موطا امام مالك رواية يحييٰ
Muwatta Imam Malik (Riwayat Yahya)
كتاب الرهونBook: On the Explanation of Pledges (Mortgages)
بَابُ الْوَصِيَّةِ لِلْوَارِثِ وَالْحِيَازَةِWill for an Heir and Possession
Hadith 1472Q7
قَالَ مَالِكٌ فِي الْمَرِيضِ الَّذِي يُوصِي فَيَسْتَأْذِنُ وَرَثَتَهُ فِي وَصِيَّتِهِ وَهُوَ مَرِيضٌ : لَيْسَ لَهُ مِنْ مَالِهِ إِلَّا ثُلُثُهُ. فَيَأْذَنُونَ لَهُ أَنْ يُوصِيَ لِبَعْضِ وَرَثَتِهِ بِأَكْثَرَ مِنْ ثُلُثِهِ. إِنَّهُ لَيْسَ لَهُمْ أَنْ يَرْجِعُوا فِي ذَلِكَ. وَلَوْ جَازَ ذَلِكَ لَهُمْ، صَنَعَ كُلُّ وَارِثٍ ذَلِكَ فَإِذَا هَلَكَ الْمُوصِي، أَخَذُوا ذَلِكَ لِأَنْفُسِهِمْ وَمَنَعُوهُ الْوَصِيَّةَ فِي ثُلُثِهِ، وَمَا أُذِنَ لَهُ بِهِ فِي مَالِهِ. قَالَ : فَأَمَّا أَنْ يَسْتَأْذِنَ وَرَثَتَهُ فِي وَصِيَّةٍ يُوصِي بِهَا لِوَارِثٍ فِي صِحَّتِهِ، فَيَأْذَنُونَ لَهُ. فَإِنَّ ذَلِكَ لَا يَلْزَمُهُمْ. وَلِوَرَثَتِهِ أَنْ يَرُدُّوا ذَلِكَ إِنْ شَاءُوا. وَذَلِكَ أَنَّ الرَّجُلَ إِذَا كَانَ صَحِيحًا كَانَ أَحَقَّ بِجَمِيعِ مَالِهِ. يَصْنَعُ فِيهِ مَا شَاءَ إِنْ شَاءَ أَنْ يَخْرُجَ مِنْ جَمِيعِهِ، خَرَجَ فَيَتَصَدَّقُ بِهِ. أَوْ يُعْطِيهِ مَنْ شَاءَ وَإِنَّمَا يَكُونُ اسْتِئْذَانُهُ وَرَثَتَهُ جَائِزًا عَلَى الْوَرَثَةِ. إِذَا أَذِنُوا لَهُ حِينَ يُحْجَبُ عَنْهُ مَالُهُ، وَلَا يَجُوزُ لَهُ شَيْءٌ إِلَّا فِي ثُلُثِهِ. وَحِينَ هُمْ أَحَقُّ بِثُلُثَيْ مَالِهِ مِنْهُ. فَذَلِكَ حِينَ يَجُوزُ عَلَيْهِمْ أَمْرُهُمْ وَمَا أَذِنُوا لَهُ بِهِ. فَإِنْ سَأَلَ بَعْضُ وَرَثَتِهِ أَنْ يَهَبَ لَهُ مِيرَاثَهُ حِينَ تَحْضُرُهُ الْوَفَاةُ فَيَفْعَلُ. ثُمَّ لَا يَقْضِي فِيهِ الْهَالِكُ شَيْئًا. فَإِنَّهُ رَدٌّ عَلَى مَنْ وَهَبَهُ إِلَّا أَنْ يَقُولَ لَهُ الْمَيِّتُ : فُلَانٌ، لِبَعْضِ وَرَثَتِهِ ضَعِيفٌ، وَقَدْ أَحْبَبْتُ أَنْ تَهَبَ لَهُ مِيرَاثَكَ فَأَعْطَاهُ إِيَّاهُ فَإِنَّ ذَلِكَ جَائِزٌ إِذَا سَمَّاهُ الْمَيِّتُ لَهُ. قَالَ: وَإِنْ وَهَبَ لَهُ مِيرَاثَهُ. ثُمَّ أَنْفَذَ الْهَالِكُ بَعْضَهُ وَبَقِيَ بَعْضٌ فَهُوَ رَدٌّ عَلَى الَّذِي وَهَبَ يَرْجِعُ إِلَيْهِ مَا بَقِيَ بَعْدَ وَفَاةِ الَّذِي أُعْطِيَهُ. ¤
Imam Malik, may Allah have mercy on him, said that if a person is ill, he should seek permission from his heirs to make a bequest of more than one-third, and if the heirs grant permission for him to make a bequest of more than one-third to any heir, then those heirs no longer have the right to retract. If retraction were permissible, every heir would do so; when the testator died, they would take the bequeathed wealth for themselves and prevent the execution of the bequest. However, if a person, while in good health, seeks permission from his heirs to make a bequest in favor of an heir, and they grant permission, then they may retract, because when a person is healthy, he has authority over all his wealth—he may give all of it in charity or hand it over to anyone he wishes. Thus, seeking permission in this state is meaningless, and the heirs granting permission is also premature; therefore, their retraction is valid. In fact, seeking permission is only valid when he no longer has authority over his wealth and is not able to dispose of more than one-third; at that time, the heirs have authority over the remaining two-thirds—they may grant permission as well. If a sick person says to his heir: "Gift me your share of the inheritance," and the heir gifts it, but the sick person does not dispose of it and dies in that state, then that share will revert to the same heir. However, if the deceased says to one heir that another heir is very weak, so gift your share to him, and if he does so, it will be valid. If an heir gifts his share of the inheritance to the deceased, and the deceased gives some of it to someone and some remains, then whatever remains will belong to that same heir.
