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موطا امام مالك رواية يحييٰ
Muwatta Malik (Yahya)
كتاب المكاتبBook: On the Explanation of Mukatib (Contracted Slave)
بَابُ الْقِطَاعَةِ فِي الْكِتَابَةِChapter on deduction in the contract of writing (kitabah)
Hadith 1296
اُردوEn
حَدَّثَنِي حَدَّثَنِي مَالِك أَنَّهُ بَلَغَهُ، أَنَّ أُمَّ سَلَمَةَ زَوْجَ النَّبِيِّ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ كَانَتْ " تُقَاطِعُ مُكَاتَبِيهَا بِالذَّهَبِ وَالْوَرِقِ " .
Sayyida Umm Salama (may Allah be pleased with her) used to impose a fixed amount (qita'at) on her mukatabs for gold and silver.
قَالَ مَالِك : الْأَمْرُ الْمُجْتَمَعُ عَلَيْهِ عِنْدَنَا فِي الْمُكَاتَبِ يَكُونُ بَيْنَ الشَّرِيكَيْنِ، فَإِنَّهُ لَا يَجُوزُ لِأَحَدِهِمَا أَنْ يُقَاطِعَهُ عَلَى حِصَّتِهِ إِلَّا بِإِذْنِ شَرِيكِهِ، وَذَلِكَ أَنَّ الْعَبْدَ وَمَالَهُ بَيْنَهُمَا فَلَا يَجُوزُ لِأَحَدِهِمَا أَنْ يَأْخُذَ شَيْئًا مِنْ مَالِهِ إِلَّا بِإِذْنِ شَرِيكِهِ، وَلَوْ قَاطَعَهُ أَحَدُهُمَا دُونَ صَاحِبِهِ ثُمَّ حَازَ ذَلِكَ ثُمَّ مَاتَ الْمُكَاتَبُ وَلَهُ مَالٌ أَوْ عَجَزَ، لَمْ يَكُنْ لِمَنْ قَاطَعَهُ شَيْءٌ مِنْ مَالِهِ، وَلَمْ يَكُنْ لَهُ أَنْ يَرُدَّ مَا قَاطَعَهُ عَلَيْهِ وَيَرْجِعَ حَقَّهُ فِي رَقَبَتِهِ، وَلَكِنْ مَنْ قَاطَعَ مُكَاتَبًا بِإِذْنِ شَرِيكِهِ ثُمَّ عَجَزَ الْمُكَاتَبُ، فَإِنْ أَحَبَّ الَّذِي قَاطَعَهُ أَنْ يَرُدَّ الَّذِي أَخَذَ مِنْهُ مِنَ الْقِطَاعَةِ وَيَكُونُ عَلَى نَصِيبِهِ مِنْ رَقَبَةِ الْمُكَاتَبِ كَانَ ذَلِكَ لَهُ، وَإِنْ مَاتَ الْمُكَاتَبُ وَتَرَكَ مَالًا اسْتَوْفَى الَّذِي بَقِيَتْ لَهُ الْكِتَابَةُ حَقَّهُ الَّذِي بَقِيَ لَهُ عَلَى الْمُكَاتَبِ مِنْ مَالِهِ، ثُمَّ كَانَ مَا بَقِيَ مِنْ مَالِ الْمُكَاتَبِ بَيْنَ الَّذِي قَاطَعَهُ وَبَيْنَ شَرِيكِهِ، عَلَى قَدْرِ حِصَصِهِمَا فِي الْمُكَاتَبِ، وَإِنْ كَانَ أَحَدُهُمَا قَاطَعَهُ وَتَمَاسَكَ صَاحِبُهُ بِالْكِتَابَةِ، ثُمَّ عَجَزَ الْمُكَاتَبُ، قِيلَ لِلَّذِي قَاطَعَهُ : إِنْ شِئْتَ أَنْ تَرُدَّ عَلَى صَاحِبِكَ نِصْفَ الَّذِي أَخَذْتَ وَيَكُونُ الْعَبْدُ بَيْنَكُمَا شَطْرَيْنِ، وَإِنْ أَبَيْتَ فَجَمِيعُ الْعَبْدِ لِلَّذِي تَمَسَّكَ بِالرِّقِّ خَالِصًا .
Imam Malik, may Allah have mercy on him, said that if a mukatab is jointly owned by two men, and one of them settles for half of his right with the permission of the other, then the one who did not settle should also receive less than the full amount from the mukatab. After this, if the mukatab becomes unable to pay, then the one who settled, if he wishes, may give half of the excess amount he received from the settlement to his partner and thus share the slave equally. Otherwise, that portion of the slave will belong to the other partner.
قَالَ مَالِك، فِي الْمُكَاتَبِ يَكُونُ بَيْنَ الرَّجُلَيْنِ، فَيُقَاطِعُهُ أَحَدُهُمَا بِإِذْنِ صَاحِبِهِ، ثُمَّ يَقْتَضِي الَّذِي تَمَسَّكَ بِالرِّقِّ مِثْلَ مَا قَاطَعَ عَلَيْهِ صَاحِبُهُ أَوْ أَكْثَرَ مِنْ ذَلِكَ، ثُمَّ يَعْجِزُ الْمُكَاتَبُ، قَالَ مَالِك : فَهُوَ بَيْنَهُمَا، لِأَنَّهُ إِنَّمَا اقْتَضَى الَّذِي لَهُ عَلَيْهِ، وَإِنِ اقْتَضَى أَقَلَّ مِمَّا أَخَذَ الَّذِي قَاطَعَهُ ثُمَّ عَجَزَ الْمُكَاتَبُ، فَأَحَبَّ الَّذِي قَاطَعَهُ أَنْ يَرُدَّ عَلَى صَاحِبِهِ نِصْفَ مَا تَفَضَّلَهُ بِهِ وَيَكُونُ الْعَبْدُ بَيْنَهُمَا نِصْفَيْنِ، فَذَلِكَ لَهُ، وَإِنْ أَبَى، فَجَمِيعُ الْعَبْدِ لِلَّذِي لَمْ يُقَاطِعْهُ، وَإِنْ مَاتَ الْمُكَاتَبُ وَتَرَكَ مَالًا، فَأَحَبَّ الَّذِي قَاطَعَهُ أَنْ يَرُدَّ عَلَى صَاحِبِهِ نِصْفَ مَا تَفَضَّلَهُ بِهِ وَيَكُونُ الْمِيرَاثُ بَيْنَهُمَا، فَذَلِكَ لَهُ، وَإِنْ كَانَ الَّذِي تَمَسَّكَ بِالْكِتَابَةِ قَدْ أَخَذَ مِثْلَ مَا قَاطَعَ عَلَيْهِ شَرِيكُهُ أَوْ أَفْضَلَ، فَالْمِيرَاثُ بَيْنَهُمَا بِقَدْرِ مِلْكِهِمَا، لِأَنَّهُ إِنَّمَا أَخَذَ حَقَّهُ .
Malik said, regarding a mukatab (a slave with a contract for freedom) who is owned between two men, and one of them settles with him with the permission of his partner, then the one who holds on to the right of ownership demands from him the same amount his partner settled for, or more than that, then the mukatab becomes unable (to pay): Malik said, he is between them, because he only took what was due to him. And if he took less than what his partner who settled received, then the mukatab became unable, and the one who settled wishes to return to his partner half of what he exceeded him with, and the slave becomes divided between them in halves, then that is for him. But if he refuses, then the entire slave belongs to the one who did not settle. And if the mukatab dies and leaves wealth, and the one who settled wishes to return to his partner half of what he exceeded him with, and the inheritance is between them, then that is for him. And if the one who held on to the contract had taken the same as his partner settled for, or more, then the inheritance is between them according to their ownership, because he only took his right.
قَالَ مَالِك، فِي الْمُكَاتَبِ يَكُونُ بَيْنَ الرَّجُلَيْنِ فَيُقَاطِعُ أَحَدُهُمَا عَلَى نِصْفِ حَقِّهِ بِإِذْنِ صَاحِبِهِ، ثُمَّ يَقْبِضُ الَّذِي تَمَسَّكَ بِالرِّقِّ أَقَلَّ مِمَّا قَاطَعَ عَلَيْهِ صَاحِبُهُ ثُمَّ يَعْجِزُ الْمُكَاتَبُ، قَالَ مَالِك : إِنْ أَحَبَّ الَّذِي قَاطَعَ الْعَبْدَ أَنْ يُرَدَّ عَلَى صَاحِبِهِ نِصْفَ مَا تَفَضَّلَهُ بِهِ، كَانَ الْعَبْدُ بَيْنَهُمَا شَطْرَيْنِ، وَإِنْ أَبَى أَنْ يَرُدَّ، فَلِلَّذِي تَمَسَّكَ بِالرِّقِّ حِصَّةُ صَاحِبِهِ الَّذِي كَانَ قَاطَعَ عَلَيْهِ الْمُكَاتَبَ .
Malik said, regarding a mukatab (a slave with a contract for emancipation) who is owned between two men, and one of them makes a settlement for half of his right with the permission of his partner, then the one who retained his share of ownership receives less than what his partner settled for, and then the mukatab becomes unable (to pay): Malik said, If the one who made the settlement with the slave wishes to return to his partner half of what he gave up, then the slave is between them in two equal shares. But if he refuses to return, then the one who retained his share of ownership has the share of his partner for which the mukatab had made the settlement.
قَالَ مَالِك : وَتَفْسِيرُ ذَلِكَ : أَنَّ الْعَبْدَ يَكُونُ بَيْنَهُمَا شَطْرَيْنِ فَيُكَاتِبَانِهِ جَمِيعًا، ثُمَّ يُقَاطِعُ أَحَدُهُمَا الْمُكَاتَبَ عَلَى نِصْفِ حَقِّهِ بِإِذْنِ صَاحِبِهِ، وَذَلِكَ الرُّبُعُ مِنْ جَمِيعِ الْعَبْدِ ثُمَّ يَعْجِزُ الْمُكَاتَبُ، فَيُقَالُ لِلَّذِي قَاطَعَهُ : إِنْ شِئْتَ فَارْدُدْ عَلَى صَاحِبِكَ نِصْفَ مَا فَضَلْتَهُ بِهِ، وَيَكُونُ الْعَبْدُ بَيْنَكُمَا شَطْرَيْنِ، وَإِنْ أَبَى، كَانَ لِلَّذِي تَمَسَّكَ بِالْكِتَابَةِ رُبُعُ صَاحِبِهِ الَّذِي قَاطَعَ الْمُكَاتَبَ عَلَيْهِ خَالِصًا وَكَانَ لَهُ نِصْفُ الْعَبْدِ، فَذَلِكَ ثَلَاثَةُ أَرْبَاعِ الْعَبْدِ، وَكَانَ لِلَّذِي قَاطَعَ رُبُعُ الْعَبْدِ لِأَنَّهُ أَبَى أَنْ يَرُدَّ ثَمَنَ رُبُعِهِ الَّذِي قَاطَعَ عَلَيْهِ .
Imam Malik, may Allah have mercy on him, said that its explanation is as follows: For example, a slave is jointly owned by two people, and both together make him a mukatab (contracted for manumission). Then one partner settles his half share with the slave, that is, for a quarter of the whole slave. After this, if the mukatab becomes unable (to pay), it will be said to the one who settled that you should return half of what you took extra to your partner and keep half partnership in the slave. If he refuses, then the quarter share of the slave belonging to the one who settled will also go to this partner. In this case, the partner will have three-quarters and the other will have one-quarter.
قَالَ مَالِك، فِي الْمُكَاتَبِ يُقَاطِعُهُ سَيِّدُهُ فَيَعْتِقُ وَيَكْتُبُ عَلَيْهِ مَا بَقِيَ مِنْ قَطَاعَتِهِ دَيْنًا عَلَيْهِ، ثُمَّ يَمُوتُ الْمُكَاتَبُ وَعَلَيْهِ دَيْنٌ لِلنَّاسِ، قَالَ مَالِك : فَإِنَّ سَيِّدَهُ لَا يُحَاصُّ غُرَمَاءَهُ بِالَّذِي عَلَيْهِ مِنْ قَطَاعَتِهِ وَلِغُرَمَائِهِ أَنْ يُبَدَّءُوا عَلَيْهِ .
Imam Malik, may Allah have mercy on him, said that if a master severs the contract with his mukatab and he becomes free, then whatever amount of the contract remains upon the mukatab is a debt upon him. After this, if the mukatab dies and he owes debts to people, then the master will not be equal to the other creditors; rather, the other creditors will take their debts from this wealth first.
قَالَ مَالِك : الْأَمْرُ عِنْدَنَا فِي الرَّجُلِ يُكَاتِبُ عَبْدَهُ ثُمَّ يُقَاطِعُهُ بِالذَّهَبِ، فَيَضَعُ عَنْهُ مِمَّا عَلَيْهِ مِنَ الْكِتَابَةِ عَلَى أَنْ يُعَجِّلَ لَهُ مَا قَاطَعَهُ عَلَيْهِ، أَنَّهُ لَيْسَ بِذَلِكَ بَأْسٌ، وَإِنَّمَا كَرِهَ ذَلِكَ مَنْ كَرِهَهُ، لِأَنَّهُ أَنْزَلَهُ بِمَنْزِلَةِ الدَّيْنِ يَكُونُ لِلرَّجُلِ عَلَى الرَّجُلِ إِلَى أَجَلٍ فَيَضَعُ عَنْهُ وَيَنْقُدُهُ، وَلَيْسَ هَذَا مِثْلَ الدَّيْنِ، إِنَّمَا كَانَتْ قَطَاعَةُ الْمُكَاتَبِ سَيِّدَهُ، عَلَى أَنْ يُعْطِيَهُ مَالًا فِي أَنْ يَتَعَجَّلَ الْعِتْقَ فَيَجِبُ لَهُ الْمِيرَاثُ وَالشَّهَادَةُ وَالْحُدُودُ وَتَثْبُتُ لَهُ حُرْمَةُ الْعَتَاقَةِ، وَلَمْ يَشْتَرِ دَرَاهِمَ بِدَرَاهِمَ وَلَا ذَهَبًا بِذَهَبٍ، وَإِنَّمَا مَثَلُ ذَلِكَ مَثَلُ رَجُلٍ، قَالَ لِغُلَامِهِ : ائْتِنِي بِكَذَا وَكَذَا دِينَارًا، وَأَنْتَ حُرٌّ، فَوَضَعَ عَنْهُ مِنْ ذَلِكَ، فَقَالَ : إِنْ جِئْتَنِي بِأَقَلَّ مِنْ ذَلِكَ فَأَنْتَ حُرٌّ، فَلَيْسَ هَذَا دَيْنًا ثَابِتًا، وَلَوْ كَانَ دَيْنًا ثَابِتًا لَحَاصَّ بِهِ السَّيِّدُ غُرَمَاءَ الْمُكَاتَبِ إِذَا مَاتَ أَوْ أَفْلَسَ فَدَخَلَ مَعَهُمْ فِي مَالِ مُكَاتَبِهِ
Imam Malik, may Allah have mercy on him, said: In our view, the ruling is that if a person makes his slave a mukatab, then settles with him for gold and forgives the remainder of the kitabah in the condition that the payment for the settlement is made immediately, then there is nothing objectionable in this. And whoever has considered this disliked has thought that its example is like a person having a deferred debt upon someone, and then he takes some cash in exchange and forgives the debt. However, this is not like a debt; rather, the settlement is done so that the slave may become free quickly, and so that inheritance, testimony, and legal punishments become applicable to him, and the sanctity of emancipation is established. And it is not that he has bought silver for silver or gold for gold in exchange; rather, its example is like this: a person says to his slave, "Bring me this much gold coins and you are free," then reduces it and says, "If you bring even this much, you are still free," because the exchange of the kitabah is not a valid debt. Otherwise, when the mukatab dies, the master would also be a claimant to his wealth equal to the other creditors.
قَالَ يَحْيَى، قَالَ مَالِكٌ : أَحْسَنُ مَا سَمِعْتُ فِي الْمُكَاتَبِ يَجْرَحُ الرَّجُلَ جَرْحًا يَقَعُ فِيهِ الْعَقْلُ عَلَيْهِ، أَنَّ الْمُكَاتَبَ إِنْ قَوِيَ عَلَى أَنْ يُؤَدِّيَ عَقْلَ ذَلِكَ الْجَرْحِ مَعَ كِتَابَتِهِ، أَدَّاهُ وَكَانَ عَلَى كِتَابَتِهِ، فَإِنْ لَمْ يَقْوَ عَلَى ذَلِكَ فَقَدْ عَجَزَ عَنْ كِتَابَتِهِ، وَذَلِكَ أَنَّهُ يَنْبَغِي أَنْ يُؤَدِّيَ عَقْلَ ذَلِكَ الْجَرْحِ قَبْلَ الْكِتَابَةِ، فَإِنْ هُوَ عَجَزَ عَنْ أَدَاءِ عَقْلِ ذَلِكَ الْجَرْحِ خُيِّرَ سَيِّدُهُ، فَإِنْ أَحَبَّ أَنْ يُؤَدِّيَ عَقْلَ ذَلِكَ الْجَرْحِ فَعَلَ وَأَمْسَكَ غُلَامَهُ وَصَارَ عَبْدًا مَمْلُوكًا، وَإِنْ شَاءَ أَنْ يُسَلِّمَ الْعَبْدَ إِلَى الْمَجْرُوحِ أَسْلَمَهُ، وَلَيْسَ عَلَى السَّيِّدِ أَكْثَرُ مِنْ أَنْ يُسَلِّمَ عَبْدَهُ . ¤
Imam Malik, may Allah have mercy on him, said that if a mukatab injures someone in such a way that blood money (diyah) becomes obligatory, then if the mukatab is able to pay the diyah along with his contract price, he should pay the diyah and remain a mukatab. If he is not able to do so, then he becomes incapable regarding his contract, because paying the diyah takes precedence over the contract. Then, when he becomes incapable of paying the diyah, his master has the choice: if he wishes, he may pay the diyah and keep the mukatab as a slave, and now he will remain his slave as before. If he wishes, he may hand over the mukatab to the person who was injured, but it is not obligatory upon the master to suffer any loss beyond handing over the slave.
قَالَ يَحْيَى : قَالَ مَالِكٌ فِي الْقَوْمِ يُكَاتَبُونَ جَمِيعًا فَيَجْرَحُ أَحَدَهُمْ جَرْحًا فِيهِ عَقْلٌ، قَالَ مَالِكٌ : مَنْ جَرَحَ مِنْهُمْ جَرْحًا فِيهِ عَقْلٌ قِيلَ لَهُ وَلِلَّذِينَ مَعَهُ فِي الْكِتَابَةِ : أَدُّوا جَمِيعًا عَقْلَ ذَلِكَ الْجَرْحِ، فَإِنْ أَدَّوْهُ ثَبَتُوا عَلَى كِتَابَتِهِمْ، وَإِنْ لَمْ يُؤَدُّوهُ فَقَدْ عَجَزُوا، وَيُخَيَّرُ سَيِّدُهُمْ، فَإِنْ شَاءَ أَدَّى عَقْلَ ذَلِكَ الْجُرْحِ وَرَجَعُوا عَبِيدًا لَهُ جَمِيعًا، وَإِنْ شَاءَ أَسْلَمَ الْجَارِحَ وَحْدَهُ وَرَجَعَ الْآخَرُونَ عَبِيدًا لَهُ جَمِيعًا بِعَجْزِهِمْ عَنْ أَدَاءِ عَقْلِ ذَلِكَ الْجُرْحِ الَّذِي جَرَحَ صَاحِبُهُمْ . ¤
Imam Malik, may Allah have mercy on him, said that if several slaves are contracted for manumission together, and then one of those slaves injures someone, all the slaves will be told to pay the blood money. If they pay, they will remain on their contract of manumission; if they do not pay, all of them will be considered incapable. If the slave who caused the injury is handed over, the remaining slaves will revert to being the master's slaves as before, because they became incapable of paying the blood money.
قَالَ مَالِكٌ : الْأَمْرُ الَّذِي لَا اخْتِلَافَ فِيهِ عِنْدَنَا أَنَّ الْمُكَاتَبَ إِذَا أُصِيبَ بِجُرْحٍ يَكُونُ لَهُ فِيهِ عَقْلٌ، أَوْ أُصِيبَ أَحَدٌ مِنْ وَلَدِ الْمُكَاتَبِ الَّذِينَ مَعَهُ فِي كِتَابَتِهِ، فَإِنَّ عَقْلَهُمْ عَقْلُ الْعَبِيدِ فِي قِيمَتِهِمْ، وَأَنَّ مَا أُخِذَ لَهُمْ مِنْ عَقْلِهِمْ يُدْفَعُ إِلَى سَيِّدِهِمُ الَّذِي لَهُ الْكِتَابَةُ، وَيُحْسَبُ ذَلِكَ لِلْمُكَاتَبِ فِي آخِرِ كِتَابَتِهِ، فَيُوضَعُ عَنْهُ مَا أَخَذَ سَيِّدُهُ مِنْ دِيَةِ جُرْحِهِ . ¤
Imam Malik, may Allah have mercy on him, said that if a mukatab or his child who is included in the contract of manumission is injured by someone, then his blood money will be like that of slaves, and that blood money will be given to the master, and that amount will be deducted from the contract of manumission.
قَالَ مَالِكٌ : وَتَفْسِيرُ ذَلِكَ أَنَّهُ كَأَنَّهُ كَاتَبَهُ عَلَى ثَلَاثَةِ آلَافِ دِرْهَمٍ، وَكَانَ دِيَةُ جَرْحِهِ الَّذِي أَخَذَ سَيِّدُهُ أَلْفَ دِرْهَمٍ، فَإِذَا أَدَّى الْمُكَاتَبُ إِلَى سَيِّدِهِ أَلْفَيْ دِرْهَمٍ فَهُوَ حُرٌّ، وَإِنْ كَانَ الَّذِي بَقِيَ عَلَيْهِ مِنْ كِتَابَتِهِ أَلْفَ دِرْهَمٍ وَكَانَ الَّذِي أَخَذَ مِنْ دِيَةِ جَرْحِهِ أَلْفَ دِرْهَمٍ، فَقَدْ عَتَقَ، وَإِنْ كَانَ عَقْلُ جُرْحِهِ أَكْثَرَ مِمَّا بَقِيَ عَلَى الْمُكَاتَبِ، أَخَذَ سَيِّدُ الْمُكَاتَبِ مَا بَقِيَ مِنْ كِتَابَتِهِ وَعَتَقَ، وَكَانَ مَا فَضَلَ بَعْدَ أَدَاءِ كِتَابَتِهِ لِلْمُكَاتَبِ، وَلَا يَنْبَغِي أَنْ يُدْفَعَ إِلَى الْمُكَاتَبِ شَيْءٌ مِنْ دِيَةِ جُرْحِهِ فَيَأْكُلَهُ وَيَسْتَهْلِكَهُ، فَإِنْ عَجَزَ رَجَعَ إِلَى سَيِّدِهِ أَعْوَرَ أَوْ مَقْطُوعَ الْيَدِ أَوْ مَعْضُوبَ الْجَسَدِ، وَإِنَّمَا كَاتَبَهُ سَيِّدُهُ عَلَى مَالِهِ وَكَسْبِهِ، وَلَمْ يُكَاتِبْهُ عَلَى أَنْ يَأْخُذَ ثَمَنَ وَلَدِهِ وَلَا مَا أُصِيبَ مِنْ عَقْلِ جَسَدِهِ فَيَأْكُلَهُ وَيَسْتَهْلِكَهُ، وَلَكِنْ عَقْلُ جِرَاحَاتِ الْمُكَاتَبِ وَوَلَدِهِ الَّذِينَ وُلِدُوا فِي كِتَابَتِهِ أَوْ كَاتَبَ عَلَيْهِمْ يُدْفَعُ إِلَى سَيِّدِهِ، وَيُحْسَبُ ذَلِكَ لَهُ فِي آخِرِ كِتَابَتِهِ . ¤
Imam Malik, may Allah have mercy on him, said that its explanation is as follows: If a person makes his slaves mukatab for three thousand dirhams, and receives one thousand dirhams as blood money for his wound, then now when the mukatab pays two thousand dirhams, he will be freed. If only one thousand dirhams remained due for the contract of manumission when the master received one thousand dirhams as blood money, then he will be freed. And if the master receives more dirhams as blood money than the amount remaining, then the master will take only the amount that was due and return the rest to the mukatab, and the mukatab will be freed. It is not correct that the blood money of the mukatab be handed over to him so that he may consume it and settle the account, and then if he becomes incapable, he comes back to his master crippled, lame, or disabled, because the master had given him authority over his wealth and earnings, not over the price of his children or his own blood money so that he may consume it and settle the account. Rather, the blood money of the mukatab and the blood money of his children who were born during the contract of manumission, or upon whom the contract was made, will be given to the master, and it will be counted towards the contract of manumission.
قَالَ مَالِكٌ إِنَّ أَحْسَنَ مَا سُمِعَ فِي الرَّجُلِ يَشْتَرِي مُكَاتَبَ الرَّجُلِ : أَنَّهُ لَا يَبِيعُهُ إِذَا كَانَ كَاتَبَهُ بِدَنَانِيرَ أَوْ دَرَاهِمَ إِلَّا بِعَرْضٍ مِنَ الْعُرُوضِ يُعَجِّلُهُ وَلَا يُؤَخِّرُهُ. لِأَنَّهُ إِذَا أَخَّرَهُ كَانَ دَيْنًا بِدَيْنٍ وَقَدْ نُهِيَ عَنِ الْكَالِئِ بِالْكَالِئِ. قَالَ : وَإِنْ كَاتَبَ الْمُكَاتَبَ سَيِّدُهُ بِعَرْضٍ مِنَ الْعُرُوضِ مِنَ الْإِبِلِ أَوِ الْبَقَرِ أَوِ الْغَنَمِ أَوِ الرَّقِيقِ. فَإِنَّهُ يَصْلُحُ لِلْمُشْتَرِي أَنْ يَشْتَرِيَهُ بِذَهَبٍ أَوْ فِضَّةٍ أَوْ عَرْضٍ مُخَالِفٍ لِلْعُرُوضِ الَّتِي كَاتَبَهُ سَيِّدُهُ عَلَيْهَا يُعَجِّلُ ذَلِكَ وَلَا يُؤَخِّرُهُ. ¤
Buy it. Because this purchase is like division, and it is not permissible for a mukatab to divide with his partner except with the permission of the other partners, and by purchasing such a portion, he does not attain complete freedom, nor does he have control over his wealth. Rather, in purchasing a small portion, there is also the concern that he may become incapable, because his wealth will be spent in this purchase, and this is not like the case where the mukatab buys himself completely. However, in the situation where the remaining partners also give permission, then he has more right than others to purchase that share.
قَالَ مَالِكٌ أَحْسَنُ مَا سَمِعْتُ فِي الْمُكَاتَبِ : أَنَّهُ إِذَا بِيعَ كَانَ أَحَقَّ بِاشْتِرَاءِ كِتَابَتِهِ مِمَّنِ اشْتَرَاهَا إِذَا قَوِيَ أَنْ يُؤَدِّيَ إِلَى سَيِّدِهِ الثَّمَنَ الَّذِي بَاعَهُ بِهِ نَقْدًا. وَذَلِكَ أَنَّ اشْتِرَاءَهُ نَفْسَهُ عَتَاقَةٌ وَالْعَتَاقَةُ تُبَدَّأُ عَلَى مَا كَانَ مَعَهَا مِنَ الْوَصَايَا. ¤
Imam Malik, may Allah have mercy on him, said that the sale of the installment of a mukatab is not valid, because there is deception in it. This is because if the mukatab becomes incapable, then the money that was due from him becomes void. And if the mukatab dies or becomes insolvent and there are debts upon him from people, then the person who bought his installment will not be equal to the creditors, rather he will be like the master of the mukatab, and the master is not equal to the creditors of the mukatab. Similarly, if the kharaj of the master accumulates upon the slave, even then the master will not be equal to the creditors.
قَالَ مَالِكٌ : وَإِنْ بَاعَ بَعْضُ مَنْ كَاتَبَ الْمُكَاتَبَ نَصِيبَهُ مِنْهُ فَبَاعَ نِصْفَ الْمُكَاتَبِ أَوْ ثُلُثَهُ أَوْ رُبُعَهُ أَوْ سَهْمًا مِنْ أَسْهُمِ الْمُكَاتَبِ فَلَيْسَ لِلْمُكَاتَبِ فِيمَا بِيعَ مِنْهُ شُفْعَةٌ. وَذَلِكَ أَنَّهُ يَصِيرُ بِمَنْزِلَةِ الْقَطَاعَةِ وَلَيْسَ لَهُ أَنْ يُقَاطِعَ بَعْضَ مَنْ كَاتَبَهُ إِلَّا بِإِذْنِ شُرَكَائِهِ. وَأَنَّ مَا بِيعَ مِنْهُ لَيْسَتْ لَهُ بِهِ حُرْمَةٌ تَامَّةٌ. وَأَنَّ مَالَهُ مَحْجُورٌ عَنْهُ. وَأَنَّ اشْتِرَاءَهُ بَعْضَهُ يُخَافُ عَلَيْهِ مِنْهُ الْعَجْزُ لِمَا يَذْهَبُ مِنْ مَالِهِ. وَلَيْسَ ذَلِكَ بِمَنْزِلَةِ اشْتِرَاءِ الْمُكَاتَبِ نَفْسَهُ كَامِلًا. إِلَّا أَنْ يَأْذَنَ لَهُ مَنْ بَقِيَ لَهُ فِيهِ كِتَابَةٌ فَإِنْ أَذِنُوا لَهُ كَانَ أَحَقَّ بِمَا بِيعَ مِنْهُ. ¤
Imam Malik, may Allah have mercy on him, said that if a mukatab buys his contract of manumission with cash money in exchange for gold coins, or in exchange for some goods that are not of the same type as the contract of manumission, or of the same type but deferred or immediate, then it is permissible.
قَالَ مَالِكٌ : لَا يَحِلُّ بَيْعُ نَجْمٍ مِنْ نُجُومِ الْمُكَاتَبِ وَذَلِكَ أَنَّهُ غَرَرٌ إِنْ عَجَزَ الْمُكَاتَبُ بَطَلَ مَا عَلَيْهِ. وَإِنْ مَاتَ أَوْ أَفْلَسَ وَعَلَيْهِ دُيُونٌ لِلنَّاسِ لَمْ يَأْخُذِ الَّذِي اشْتَرَى نَجْمَهُ بِحِصَّتِهِ مَعَ غُرَمَائِهِ شَيْئًا. وَإِنَّمَا الَّذِي يَشْتَرِي نَجْمًا مِنْ نُجُومِ الْمُكَاتَبِ بِمَنْزِلَةِ سَيِّدِ الْمُكَاتَبِ فَسَيِّدُ الْمُكَاتَبِ لَا يُحَاصُّ بِكِتَابَةِ غُلَامِهِ غُرَمَاءَ الْمُكَاتَبِ. وَكَذَلِكَ الْخَرَاجُ أَيْضًا يَجْتَمِعُ لَهُ عَلَى غُلَامِهِ. فَلَا يُحَاصُّ بِمَا اجْتَمَعَ لَهُ مِنَ الْخَرَاجِ غُرَمَاءَ غُلَامِهِ. ¤
Imam Malik, may Allah have mercy on him, said that if a mukatab dies and leaves behind his umm walad and young children, whether from the same umm walad or from another woman, and the children are not capable of labor and there is fear that they will be unable to fulfill the contract of manumission, then the umm walad will be sold, provided her price is sufficient to fully pay off the contract of manumission. Because if the mukatab feared incapacity, he could have sold this umm walad; similarly, when there is fear of incapacity for the children, their father's umm walad will be sold, and they will be freed. If the price of this umm walad is not sufficient to cover the contract of manumission, and neither the umm walad nor the children of the mukatab are able to work, then all of them will become slaves of their master.
قَالَ مَالِكٌ : لَا بَأْسَ بِأَنْ يَشْتَرِيَ الْمُكَاتَبُ كِتَابَتَهُ بِعَيْنٍ أَوْ عَرْضٍ مُخَالِفٍ لِمَا كُوتِبَ بِهِ مِنَ الْعَيْنِ أَوِ الْعَرْضِ أَوْ غَيْرِ مُخَالِفٍ مُعَجَّلٍ أَوْ مُؤَخَّرٍ. ¤
Imam Malik, may Allah have mercy on him, said that if a person buys the contract of a mukatab and then the mukatab dies before paying off his contract, then the person who bought the contract will be his heir. If the mukatab becomes incapable, he will become the slave of that person. And if the mukatab pays the price of the contract to that person and then becomes incapable, then the wala’ will go to the one who originally made him a mukatab, not to the one who bought his contract.
قَالَ مَالِكٌ فِي الْمُكَاتَبِ يَهْلِكُ وَيَتْرُكُ أُمَّ وَلَدٍ وَأَوْلَادًا لَهُ صِغَارًا مِنْهَا أَوْ مِنْ غَيْرِهَا. فَلَا يَقْوَوْنَ عَلَى السَّعْيِ وَيُخَافُ عَلَيْهِمُ الْعَجْزُ عَنْ كِتَابَتِهِمْ. قَالَ : تُبَاعُ أُمُّ وَلَدِ أَبِيهِمْ. إِذَا كَانَ فِي ثَمَنِهَا مَا يُؤَدَّى بِهِ عَنْهُمْ جَمِيعُ كِتَابَتِهِمْ أُمَّهُمْ. كَانَتْ أَوْ غَيْرَ أُمِّهِمْ يُؤَدَّى عَنْهُمْ وَيَعْتِقُونَ لِأَنَّ أَبَاهُمْ كَانَ لَا يَمْنَعُ بَيْعَهَا إِذَا خَافَ الْعَجْزَ عَنْ كِتَابَتِهِ. فَهَؤُلَاءِ إِذَا خِيفَ عَلَيْهِمُ الْعَجْزُ بِيعَتْ أُمُّ وَلَدِ أَبِيهِمْ فَيُؤَدَّى عَنْهُمْ ثَمَنُهَا فَإِنْ لَمْ يَكُنْ فِي ثَمَنِهَا مَا يُؤَدَّى عَنْهُمْ وَلَمْ تَقْوَ هِيَ وَلَا هُمْ عَلَى السَّعْيِ رَجَعُوا جَمِيعًا رَقِيقًا لِسَيِّدِهِمْ. ¤ قَالَ مَالِكٌ : الْأَمْرُ عِنْدَنَا فِي الَّذِي يَبْتَاعُ كِتَابَةَ الْمُكَاتَبِ ثُمَّ يَهْلِكُ الْمُكَاتَبُ قَبْلَ أَنْ يُؤَدِّيَ كِتَابَتَهُ : أَنَّهُ يَرِثُهُ الَّذِي اشْتَرَى كِتَابَتَهُ. وَإِنْ عَجَزَ فَلَهُ رَقَبَتُهُ. وَإِنْ أَدَّى الْمُكَاتَبُ كِتَابَتَهُ إِلَى الَّذِي اشْتَرَاهَا وَعَتَقَ فَوَلَاؤُهُ لِلَّذِي عَقَدَ كِتَابَتَهُ لَيْسَ لِلَّذِي اشْتَرَى كِتَابَتَهُ مِنْ وَلَائِهِ شَيْءٌ.
Malik said regarding a mukatab who dies and leaves behind an umm walad and young children from her or from others: If they are not able to strive and it is feared that they will be incapable of fulfilling their contract, he said: The umm walad of their father is to be sold, if her price is sufficient to pay off all of their contracts, whether she is their mother or not. The payment is made on their behalf and they are freed, because their father would not have been prevented from selling her if he feared incapacity regarding his contract. So if it is feared that they will be incapable, the umm walad of their father is sold and her price is paid on their behalf. If her price is not sufficient to pay off their contracts, and neither she nor they are able to strive, then they all revert to being slaves of their master.
Malik said: The practice among us regarding one who buys the contract of a mukatab, then the mukatab dies before fulfilling his contract, is that the one who bought his contract inherits him. And if he becomes incapable, then his person belongs to him. And if the mukatab fulfills his contract to the one who bought it and is freed, then his wala’ is for the one who established his contract; the one who bought his contract has no share in his wala’.
Malik said: The practice among us regarding one who buys the contract of a mukatab, then the mukatab dies before fulfilling his contract, is that the one who bought his contract inherits him. And if he becomes incapable, then his person belongs to him. And if the mukatab fulfills his contract to the one who bought it and is freed, then his wala’ is for the one who established his contract; the one who bought his contract has no share in his wala’.
قَالَ مَالِك : لَيْسَ لِلْمُكَاتَبِ أَنْ يُقَاطِعَ سَيِّدَهُ إِذَا كَانَ عَلَيْهِ دَيْنٌ لِلنَّاسِ فَيَعْتِقُ وَيَصِيرُ لَا شَيْءَ لَهُ، لِأَنَّ أَهْلَ الدَّيْنِ أَحَقُّ بِمَالِهِ مِنْ سَيِّدِهِ، فَلَيْسَ ذَلِكَ بِجَائِزٍ لَهُ .
Imam Malik, may Allah have mercy on him, said that if a mukatab (a slave with a contract for freedom) is in debt, the master should not sever ties with him, lest the slave becomes free and thereafter all his wealth goes to the creditors and the master receives nothing.
