمَةِ فَيُوضَعُ عَنْهُ عُشْرُ الْكِتَابَةِ فَيَصِيرُ ذَلِكَ إِلَى عُشْرِ الْقِيمَةِ نَقْدًا. وَإِنَّمَا ذَلِكَ كَهَيْئَتِهِ لَوْ وُضِعَ عَنْهُ جَمِيعُ مَا عَلَيْهِ وَلَوْ فَعَلَ ذَلِكَ لَمْ يُحْسَبْ فِي ثُلُثِ مَالِ الْمَيِّتِ إِلَّا قِيمَةُ الْمُكَاتَبِ أَلْفُ دِرْهَمٍ. وَإِنْ كَانَ الَّذِي وُضِعَ عَنْهُ نِصْفُ الْكِتَابَةِ حُسِبَ فِي ثُلُثِ مَالِ الْمَيِّتِ نِصْفُ الْقِيمَةِ. وَإِنْ كَانَ أَقَلَّ مِنْ ذَلِكَ أَوْ أَكْثَرَ فَهُوَ عَلَى هَذَا الْحِسَابِ. ¤
Imam Malik, may Allah have mercy on him, said that if a master frees his mukatab at the time of his death, and he cannot be freed from the one-third, then he will be freed to the extent possible, and that much of the price of the contract of manumission will be waived. For example, if the mukatab owed five thousand dirhams and his value was two thousand dirhams, and the deceased's one-third estate is one thousand dirhams, then half of the mukatab will be freed and half of the contract price, that is, two and a half thousand rupees, will be waived.
قَالَ مَالِكٌ : إِذَا وَضَعَ الرَّجُلُ عَنْ مُكَاتَبِهِ عِنْدَ مَوْتِهِ أَلْفَ دِرْهَمٍ مِنْ عَشَرَةِ آلَافِ دِرْهَمٍ وَلَمْ يُسَمِّ أَنَّهَا مِنْ أَوَّلِ كِتَابَتِهِ أَوْ مِنْ آخِرِهَا. وُضِعَ عَنْهُ مِنْ كُلِّ نَجْمٍ عُشْرُهُ. ¤
Imam Malik, may Allah have mercy on him, said that if a person made a bequest that a certain slave of his is free and another should be made a mukatab (contracted for freedom), and the one-third of the wealth is not sufficient for both, then freeing (the slave) will take precedence over the mukatabah (contract).
قَالَ مَالِكٌ : وَإِذَا وَضَعَ الرَّجُلُ عَنْ مُكَاتَبِهِ عِنْدَ الْمَوْتِ أَلْفَ دِرْهَمٍ مِنْ أَوَّلِ كِتَابَتِهِ أَوْ مِنْ آخِرِهَا. وَكَانَ أَصْلُ الْكِتَابَةِ عَلَى ثَلَاثَةِ آلَافِ دِرْهَمٍ قُوِّمَ الْمُكَاتَبُ قِيمَةَ النَّقْدِ ثُمَّ قُسِمَتْ تِلْكَ الْقِيمَةُ فَجُعِلَ لِتِلْكَ الْأَلْفِ الَّتِي مِنْ أَوَّلِ الْكِتَابَةِ حِصَّتُهَا مِنْ تِلْكَ الْقِيمَةِ بِقَدْرِ قُرْبِهَا مِنَ الْأَجَلِ وَفَضْلِهَا. ثُمَّ الْأَلْفُ الَّتِي تَلِي الْأَلْفَ الْأُولَى بِقَدْرِ فَضْلِهَا أَيْضًا. ثُمَّ الْأَلْفُ الَّتِي تَلِيهَا بِقَدْرِ فَضْلِهَا أَيْضًا حَتَّى يُؤْتَى عَلَى آخِرِهَا تَفْضُلُ كُلُّ أَلْفٍ بِقَدْرِ مَوْضِعِهَا فِي تَعْجِيلِ الْأَجَلِ وَتَأْخِيرِهِ ؛ لِأَنَّ مَا اسْتَأْخَرَ مِنْ ذَلِكَ كَانَ أَقَلَّ فِي الْقِيمَةِ ثُمَّ يُوضَعُ فِي ثُلُثِ الْمَيِّتِ قَدْرُ مَا أَصَابَ تِلْكَ الْأَلْفَ مِنَ الْقِيمَةِ عَلَى تَفَاضُلِ ذَلِكَ إِنْ قَلَّ أَوْ كَثُرَ. فَهُوَ عَلَى هَذَا الْحِسَابِ. ¤
Malik said: If a man remits from his mukatab at the time of death one thousand dirhams from the beginning of his contract or from its end, and the original contract was for three thousand dirhams, the mukatab is valued at the cash value, then that value is divided, and the share of that thousand from the beginning of the contract is given its portion of that value according to its proximity to the term and its advantage. Then the next thousand after the first thousand is given its share also according to its advantage. Then the thousand after that is given its share also according to its advantage, until the end of it is reached. Each thousand has an advantage according to its position in the hastening or delaying of the term; because what is delayed from that is less in value. Then, in the third of the deceased, is placed the amount that corresponds to that thousand from the value, according to the difference, whether it is little or much. Thus, it is according to this calculation.
قَالَ مَالِكٌ : فِي رَجُلٍ أَوْصَى لِرَجُلٍ بِرُبُعِ مُكَاتَبٍ أَوْ أَعْتَقَ رُبُعَهُ. فَهَلَكَ الرَّجُلُ ثُمَّ هَلَكَ الْمُكَاتَبُ وَتَرَكَ مَالًا كَثِيرًا أَكْثَرَ مِمَّا بَقِيَ عَلَيْهِ. قَالَ مَالِكٌ : يُعْطَى وَرَثَةُ السَّيِّدِ وَالَّذِي أَوْصَى لَهُ بِرُبُعِ الْمُكَاتَبِ مَا بَقِيَ لَهُمْ عَلَى الْمُكَاتَبِ ثُمَّ يَقْتَسِمُونَ مَا فَضَلَ فَيَكُونُ لِلْمُوصَى لَهُ بِرُبُعِ الْمُكَاتَبِ ثُلُثُ مَا فَضَلَ بَعْدَ أَدَاءِ الْكِتَابَةِ وَلِوَرَثَةِ سَيِّدِهِ الثُّلُثَانِ. وَذَلِكَ أَنَّ الْمُكَاتَبَ عَبْدٌ مَا بَقِيَ عَلَيْهِ مِنْ كِتَابَتِهِ شَيْءٌ فَإِنَّمَا يُورَثُ بِالرِّقِّ. ¤
Malik said: Regarding a man who bequeathed to another man a quarter of a mukatab (a slave with a contract for manumission), or freed a quarter of him. Then the man died, and then the mukatab died and left much wealth, more than what remained upon him. Malik said: The heirs of the master and the one to whom the quarter of the mukatab was bequeathed are given what remains for them upon the mukatab, then they divide what is left over. So, the one to whom the quarter of the mukatab was bequeathed receives a third of what remains after the payment of the contract, and the heirs of his master receive two-thirds. That is because the mukatab is a slave as long as anything remains upon him from his contract, for he is inherited by virtue of his enslavement.
قَالَ مَالِكٌ فِي مُكَاتَبٍ أَعْتَقَهُ سَيِّدُهُ عِنْدَ الْمَوْتِ قَالَ : إِنْ لَمْ يَحْمِلْهُ ثُلُثُ الْمَيِّتِ عَتَقَ مِنْهُ قَدْرُ مَا حَمَلَ الثُّلُثُ وَيُوضَعُ عَنْهُ مِنَ الْكِتَابَةِ قَدْرُ ذَلِكَ. إِنْ كَانَ عَلَى الْمُكَاتَبِ خَمْسَةُ آلَافِ دِرْهَمٍ وَكَانَتْ قِيمَتُهُ أَلْفَيْ دِرْهَمٍ نَقْدًا. وَيَكُونُ ثُلُثُ الْمَيِّتِ أَلْفَ دِرْهَمٍ. عَتَقَ نِصْفُهُ وَيُوضَعُ عَنْهُ شَطْرُ الْكِتَابَةِ. ¤
Malik said regarding a mukatab whom his master emancipated at the time of death: He said, if the third of the deceased’s estate does not cover it, then he is emancipated to the extent that the third covers, and the corresponding portion of the contract is waived for him. If the mukatab owes five thousand dirhams and his value is two thousand dirhams in cash, and the third of the deceased’s estate is one thousand dirhams, then half of him is emancipated and half of the contract is waived for him.
قَالَ مَالِكٌ : فِي رَجُلٍ قَالَ : فِي وَصِيَّتِهِ غُلَامِي فُلَانٌ حُرٌّ وَكَاتِبُوا فُلَانًا تُبَدَّأُ الْعَتَاقَةُ عَلَى الْكِتَابَةِ.
Malik said: Regarding a man who said in his will: "My slave boy so-and-so is free, and make a contract of manumission with so-and-so," the emancipation is to be given precedence over the contract of manumission.
قَالَ مَالِكٌ : الْأَمْرُ عِنْدَنَا فِيمَنْ دَبَّرَ جَارِيَةً لَهُ. فَوَلَدَتْ أَوْلَادًا بَعْدَ تَدْبِيرِهِ إِيَّاهَا. ثُمَّ مَاتَتِ الْجَارِيَةُ قَبْلَ الَّذِي دَبَّرَهَا : إِنَّ وَلَدَهَا بِمَنْزِلَتِهَا. قَدْ ثَبَتَ لَهُمْ مِنَ الشَّرْطِ مِثْلُ الَّذِي ثَبَتَ لَهَا. وَلَا يَضُرُّهُمْ هَلَاكُ أُمِّهِمْ. فَإِذَا مَاتَ الَّذِي كَانَ دَبَّرَهَا فَقَدْ عَتَقُوا، إِنْ وَسِعَهُمُ الثُّلُثُ. ¤
Imam Malik, may Allah have mercy on him, said that if a person declares his slave woman as mudabbar, and after that she gives birth to children, then if that slave woman dies in the presence of her master, her children will remain mudabbar like their mother. When the master dies and there is room in one third of the wealth, they will be set free.
قَالَ مَالِكٌ : كُلُّ ذَاتِ رَحِمٍ فَوَلَدُهَا بِمَنْزِلَتِهَا. إِنْ كَانَتْ حُرَّةً فَوَلَدَتْ بَعْدَ عِتْقِهَا. فَوَلَدُهَا أَحْرَارٌ. وَإِنْ كَانَتْ مُدَبَّرَةً أَوْ مُكَاتَبَةً أَوْ مُعْتَقَةً إِلَى سِنِينَ. أَوْ مُخْدَمَةً أَوْ بَعْضَهَا حُرًّا أَوْ مَرْهُونَةً أَوْ أُمَّ وَلَدٍ فَوَلَدُ كُلِّ وَاحِدَةٍ مِنْهُنَّ عَلَى مِثَالِ حَالِ أُمِّهِ. يَعْتِقُونَ بِعِتْقِهَا وَيَرِقُّونَ بِرِقِّهَا. ¤
Imam Malik, may Allah have mercy on him, said that the children of every woman will be like their mother, whether she is a mudabbirah, a mukatabah, a mu‘taqah ila ajal, a makhdumah, a mu‘taqat al-ba‘d, a gard, or an umm walad. The children of each will be like their mother: if she is free, then they are free; and if she becomes a slave, then they too will become slaves.
قَالَ مَالِكٌ فِي مُدَبَّرَةٍ دُبِّرَتْ وَهِيَ حَامِلٌ وَلَمْ يَعْلَمْ سَيِّدُهَا بِحَمْلِهَا : إِنَّ وَلَدَهَا بِمَنْزِلَتِهَا. وَإِنَّمَا ذَلِكَ بِمَنْزِلَةِ رَجُلٍ أَعْتَقَ جَارِيَةً لَهُ وَهِيَ حَامِلٌ. وَلَمْ يَعْلَمْ بِحَمْلِهَا. قَالَ مَالِكٌ : فَالسُّنَّةُ فِيهَا أَنَّ وَلَدَهَا يَتْبَعُهَا وَيَعْتِقُ بِعِتْقِهَا. ¤
Imam Malik, may Allah have mercy on him, said that if a slave woman is made mudabbar while she is pregnant, then her child will also become mudabbar. The example of this is that if a person frees his pregnant slave woman and he did not know that she was pregnant, then her child will also become free.
قَالَ مَالِكٌ : وَكَذَلِكَ لَوْ أَنَّ رَجُلًا ابْتَاعَ جَارِيَةً وَهِيَ حَامِلٌ. فَالْوَلِيدَةُ وَمَا فِي بَطْنِهَا لِمَنِ ابْتَاعَهَا. اشْتَرَطَ ذَلِكَ الْمُبْتَاعُ أَوْ لَمْ يَشْتَرِطْهُ. ¤
Imam Malik, may Allah have mercy on him, said that similarly, if a person sells a pregnant slave woman, then the slave woman and the child in her womb will belong to the buyer, whether the buyer stipulated this condition or not.
قَالَ مَالِكٌ : وَلَا يَحِلُّ لِلْبَائِعِ أَنْ يَسْتَثْنِيَ مَا فِي بَطْنِهَا. لِأَنَّ ذَلِكَ غَرَرٌ. يَضَعُ مِنْ ثَمَنِهَا. وَلَا يَدْرِي أَيَصِلُ ذَلِكَ إِلَيْهِ أَمْ لَا. وَإِنَّمَا ذَلِكَ بِمَنْزِلَةِ مَا لَوْ بَاعَ جَنِينًا فِي بَطْنِ أُمِّهِ. وَذَلِكَ لَا يَحِلُّ لَهُ، لِأَنَّهُ غَرَرٌ. ¤
Imam Malik, may Allah have mercy on him, said that similarly it is not permissible for the seller to sell a slave-girl and sell her pregnancy, because there is deception in it; perhaps the child will be born or perhaps not. Its example is like a person selling the unborn child in the womb; such a sale is not valid.
قَالَ مَالِكٌ فِي مُكَاتَبٍ أَوْ مُدَبَّرٍ ابْتَاعَ أَحَدُهُمَا جَارِيَةً. فَوَطِئَهَا. فَحَمَلَتْ مِنْهُ وَوَلَدَتْ. قَالَ : وَلَدُ كُلِّ وَاحِدٍ مِنْهُمَا مِنْ جَارِيَتِهِ بِمَنْزِلَتِهِ. يَعْتِقُونَ بِعِتْقِهِ. وَيَرِقُّونَ بِرِقِّهِ. قَالَ مَالِكٌ : فَإِذَا أُعْتِقَ هُوَ. فَإِنَّمَا أُمُّ وَلَدِهِ مَالٌ مِنْ مَالِهِ. يُسَلَّمُ إِلَيْهِ إِذَا أُعْتِقَ.
Imam Malik, may Allah have mercy on him, said that if a mukatab or a mudabbar buys a slave girl and has intercourse with her, and she becomes pregnant and gives birth to a child, then the child of each will follow his father; with his freedom, the child will also be free, and with his slavery, the child will also be a slave. If the mukatab or mudabbar is set free, then the umm walad will be like him and like his mother, and she will be entrusted to him.
قَالَ مَالِكٌ فِي مُدَبَّرٍ قَالَ لِسَيِّدِهِ : عَجِّلْ لِي الْعِتْقَ. وَأُعْطِيكَ خَمْسِينَ مِنْهَا مُنَجَّمَةً عَلَيَّ. فَقَالَ سَيِّدُهُ : نَعَمْ. أَنْتَ حُرٌّ. وَعَلَيْكَ خَمْسُونَ دِينَارًا. تُؤَدِّي إِلَيَّ كُلَّ عَامٍ عَشَرَةَ دَنَانِيرَ. فَرَضِيَ بِذَلِكَ الْعَبْدُ. ثُمَّ هَلَكَ السَّيِّدُ بَعْدَ ذَلِكَ بِيَوْمٍ أَوْ يَوْمَيْنِ أَوْ ثَلَاثَةٍ. قَالَ مَالِكٌ : يَثْبُتُ لَهُ الْعِتْقُ. وَصَارَتِ الْخَمْسُونَ دِينَارًا دَيْنًا عَلَيْهِ. وَجَازَتْ شَهَادَتُهُ. وَثَبَتَتْ حُرْمَتُهُ. وَمِيرَاثُهُ وَحُدُودُهُ. وَلَا يَضَعُ عَنْهُ مَوْتُ سَيِّدِهِ. شَيْئًا مِنْ ذَلِكَ الدَّيْنِ. ¤
Imam Malik, may Allah have mercy on him, said that if a mudabbar says to his master: "Set me free now and I will pay you fifty dinars in installments," and the master says: "Alright, you are free, so pay me fifty dinars over five years, ten dinars each year," and the mudabbar agrees to this, then if the master dies after two or three days, the mudabbar will become free, and the fifty dinars will remain as a debt upon him. His testimony will be valid, and all his rights regarding sanctity, inheritance, and legal punishments will be complete, and the death of the master will not reduce anything from those fifty dinars.
قَالَ مَالِكٌ فِي رَجُلٍ دَبَّرَ عَبْدًا لَهُ. فَمَاتَ السَّيِّدُ. وَلَهُ مَالٌ حَاضِرٌ وَمَالٌ غَائِبٌ. فَلَمْ يَكُنْ فِي مَالِهِ الْحَاضِرِ مَا يَخْرُجُ فِيهِ الْمُدَبَّرُ. قَالَ : يُوقَفُ الْمُدَبَّرُ بِمَالِهِ. وَيُجْمَعُ خَرَاجُهُ حَتَّى يَتَبَيَّنَ مِنَ الْمَالِ الْغَائِبِ. فَإِنْ كَانَ فِيمَا تَرَكَ سَيِّدُهُ، مِمَّا يَحْمِلُهُ الثُّلُثُ، عَتَقَ بِمَالِهِ. وَبِمَا جُمِعَ مِنْ خَرَاجِهِ فَإِنْ لَمْ يَكُنْ فِيمَا تَرَكَ سَيِّدُهُ مَا يَحْمِلُهُ، عَتَقَ مِنْهُ قَدْرُ الثُّلُثِ، وَتُرِكَ مَالُهُ فِي يَدَيْهِ.
Imam Malik, may Allah have mercy on him, said that if a person declares his slave as Mudabbar, then dies, and some of his wealth is present while some is absent, and the Mudabbar cannot be freed from the one-third of the wealth that is present, then the Mudabbar will be held back, and his earnings will also be collected, until the absent wealth also appears. Then, if the Mudabbar can be freed from the one-third of the total wealth of the master, he will be freed, and the wealth and earnings of the Mudabbar will belong to him. And if he cannot be completely freed from the one-third, then only the portion equivalent to the one-third will be freed, and his wealth will remain with him.
قَالَ مَالِكٌ الْأَمْرُ الْمُجْتَمَعُ عَلَيْهِ عِنْدَنَا : أَنَّ كُلَّ عَتَاقَةٍ أَعْتَقَهَا رَجُلٌ. فِي وَصِيَّةٍ أَوْصَى بِهَا فِي صِحَّةٍ أَوْ مَرَضٍ : أَنَّهُ يَرُدُّهَا مَتَى شَاءَ. وَيُغَيِّرُهَا مَتَى شَاءَ، مَا لَمْ يَكُنْ تَدْبِيرًا. فَإِذَا دَبَّرَ، فَلَا سَبِيلَ لَهُ إِلَى رَدِّ مَا دَبَّرَ. ¤
Imam Malik, may Allah have mercy on him, said that as for all bequests of emancipation, whether made in good health or illness, they can be revoked or changed. However, in the case of tadbir, once someone has been made a mudabbar, there is no longer the option to revoke it.
قَالَ مَالِكٌ : وَكُلُّ وَلَدٍ وَلَدَتْهُ أَمَةٌ، أَوْصَى بِعِتْقِهَا وَلَمْ تُدَبَّرْ. فَإِنَّ وَلَدَهَا لَا يَعْتِقُونَ مَعَهَا إِذَا عَتَقَتْ. وَذَلِكَ أَنَّ سَيِّدَهَا يُغَيِّرُ وَصِيَّتَهُ إِنْ شَاءَ. وَيَرُدُّهَا مَتَى شَاءَ. وَلَمْ يَثْبُتْ لَهَا عَتَاقَةٌ. وَإِنَّمَا هِيَ بِمَنْزِلَةِ رَجُلٍ قَالَ لِجَارِيَتِهِ : إِنْ بَقِيَتْ عِنْدِي فُلَانَةُ حَتَّى أَمُوتَ، فَهِيَ حُرَّةٌ.
Imam Malik, may Allah have mercy on him, said that if someone makes a bequest for the emancipation of a slave woman but does not make her a mudabbara, then her children will not be freed along with their mother, because the master had the right to change this bequest, and freedom was not established for their mother. Rather, it is like someone saying: If such-and-such slave woman remains with me until my death, then she is free. If she remains until his death, then she will be freed, but the master has the right to sell her or her children before death. Thus, according to the ancient Sunnah, there is a great difference between a bequest of emancipation and a bequest of tadbeer. If a bequest were like tadbeer, then no person would have the right to change or alter his bequest.
قَالَ مَالِكٌ: فَإِنْ أَدْرَكَتْ ذَلِكَ، كَانَ لَهَا ذَلِكَ. وَإِنْ شَاءَ، قَبْلَ ذَلِكَ، بَاعَهَا وَوَلَدَهَا لِأَنَّهُ لَمْ يُدْخِلْ وَلَدَهَا فِي شَيْءٍ مِمَّا جَعَلَ لَهَا.
Malik said: If she attains that, then it is hers. But if he wishes, before that, he may sell her and her child, because he did not include her child in anything that he assigned to her.
قَالَ : وَالْوَصِيَّةُ فِي الْعَتَاقَةِ مُخَالِفَةٌ لِلتَّدْبِيرِ، فَرَقَ بَيْنَ ذَلِكَ مَا مَضَى مِنَ السُّنَّةِ. قَالَ : وَلَوْ كَانَتِ الْوَصِيَّةُ بِمَنْزِلَةِ التَّدْبِيرِ. كَانَ كُلُّ مُوصٍ لَا يَقْدِرُ عَلَى تَغْيِيرِ وَصِيَّتِهِ. وَمَا ذُكِرَ فِيهَا مِنَ الْعَتَاقَةِ. وَكَانَ قَدْ حَبَسَ عَلَيْهِ مِنْ مَالِهِ مَا لَا يَسْتَطِيعُ أَنْ يَنْتَفِعَ بِهِ. ¤
He said: And the bequest regarding emancipation is different from tadbir; what has passed from the Sunnah has distinguished between them. He said: And if the bequest were in the same position as tadbir, then every testator would not be able to change his bequest, and what is mentioned in it regarding emancipation, and he would have withheld from his wealth what he could not benefit from.
قَالَ مَالِكٌ فِي رَجُلٍ دَبَّرَ رَقِيقًا لَهُ جَمِيعًا. فِي صِحَّتِهِ وَلَيْسَ لَهُ مَالٌ غَيْرُهُمْ : إِنْ كَانَ دَبَّرَ بَعْضَهُمْ قَبْلَ بَعْضٍ بُدِئَ بِالْأَوَّلِ فَالْأَوَّلِ، حَتَّى يَبْلُغَ الثُّلُثَ. وَإِنْ كَانَ دَبَّرَهُمْ جَمِيعًا فِي مَرَضِهِ. فَقَالَ : فُلَانٌ حُرٌّ. وَفُلَانٌ حُرٌّ. وَفُلَانٌ حُرٌّ. فِي كَلَامٍ وَاحِدٍ. إِنْ حَدَثَ بِي فِي مَرَضِي هَذَا حَدَثُ مَوْتٍ، أَوْ دَبَّرَهُمْ جَمِيعًا فِي كَلِمَةٍ وَاحِدَةٍ، تَحَاصَّوْا فِي الثُّلُثِ. وَلَمْ يُبَدَّأْ أَحَدٌ مِنْهُمْ قَبْلَ صَاحِبِهِ. وَإِنَّمَا هِيَ وَصِيَّةٌ. وَإِنَّمَا لَهُمُ الثُّلُثُ. يُقْسَمُ بَيْنَهُمْ بِالْحِصَصِ. ثُمَّ يَعْتِقُ مِنْهُمُ الثُّلُثُ بَالِغًا مَا بَلَغَ. قَالَ : وَلَا يُبَدَّأُ أَحَدٌ مِنْهُمْ إِذَا كَانَ ذَلِكَ كُلُّهُ فِي مَرَضِهِ. ¤
Imam Malik, may Allah have mercy on him, said that if a person, while in good health, declares several of his slaves as mudabbar and possesses no wealth other than them, and if he declared them mudabbar one after the other, then the one who was declared mudabbar first will be freed from one third of the wealth, then the second, then the third, and so on as long as there is room within one third of the wealth. If he declared all of them mudabbar at the same time in a single statement, then one third of each will be freed when all are declared mudabbar during illness.
قَالَ مَالِكٌ فِي رَجُلٍ دَبَّرَ غُلَامًا لَهُ. فَهَلَكَ السَّيِّدُ وَلَا مَالَ لَهُ إِلَّا الْعَبْدُ الْمُدَبَّرُ. وَلِلْعَبْدِ مَالٌ قَالَ : يُعْتَقُ ثُلُثُ الْمُدَبَّرِ. وَيُوقَفُ مَالُهُ بِيَدَيْهِ. ¤
Imam Malik, may Allah have mercy on him, said that if a person declared his slave as Mudabbar and had no other wealth except that, then the master died and the Mudabbar has wealth, one third of the Mudabbar will be set free and the wealth will remain with him.
قَالَ مَالِكٌ فِي مُدَبَّرٍ كَاتَبَهُ سَيِّدُهُ فَمَاتَ السَّيِّدُ وَلَمْ يَتْرُكْ مَالًا غَيْرَهُ. قَالَ مَالِكٌ : يُعْتَقُ مِنْهُ ثُلُثُهُ. وَيُوضَعُ عَنْهُ ثُلُثُ كِتَابَتِهِ. وَيَكُونُ عَلَيْهِ ثُلُثَاهَا. ¤
Imam Malik, may Allah have mercy on him, said that if a mudabbar is made a mukatab by his master, then the master dies and leaves nothing except him, then one third of him will be freed, and one third will be deducted from the price of the kitabah, and two thirds will have to be paid by the mudabbar.
قَالَ مَالِكٌ فِي رَجُلٍ أَعْتَقَ نِصْفَ عَبْدٍ لَهُ وَهُوَ مَرِيضٌ. فَبَتَّ عِتْقَ نِصْفِهِ. أَوْ بَتَّ عِتْقَهُ كُلَّهُ. وَقَدْ كَانَ دَبَّرَ عَبْدًا لَهُ آخَرَ قَبْلَ ذَلِكَ. قَالَ : يُبَدَّأُ بِالْمُدَبَّرِ قَبْلَ الَّذِي أَعْتَقَهُ وَهُوَ مَرِيضٌ. وَذَلِكَ أَنَّهُ لَيْسَ لِلرَّجُلِ أَنْ يَرُدَّ مَا دَبَّرَ. وَلَا أَنْ يَتَعَقَّبَهُ بِأَمْرٍ يَرُدُّهُ بِهِ. فَإِذَا عَتَقَ الْمُدَبَّرُ فَلْيَكُنْ مَا بَقِيَ مِنَ الثُّلُثِ فِي الَّذِي أَعْتَقَ شَطْرَهُ. حَتَّى يَسْتَتِمَّ عِتْقُهُ كُلُّهُ، فِي ثُلُثِ مَالِ الْمَيِّتِ. فَإِنْ لَمْ يَبْلُغْ ذَلِكَ فَضْلَ الثُّلُثِ، عَتَقَ مِنْهُ مَا بَلَغَ فَضْلَ الثُّلُثِ، بَعْدَ عِتْقِ الْمُدَبَّرِ الْأَوَّلِ.
Imam Malik, may Allah have mercy on him, said that if a person, during his terminal illness, frees half or all of his slave, and he had previously made his slave a mudabbar, then from one-third of the wealth, the mudabbar will be freed first. Then, if the remaining wealth suffices to free the slave, he will be freed; otherwise, he will be freed to the extent of the wealth that remains.
قَالَ مَالِك : الْإِخْوَةُ فِي الْكِتَابَةِ بِمَنْزِلَةِ الْوَلَدِ، إِذَا كُوتِبُوا جَمِيعًا كِتَابَةً وَاحِدَةً إِذَا لَمْ يَكُنْ لِأَحَدٍ مِنْهُمْ وَلَدٌ كَاتَبَ عَلَيْهِمْ، أَوْ وُلِدُوا فِي كِتَابَتِهِ أَوْ كَاتَبَ عَلَيْهِمْ، ثُمَّ هَلَكَ أَحَدُهُمْ وَتَرَكَ مَالًا أُدِّيَ عَنْهُمْ جَمِيعُ مَا عَلَيْهِمْ مِنْ كِتَابَتِهِمْ وَعَتَقُوا، وَكَانَ فَضْلُ الْمَالِ بَعْدَ ذَلِكَ لِوَلَدِهِ دُونَ إِخْوَتِهِ ¤
Imam Malik, may Allah have mercy on him, said that if several brothers are collectively made mukatab, and they have no children who were born during the period of the contract of mukatabah, or who entered into the contract of mukatabah, then those brothers will inherit from one another. If any of them has a son who was born during the period of the contract of mukatabah, or upon whom the contract of mukatabah was enacted and he dies, then first, from his wealth, the total amount of the contract of mukatabah will be paid, and whatever remains will go to his children, not to his brothers.
