موطا امام مالك رواية يحييٰ
Muwatta Imam Malik (Riwayat Yahya)
كتاب العتق والولاءBook: On the Explanation of Emancipation and Allegiance
بَابُ مَا جَاءَ فِيمَنْ أَعْتَقَ شِرْكًا لَهُ فِي عَبْدٍ
Chapter on what is reported regarding one who frees his share in a slave
Hadith 1268
حَدَّثَنِي مَالِك، عَنْ نَافِعٍ ، عَنْ عَبْدِ اللَّهِ بْنِ عُمَرَ ، أَنّ رَسُولَ اللَّهِ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ، قَالَ : " مَنْ أَعْتَقَ شِرْكًا لَهُ فِي عَبْدٍ، فَكَانَ لَهُ مَالٌ يَبْلُغُ ثَمَنَ الْعَبْدِ قُوِّمَ عَلَيْهِ قِيمَةَ الْعَدْلِ، فَأَعْطَى شُرَكَاءَهُ حِصَصَهُمْ، وَعَتَقَ عَلَيْهِ الْعَبْدُ، وَإِلَّا فَقَدْ عَتَقَ مِنْهُ مَا عَتَقَ " .
It is narrated from Sayyiduna Abdullah bin Umar (may Allah be pleased with them both) that the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) said: Whoever frees his share in a jointly owned slave, and he has enough wealth to pay the full price of the slave, then the value of the slave will be assessed and he will pay each partner their respective share, and the slave will be freed on his behalf. But if he does not have wealth, then only the portion that he has freed will be considered free.
Hadith 1268B1
قَالَ مَالِك : وَالْأَمْرُ الْمُجْتَمَعُ عَلَيْهِ عِنْدَنَا فِي الْعَبْدِ يُعْتِقُ سَيِّدُهُ مِنْهُ شِقْصًا ثُلُثَهُ أَوْ رُبُعَهُ أَوْ نِصْفَهُ أَوْ سَهْمًا مِنَ الْأَسْهُمِ بَعْدَ مَوْتِهِ، أَنَّهُ لَا يَعْتِقُ مِنْهُ إِلَّا مَا أَعْتَقَ سَيِّدُهُ، وَسَمَّى مِنْ ذَلِكَ الشِّقْصِ، وَذَلِكَ أَنَّ عَتَاقَةَ ذَلِكَ الشِّقْصِ إِنَّمَا وَجَبَتْ وَكَانَتْ بَعْدَ وَفَاةِ الْمَيِّتِ، وَأَنَّ سَيِّدَهُ كَانَ مُخَيَّرًا فِي ذَلِكَ مَا عَاشَ، فَلَمَّا وَقَعَ الْعِتْقُ لِلْعَبْدِ عَلَى سَيِّدِهِ الْمُوصِي، لَمْ يَكُنْ لِلْمُوصِي إِلَّا مَا أَخَذَ مِنْ مَالِهِ، وَلَمْ يَعْتِقْ مَا بَقِيَ مِنَ الْعَبْدِ، لِأَنَّ مَالَهُ قَدْ صَارَ لِغَيْرِهِ، فَكَيْفَ يَعْتِقُ مَا بَقِيَ مِنَ الْعَبْدِ عَلَى قَوْمٍ آخَرِينَ لَيْسُوا هُمُ ابْتَدَءُوا الْعَتَاقَةَ وَلَا أَثْبَتُوهَا وَلَا لَهُمُ الْوَلَاءُ وَلَا يَثْبُتُ لَهُمْ، وَإِنَّمَا صَنَعَ ذَلِكَ الْمَيِّتُ هُوَ الَّذِي أَعْتَقَ وَأُثْبِتَ لَهُ الْوَلَاءُ، فَلَا يُحْمَلُ ذَلِكَ فِي مَالِ غَيْرِهِ إِلَّا أَنْ يُوصِيَ بِأَنْ يَعْتِقَ مَا بَقِيَ مِنْهُ فِي مَالِهِ، فَإِنَّ ذَلِكَ لَازِمٌ لِشُرَكَائِهِ وَوَرَثَتِهِ، وَلَيْسَ لِشُرَكَائِهِ أَنْ يَأْبَوْا ذَلِكَ عَلَيْهِ وَهُوَ فِي ثُلُثِ مَالِ الْمَيِّتِ، لِأَنَّهُ لَيْسَ عَلَى وَرَثَتِهِ فِي ذَلِكَ ضَرَرٌ .
Imam Malik, may Allah have mercy on him, said: In our view, this ruling is agreed upon that if a master, after his death, frees a portion of his slave, such as a third, a quarter, or a half, then after the master's death, only that portion which the master had freed will become free, because the freedom of that portion becomes obligatory after the master's death. And as long as the master was alive, he had the choice; when he died, then according to his will, only that portion will be freed, and the rest of the slave will not be freed, because it has become the property of someone else. So how can the rest of the slave be freed by someone else, when neither did he initiate the freedom nor establish it, nor does he have the right of wala (allegiance); rather, this is the act of the deceased, he is the one who freed, and he is the one who established wala for himself. So how can it be valid in the property of someone else? However, if he makes a will that the rest of the slave should also be freed from his wealth, and if the slave can be freed from one third of the wealth, then he will be freed, and then the partners or heirs will not be affected, because they suffer no harm.
Hadith 1268B2
. قَالَ مَالِك : وَلَوْ أَعْتَقَ رَجُلٌ ثُلُثَ عَبْدِهِ وَهُوَ مَرِيضٌ، فَبَتَّ عِتْقَهُ عَتَقَ عَلَيْهِ كُلُّهُ فِي ثُلُثِهِ، وَذَلِكَ أَنَّهُ لَيْسَ بِمَنْزِلَةِ الرَّجُلِ يُعْتِقُ ثُلُثَ عَبْدِهِ بَعْدَ مَوْتِهِ، لِأَنَّ الَّذِي يُعْتِقُ ثُلُثَ عَبْدِهِ بَعْدَ مَوْتِهِ لَوْ عَاشَ رَجَعَ فِيهِ وَلَمْ يَنْفُذْ عِتْقُهُ، وَأَنَّ الْعَبْدَ الَّذِي يَبِتُّ سَيِّدُهُ عِتْقَ ثُلُثِهِ فِي مَرَضِهِ يَعْتِقُ عَلَيْهِ كُلُّهُ إِنْ عَاشَ، وَإِنْ مَاتَ عَتَقَ عَلَيْهِ فِي ثُلُثِهِ، وَذَلِكَ أَنَّ أَمْرَ الْمَيِّتِ جَائِزٌ فِي ثُلُثِهِ، كَمَا أَنَّ أَمْرَ الصَّحِيحِ جَائِزٌ فِي مَالِهِ كُلِّهِ
Imam Malik, may Allah have mercy on him, said that if a person frees a third of his slaves during his illness, then they will be completely freed from the third of his wealth, because this is not like the case of a person who suspends the freedom of a third of his slaves upon his death, since their freedom is not definite as long as he is alive and he can retract it. And whoever, during his illness, absolutely frees a third of his slaves, if he survives, then all the slaves will be freed, because a bequest of a third of the wealth is valid for the deceased, just as the disposal of the entire wealth is valid for a healthy person.
