Muslim

Hadith Commentary:
Vocabulary of the Hadith:
(1)
Qafīr: 8 kilos, that is, one kilo and a half. It is equivalent to 1 ṣāʿ.
(2)
Muddī: 15 kilos.
(3)
Ardab: 24 ṣāʿ. One ṣāʿ is approximately 2 and a half kilos.

Benefits and Issues:
In this hadith, for the future, due to the certainty and definitiveness of its occurrence, the past tense is used, indicating that this event will certainly take place. In the last era, the power and might of the disbelievers of Iraq, Sham (Greater Syria), and Egypt will increase, Muslims will become weak, and it will not be possible to obtain jizyah or kharaj, grain, or money from the people of these regions. Just as at the beginning of Islam, Muslims were poor, few in number, and had little weaponry and equipment, in the last era they will also become strangers in this way.

Benefits and Issues:
➊
(Qafeez) is the grain measure used by the people of Iraq, which contains twelve sa’ (a unit of measure).
(Mudī) — with a damma on the meem, a sukoon on the dal, followed by a ya — is the measure used by the people of Syria, which contains twenty-two and a half sa’.
(Urdubb) — with a kasrah on the hamzah, a fatha on the daal, and a shadda on the ba — is the measure used by the people of Egypt, which contains twenty-four sa’.

➋
This hadith is among the signs of prophethood, in which, firstly, there is the glad tidings that these regions will come under the control of the Muslims, and from them spoils of war (ghanimah) and land tax (kharaj) will be obtained.

➌
And then, after a certain period, they will stop paying it — either by outright refusal, or by becoming Muslims, in which case the land tax (kharaj) will be dropped, or by breaking away from the center of Islam and becoming separate and independent entities, as is the case nowadays.

➍
Then you will return to where you began — that is, you will become separate, independent, and distinct countries from one another, just as it was at the beginning of Islam.

➎
Imam Abu Dawud’s reasoning is that conquered land should remain under the supervision of the public treasury (bayt al-mal), rather than becoming the personal property of individuals or being distributed among the warriors (mujahideen), so that its income may continue to be used for the welfare affairs of the Islamic state and the expenses of the mujahideen and others. During his caliphate, Umar radi Allahu anhu made the same decision regarding the Sawad of Iraq, keeping it in the possession of the Islamic state instead of distributing it among the mujahideen, so that its income could be used as needed and as deemed beneficial. All the noble companions (radi Allahu anhum ajma’een) unanimously accepted this proposal of Umar radi Allahu anhu after detailed consultation. Therefore, this is a binding proof.