موطا امام مالك رواية يحييٰ
Muwatta Imam Malik (Riwayat Yahya)
كتاب المكاتبBook: On the Explanation of Mukatib (Contracted Slave)
بَابُ الْقِطَاعَةِ فِي الْكِتَابَةِ
Chapter on deduction in the contract of writing (kitabah)
Hadith 1296
حَدَّثَنِي حَدَّثَنِي مَالِك أَنَّهُ بَلَغَهُ، أَنَّ أُمَّ سَلَمَةَ زَوْجَ النَّبِيِّ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ كَانَتْ " تُقَاطِعُ مُكَاتَبِيهَا بِالذَّهَبِ وَالْوَرِقِ " .
Sayyida Umm Salama (may Allah be pleased with her) used to impose a fixed amount (qita'at) on her mukatabs for gold and silver.
Hadith 1296B1
قَالَ مَالِك : الْأَمْرُ الْمُجْتَمَعُ عَلَيْهِ عِنْدَنَا فِي الْمُكَاتَبِ يَكُونُ بَيْنَ الشَّرِيكَيْنِ، فَإِنَّهُ لَا يَجُوزُ لِأَحَدِهِمَا أَنْ يُقَاطِعَهُ عَلَى حِصَّتِهِ إِلَّا بِإِذْنِ شَرِيكِهِ، وَذَلِكَ أَنَّ الْعَبْدَ وَمَالَهُ بَيْنَهُمَا فَلَا يَجُوزُ لِأَحَدِهِمَا أَنْ يَأْخُذَ شَيْئًا مِنْ مَالِهِ إِلَّا بِإِذْنِ شَرِيكِهِ، وَلَوْ قَاطَعَهُ أَحَدُهُمَا دُونَ صَاحِبِهِ ثُمَّ حَازَ ذَلِكَ ثُمَّ مَاتَ الْمُكَاتَبُ وَلَهُ مَالٌ أَوْ عَجَزَ، لَمْ يَكُنْ لِمَنْ قَاطَعَهُ شَيْءٌ مِنْ مَالِهِ، وَلَمْ يَكُنْ لَهُ أَنْ يَرُدَّ مَا قَاطَعَهُ عَلَيْهِ وَيَرْجِعَ حَقَّهُ فِي رَقَبَتِهِ، وَلَكِنْ مَنْ قَاطَعَ مُكَاتَبًا بِإِذْنِ شَرِيكِهِ ثُمَّ عَجَزَ الْمُكَاتَبُ، فَإِنْ أَحَبَّ الَّذِي قَاطَعَهُ أَنْ يَرُدَّ الَّذِي أَخَذَ مِنْهُ مِنَ الْقِطَاعَةِ وَيَكُونُ عَلَى نَصِيبِهِ مِنْ رَقَبَةِ الْمُكَاتَبِ كَانَ ذَلِكَ لَهُ، وَإِنْ مَاتَ الْمُكَاتَبُ وَتَرَكَ مَالًا اسْتَوْفَى الَّذِي بَقِيَتْ لَهُ الْكِتَابَةُ حَقَّهُ الَّذِي بَقِيَ لَهُ عَلَى الْمُكَاتَبِ مِنْ مَالِهِ، ثُمَّ كَانَ مَا بَقِيَ مِنْ مَالِ الْمُكَاتَبِ بَيْنَ الَّذِي قَاطَعَهُ وَبَيْنَ شَرِيكِهِ، عَلَى قَدْرِ حِصَصِهِمَا فِي الْمُكَاتَبِ، وَإِنْ كَانَ أَحَدُهُمَا قَاطَعَهُ وَتَمَاسَكَ صَاحِبُهُ بِالْكِتَابَةِ، ثُمَّ عَجَزَ الْمُكَاتَبُ، قِيلَ لِلَّذِي قَاطَعَهُ : إِنْ شِئْتَ أَنْ تَرُدَّ عَلَى صَاحِبِكَ نِصْفَ الَّذِي أَخَذْتَ وَيَكُونُ الْعَبْدُ بَيْنَكُمَا شَطْرَيْنِ، وَإِنْ أَبَيْتَ فَجَمِيعُ الْعَبْدِ لِلَّذِي تَمَسَّكَ بِالرِّقِّ خَالِصًا .
Imam Malik, may Allah have mercy on him, said that if a mukatab is jointly owned by two men, and one of them settles for half of his right with the permission of the other, then the one who did not settle should also receive less than the full amount from the mukatab. After this, if the mukatab becomes unable to pay, then the one who settled, if he wishes, may give half of the excess amount he received from the settlement to his partner and thus share the slave equally. Otherwise, that portion of the slave will belong to the other partner.
Hadith 1296B4
قَالَ مَالِك : وَتَفْسِيرُ ذَلِكَ : أَنَّ الْعَبْدَ يَكُونُ بَيْنَهُمَا شَطْرَيْنِ فَيُكَاتِبَانِهِ جَمِيعًا، ثُمَّ يُقَاطِعُ أَحَدُهُمَا الْمُكَاتَبَ عَلَى نِصْفِ حَقِّهِ بِإِذْنِ صَاحِبِهِ، وَذَلِكَ الرُّبُعُ مِنْ جَمِيعِ الْعَبْدِ ثُمَّ يَعْجِزُ الْمُكَاتَبُ، فَيُقَالُ لِلَّذِي قَاطَعَهُ : إِنْ شِئْتَ فَارْدُدْ عَلَى صَاحِبِكَ نِصْفَ مَا فَضَلْتَهُ بِهِ، وَيَكُونُ الْعَبْدُ بَيْنَكُمَا شَطْرَيْنِ، وَإِنْ أَبَى، كَانَ لِلَّذِي تَمَسَّكَ بِالْكِتَابَةِ رُبُعُ صَاحِبِهِ الَّذِي قَاطَعَ الْمُكَاتَبَ عَلَيْهِ خَالِصًا وَكَانَ لَهُ نِصْفُ الْعَبْدِ، فَذَلِكَ ثَلَاثَةُ أَرْبَاعِ الْعَبْدِ، وَكَانَ لِلَّذِي قَاطَعَ رُبُعُ الْعَبْدِ لِأَنَّهُ أَبَى أَنْ يَرُدَّ ثَمَنَ رُبُعِهِ الَّذِي قَاطَعَ عَلَيْهِ .
Imam Malik, may Allah have mercy on him, said that its explanation is as follows: For example, a slave is jointly owned by two people, and both together make him a mukatab (contracted for manumission). Then one partner settles his half share with the slave, that is, for a quarter of the whole slave. After this, if the mukatab becomes unable (to pay), it will be said to the one who settled that you should return half of what you took extra to your partner and keep half partnership in the slave. If he refuses, then the quarter share of the slave belonging to the one who settled will also go to this partner. In this case, the partner will have three-quarters and the other will have one-quarter.
Hadith 1296B5
قَالَ مَالِك، فِي الْمُكَاتَبِ يُقَاطِعُهُ سَيِّدُهُ فَيَعْتِقُ وَيَكْتُبُ عَلَيْهِ مَا بَقِيَ مِنْ قَطَاعَتِهِ دَيْنًا عَلَيْهِ، ثُمَّ يَمُوتُ الْمُكَاتَبُ وَعَلَيْهِ دَيْنٌ لِلنَّاسِ، قَالَ مَالِك : فَإِنَّ سَيِّدَهُ لَا يُحَاصُّ غُرَمَاءَهُ بِالَّذِي عَلَيْهِ مِنْ قَطَاعَتِهِ وَلِغُرَمَائِهِ أَنْ يُبَدَّءُوا عَلَيْهِ .
Imam Malik, may Allah have mercy on him, said that if a master severs the contract with his mukatab and he becomes free, then whatever amount of the contract remains upon the mukatab is a debt upon him. After this, if the mukatab dies and he owes debts to people, then the master will not be equal to the other creditors; rather, the other creditors will take their debts from this wealth first.
Hadith 1296B6
قَالَ مَالِك : لَيْسَ لِلْمُكَاتَبِ أَنْ يُقَاطِعَ سَيِّدَهُ إِذَا كَانَ عَلَيْهِ دَيْنٌ لِلنَّاسِ فَيَعْتِقُ وَيَصِيرُ لَا شَيْءَ لَهُ، لِأَنَّ أَهْلَ الدَّيْنِ أَحَقُّ بِمَالِهِ مِنْ سَيِّدِهِ، فَلَيْسَ ذَلِكَ بِجَائِزٍ لَهُ .
Imam Malik, may Allah have mercy on him, said that if a mukatab (a slave with a contract for freedom) is in debt, the master should not sever ties with him, lest the slave becomes free and thereafter all his wealth goes to the creditors and the master receives nothing.
Hadith 1296B7
قَالَ مَالِك : الْأَمْرُ عِنْدَنَا فِي الرَّجُلِ يُكَاتِبُ عَبْدَهُ ثُمَّ يُقَاطِعُهُ بِالذَّهَبِ، فَيَضَعُ عَنْهُ مِمَّا عَلَيْهِ مِنَ الْكِتَابَةِ عَلَى أَنْ يُعَجِّلَ لَهُ مَا قَاطَعَهُ عَلَيْهِ، أَنَّهُ لَيْسَ بِذَلِكَ بَأْسٌ، وَإِنَّمَا كَرِهَ ذَلِكَ مَنْ كَرِهَهُ، لِأَنَّهُ أَنْزَلَهُ بِمَنْزِلَةِ الدَّيْنِ يَكُونُ لِلرَّجُلِ عَلَى الرَّجُلِ إِلَى أَجَلٍ فَيَضَعُ عَنْهُ وَيَنْقُدُهُ، وَلَيْسَ هَذَا مِثْلَ الدَّيْنِ، إِنَّمَا كَانَتْ قَطَاعَةُ الْمُكَاتَبِ سَيِّدَهُ، عَلَى أَنْ يُعْطِيَهُ مَالًا فِي أَنْ يَتَعَجَّلَ الْعِتْقَ فَيَجِبُ لَهُ الْمِيرَاثُ وَالشَّهَادَةُ وَالْحُدُودُ وَتَثْبُتُ لَهُ حُرْمَةُ الْعَتَاقَةِ، وَلَمْ يَشْتَرِ دَرَاهِمَ بِدَرَاهِمَ وَلَا ذَهَبًا بِذَهَبٍ، وَإِنَّمَا مَثَلُ ذَلِكَ مَثَلُ رَجُلٍ، قَالَ لِغُلَامِهِ : ائْتِنِي بِكَذَا وَكَذَا دِينَارًا، وَأَنْتَ حُرٌّ، فَوَضَعَ عَنْهُ مِنْ ذَلِكَ، فَقَالَ : إِنْ جِئْتَنِي بِأَقَلَّ مِنْ ذَلِكَ فَأَنْتَ حُرٌّ، فَلَيْسَ هَذَا دَيْنًا ثَابِتًا، وَلَوْ كَانَ دَيْنًا ثَابِتًا لَحَاصَّ بِهِ السَّيِّدُ غُرَمَاءَ الْمُكَاتَبِ إِذَا مَاتَ أَوْ أَفْلَسَ فَدَخَلَ مَعَهُمْ فِي مَالِ مُكَاتَبِهِ
Imam Malik, may Allah have mercy on him, said: In our view, the ruling is that if a person makes his slave a mukatab, then settles with him for gold and forgives the remainder of the kitabah in the condition that the payment for the settlement is made immediately, then there is nothing objectionable in this. And whoever has considered this disliked has thought that its example is like a person having a deferred debt upon someone, and then he takes some cash in exchange and forgives the debt. However, this is not like a debt; rather, the settlement is done so that the slave may become free quickly, and so that inheritance, testimony, and legal punishments become applicable to him, and the sanctity of emancipation is established. And it is not that he has bought silver for silver or gold for gold in exchange; rather, its example is like this: a person says to his slave, "Bring me this much gold coins and you are free," then reduces it and says, "If you bring even this much, you are still free," because the exchange of the kitabah is not a valid debt. Otherwise, when the mukatab dies, the master would also be a claimant to his wealth equal to the other creditors.
