صحيح مسلم
Muslim
كتاب الجهاد والسيرThe Book of Jihad and Expeditions
باب التَّنْفِيلِ وَفِدَاءِ الْمُسْلِمِينَ بِالأَسَارَى:Chapter: Additional rewards, and ransoming muslims in return for prisoners
حَدَّثَنَا زُهَيْرُ بْنُ حَرْبٍ ، حَدَّثَنَا عُمَرُ بْنُ يُونُسَ ، حَدَّثَنَا عِكْرِمَةُ بْنُ عَمَّارٍ ، حَدَّثَنِي إِيَاسُ بْنُ سَلَمَةَ ، حَدَّثَنِي أَبِي ، قَالَ : " غَزَوْنَا فَزَارَةَ ، وَعَلَيْنَا أَبُو بَكْرٍ أَمَّرَهُ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ عَلَيْنَا ، فَلَمَّا كَانَ بَيْنَنَا وَبَيْنَ الْمَاءِ سَاعَةٌ ، أَمَرَنَا أَبُو بَكْرٍ فَعَرَّسْنَا ثُمَّ شَنَّ الْغَارَةَ ، فَوَرَدَ الْمَاءَ فَقَتَلَ مَنْ قَتَلَ عَلَيْهِ وَسَبَى ، وَأَنْظُرُ إِلَى عُنُقٍ مِنَ النَّاسِ فِيهِمُ الذَّرَارِيُّ فَخَشِيتُ أَنْ يَسْبِقُونِي إِلَى الْجَبَلِ ، فَرَمَيْتُ بِسَهْمٍ بَيْنهُمْ وَبَيْنَ الْجَبَلِ ، فَلَمَّا رَأَوْا السَّهْمَ وَقَفُوا ، فَجِئْتُ بِهِمْ أَسُوقُهُمْ وَفِيهِمُ امْرَأَةٌ مِنْ بَنِي فَزَارَةَ عَلَيْهَا قَشْعٌ مِنْ أَدَمٍ ، قَالَ : الْقَشْعُ النِّطَعُ مَعَهَا ابْنَةٌ لَهَا مِنْ أَحْسَنِ الْعَرَبِ ، فَسُقْتُهُمْ حَتَّى أَتَيْتُ بِهِمْ أَبَا بَكْرٍ ، فَنَفَّلَنِي أَبُو بَكْرٍ ابْنَتَهَا ، فَقَدِمْنَا الْمَدِينَةَ وَمَا كَشَفْتُ لَهَا ثَوْبًا ، فَلَقِيَنِي رَسُولُ اللَّهِ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ فِي السُّوقِ ، فَقَالَ : يَا سَلَمَةُ هَبْ لِي الْمَرْأَةَ ، فَقُلْتُ : يَا رَسُولَ اللَّهِ ، وَاللَّهِ لَقَدْ أَعْجَبَتْنِي وَمَا كَشَفْتُ لَهَا ثَوْبًا ، ثُمَّ لَقِيَنِي رَسُولُ اللَّهِ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ مِنَ الْغَدِ فِي السُّوقِ ، فَقَالَ لِي : يَا سَلَمَةُ هَبْ لِي الْمَرْأَةَ لِلَّهِ أَبُوكَ ، فَقُلْتُ : هِيَ لَكَ يَا رَسُولَ اللَّهِ ، فَوَاللَّهِ مَا كَشَفْتُ لَهَا ثَوْبًا ، فَبَعَثَ بِهَا رَسُولُ اللَّهِ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ إِلَى أَهْلِ مَكَّةَ ، فَفَدَى بِهَا نَاسًا مِنَ الْمُسْلِمِينَ كَانُوا أُسِرُوا بِمَكَّةَ " .
It has been narrated on the authority of Salama (b. al-Akwa') who said: We fought against the Fazara and Abu Bakr (RA) was the commander over us. He had been appointed by the Messenger oi Allah (ﷺ) . When we were only at an hour's distance from the water of the enemy, Abu Bakr (RA) ordered us to attack. We made a halt during the last part of the night to rest and then we attacked from all sides and reached their watering-place where a battle was fought. Some of the enemies were killed and some were taken prisoners. I saw a group of persons that consisted of women and children. I was afraid lest they should reach the mountain before me, so I shot an arrow between them and the mountain. When they saw the arrow, they stopped. So I brought them, driving them along. Among them was a woman from Banu Fazara. She was wearing a leather coat. With her was her daughter who was one of the prettiest girls in Arabia. I drove them along until I brought them to Abu Bakr (RA) who bestowed that girl upon me as a prize. So we arrived in Madinah. I had not yet disrobed her when the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) met me in the street and said: Give me that girl, O Salama. I said: Messenger of Allah, she has fascinated me. I had not yet disrobed her. When on the next day the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) again met me in the street, he said: O Salama, give me that girl, may God bless your father. I said: She is for you. Messenger of Allah! (ﷺ) By Allah, I have not yet disrobed her. The Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) sent her to the people of Makkah, and surrendered her as ransom for a number of Muslims who had been kept as prisoners at Makkah.
Related hadith on this topic
Explanation & Benefits
Shaykh Maulana Abdul Aziz Alvi
Hadith Commentary:
Vocabulary of the Hadith:
(1)
Shanna al-gharah:
A forceful attack was launched on them from all sides.
‘Unuq:
A group.
(2)
Qash‘:
An old sheepskin (leather shirt).
(3)
Ma kashafa laha thawban:
That is, I did not take any pleasure from her nor did I establish relations with her.
(4)
Lillah abuk:
When a son performs a praiseworthy deed, this phrase is used for praise and commendation.
Benefits and Issues:
The commander of the army in this battle against Banu Fazarah was Abu Bakr radi Allahu anhu, but Zayd ibn Harithah radi Allahu anhu was also present as a commander due to his familiarity with the region. Therefore, this expedition is also referred to as the Expedition of Zayd ibn Harithah radi Allahu anhu. The expedition took place in 7 AH, and among the captives, a beautiful girl was given as a reward to Salamah ibn Akwa‘ radi Allahu anhu. The Prophet sallallahu alayhi wa sallam requested her from Salamah radi Allahu anhu for the benefit and welfare of the Muslims, so that she could be given as ransom in exchange for Muslim captives and thus secure their release. From this, it is understood that it is permissible to give a disbeliever captive as ransom to free Muslim captives, and it is permissible to separate an adult daughter from her mother. This is a unanimously agreed upon issue. This girl was given to the people of Makkah and ended up in the hands of Hazn ibn Abi Wahb, because at that time he was a disbeliever. After the conquest of Makkah, he became Muslim.
Vocabulary of the Hadith:
(1)
Shanna al-gharah:
A forceful attack was launched on them from all sides.
‘Unuq:
A group.
(2)
Qash‘:
An old sheepskin (leather shirt).
(3)
Ma kashafa laha thawban:
That is, I did not take any pleasure from her nor did I establish relations with her.
(4)
Lillah abuk:
When a son performs a praiseworthy deed, this phrase is used for praise and commendation.
Benefits and Issues:
The commander of the army in this battle against Banu Fazarah was Abu Bakr radi Allahu anhu, but Zayd ibn Harithah radi Allahu anhu was also present as a commander due to his familiarity with the region. Therefore, this expedition is also referred to as the Expedition of Zayd ibn Harithah radi Allahu anhu. The expedition took place in 7 AH, and among the captives, a beautiful girl was given as a reward to Salamah ibn Akwa‘ radi Allahu anhu. The Prophet sallallahu alayhi wa sallam requested her from Salamah radi Allahu anhu for the benefit and welfare of the Muslims, so that she could be given as ransom in exchange for Muslim captives and thus secure their release. From this, it is understood that it is permissible to give a disbeliever captive as ransom to free Muslim captives, and it is permissible to separate an adult daughter from her mother. This is a unanimously agreed upon issue. This girl was given to the people of Makkah and ended up in the hands of Hazn ibn Abi Wahb, because at that time he was a disbeliever. After the conquest of Makkah, he became Muslim.
Source: Tuhfat al-Muslim: Commentary on Sahih Muslim, Page: 4573
Shaykh Umar Farooq Saeedi
Benefits and Issues:
➊
Additional rewards (supererogatory spoils) are given to the mujahid before the extraction of the khums (one-fifth share).
➋
If the captives are of advanced age,
then even among close relatives, separation can be made.
➌
The Messenger of Allah (sallallahu alayhi wa sallam) did not like to take the wealth of any Muslim without the consent of his guardian.
➍
Intercourse with slave women is permissible,
even if they are polytheists,
but only after istibra’ (waiting for one menstrual cycle).
➎
Muslim captives should be freed by whatever means possible.
➊
Additional rewards (supererogatory spoils) are given to the mujahid before the extraction of the khums (one-fifth share).
➋
If the captives are of advanced age,
then even among close relatives, separation can be made.
➌
The Messenger of Allah (sallallahu alayhi wa sallam) did not like to take the wealth of any Muslim without the consent of his guardian.
➍
Intercourse with slave women is permissible,
even if they are polytheists,
but only after istibra’ (waiting for one menstrual cycle).
➎
Muslim captives should be freed by whatever means possible.
Source: Sunan Abu Dawood – Commentary by Shaykh Umar Farooq Saeedi, Page: 2697
Maulana Ataullah Sajid
Benefits and Issues:
➊ The spoils of war (mal-e-ghanimat) are distributed equally among all the combatants; however, those who demonstrate superior performance may be given an additional reward apart from this, which is called nafl (supererogatory reward).
➋ The Imam (caliph or commander) may take back a reward given to a combatant if there is a significant benefit in doing so.
➌ It is permissible to free disbeliever prisoners in exchange for freeing Muslim prisoners; that is, the exchange of prisoners between Muslims and disbelievers is legally valid according to the Shari‘ah.
➊ The spoils of war (mal-e-ghanimat) are distributed equally among all the combatants; however, those who demonstrate superior performance may be given an additional reward apart from this, which is called nafl (supererogatory reward).
➋ The Imam (caliph or commander) may take back a reward given to a combatant if there is a significant benefit in doing so.
➌ It is permissible to free disbeliever prisoners in exchange for freeing Muslim prisoners; that is, the exchange of prisoners between Muslims and disbelievers is legally valid according to the Shari‘ah.
Source: Commentary on Sunan Ibn Mājah by Mawlānā ‘Atā’ullāh Sājid, Page: 2846
