Muslim

Hadith Commentary:
Vocabulary of the Hadith:
(1)
"Wafadat wufudun ila Mu'awiyah radi Allahu anhu":
Many delegations arrived to Mu'awiyah radi Allahu anhu in Syria, and due to being travelers, they would prepare food for each other at their lodging places and would compete with one another in this.

(2)
"Ala u'limukum":
(Shall I not inform you?)
The food had not yet been prepared, and while they were sitting waiting for it, at the request of Abdullah bin Rabah radi Allahu anhu, Abu Hurairah radi Allahu anhu began to mention a feat of the Ansar.

(3)
"Ihda al-mujannibatayn":
The two flanks of the army.

(4)
"Maymanah wa maysarah" (right, left):
Between which is the center (qalb) of the army.
"Ala al-hussar":
Those who did not have mounts, meaning the infantry.

(5)
"Ihtif li bil-Ansar":
The Prophet sallallahu alayhi wa sallam, relying on the Ansar, and to express their high status and rank, had them called out.
"Wubisht":
Gathered together, assembled.

(6)
"Al-awbash":
Plural of "wabsh", groups from various tribes.

(7)
"Nuqaddimu ha'ula":
We will put forward these groups from various tribes to fight the Muslims, so that if they stand firm before the Muslims, we will advance and support them to succeed, and if they are defeated, we will accept the Muslims' demand.

(8)
"Thumma qala biyadayhi":
The Prophet sallallahu alayhi wa sallam, with both hands, indicated the unity and gathering of the disbelievers, and encouraged patience, steadfastness, and perseverance, and gestured to crush them so that they would not be able to raise their heads again.

(9)
"Wama ahadun minhum yuwajjihu ilayna shay'an":
None of them was able to use his weapon in his own defense, nor did any of them point his weapon towards us.

(10)
"Ubiḥat khadra'u Quraysh":
The group of Quraysh and the Arabs is referred to as "khadr" (green) and "riders"; the intent was that the group of Quraysh would be annihilated and would not be able to escape.

(11)
"Amma ar-rajulu fa-adrakathu raghbatun fi qaryatihi, wa ra'fatun bi 'ashiratihi":
When the Ansar saw that the Prophet sallallahu alayhi wa sallam had granted safety to the people of Makkah and had forbidden their killing, they thought that now he would settle permanently in his city of Makkah with his tribe and family, the Quraysh, and that they would be deprived forever of the blessing of his companionship. Therefore, he said:
"Al-maḥya maḥyakum, wal-mamat mamatukum":
Now, life and death are with you.

(12)
"Thumma tafa bil-bayt":
The Prophet sallallahu alayhi wa sallam entered Makkah without ihram (ritual consecration), from which it is established that if a person does not intend Hajj or Umrah, he may enter Makkah without ihram. This is the position of the Shafi'is and Hanbalis, but according to the Hanafis and Malikis, it is not permissible to enter Makkah without donning ihram, and the entry without ihram at the time of the Conquest of Makkah is specific to that event. After the conquest, the Prophet sallallahu alayhi wa sallam performed tawaf and sa'i and thus performed Umrah.

(13)
"Bi-siyyat al-qaws":
A curved end or side of the bow; with this, he poked at the eyes of their idol, so that it would be clear that one who cannot defend himself, how can he be the owner of benefit or harm for others? And this was also to humiliate and disgrace them, that now these people cannot even save their own deity.

Benefits and Issues:
When in Sha'ban 8 AH, Banu Bakr broke their treaty and attacked Banu Khuza'ah in the darkness of night, the Quraysh aided them with weapons, and some of their men even participated in the battle under the cover of night. The poet of Banu Khuza'ah made a very effective and eloquent plea for help to the Prophet sallallahu alayhi wa sallam. On the 10th of Ramadan 8 AH, the Messenger of Allah sallallahu alayhi wa sallam set out towards Makkah with ten thousand (10,000) companions. At Dhi Tuwa, the Prophet sallallahu alayhi wa sallam arranged and divided the army: he placed Khalid bin Walid on his right flank and ordered him to enter Makkah from the lower side, and if anyone from the Quraysh confronted him, to cut them down, until he met the Prophet sallallahu alayhi wa sallam at Safa. He placed Zubair radi Allahu anhu on the left flank and ordered him to enter from the upper side of Makkah, to plant the flag at Juhun, and to remain there until the Prophet sallallahu alayhi wa sallam arrived. He appointed Abu Ubaydah radi Allahu anhu over the infantry and ordered him to take the valley route until he entered Makkah ahead of the Prophet sallallahu alayhi wa sallam. After these instructions, all the contingents proceeded on their assigned routes. Whoever among the polytheists confronted Khalid radi Allahu anhu and his companions was killed. Upon reaching Khindamah, they clashed with the rabble of the Quraysh; in a brief skirmish, twelve (12) polytheists were killed, after which panic spread among the polytheists, and Khalid radi Allahu anhu, trampling through the streets and alleys of Makkah, reached Mount Safa and joined the Messenger of Allah sallallahu alayhi wa sallam. For details, see the Battle of the Conquest of Makkah, Al-Raheeq Al-Makhtum.

Hadith Commentary:
Vocabulary of the Hadith:
(1)
al-Biyadhiqah:
The infantry unit.

(2)
fa-mā ashrafa yawma’idhin lahum illā anāmūh:
Whoever appeared before them that day,
they struck him down.
From this, the majority—Abu Hanifah, Malik, and Ahmad (rahimahumullah)—have said that Makkah was conquered by force of arms.
However, according to Imam Shafi’i, Makkah was conquered as a result of a treaty.

(3)
ubīdat khadra’ Quraysh:
The group of Quraysh is being destroyed and annihilated;
none of them will be able to escape.
This is also evidence that Makkah was conquered on the basis of strength and power.

Benefits and Issues:
➊ There was neither any discussion about reconciliation nor were any conditions set.
➋ The Prophet (sallallahu alayhi wa sallam) kept his arrival in Makkah secret.
➌ This was so that there would be no confrontation and no bloodshed in this sacred land.
➍ The action taken by Ibn Abbas (radi Allahu anhu) completely eliminated the possibility of major bloodshed.
➎ The Messenger of Allah (sallallahu alayhi wa sallam), instead of taking their wealth or property, distributed all the spoils of war obtained after the conquest of Makkah among them, and with perfect mercy and wisdom, brought them wholeheartedly into Islam.
➏ Apart from them, in the entire Arabian Peninsula, whichever tribe came forward and accepted Islam on their own,
➐ The wealth of none among them was declared as fay’ (spoils taken without battle).
➑ Upon all of them, including the people of Makkah, only zakat and ushr (obligatory alms and agricultural tithe) were made obligatory.