Muslim

Hadith Commentary:
➊
Dogs that are kept for the protection of livestock, crops, or for hunting are exempt from this ruling. For all other dogs that are kept out of mere fondness or as a hobby, the aforementioned warning applies.

➋
In some narrations, it is mentioned that for the one who keeps a dog as a hobby, two qirats are deducted daily from his good deeds. (Sahih al-Bukhari, al-Dhaba’ih wa al-Sayd, Hadith: 5480) There is no contradiction between these two narrations, because when people did not refrain from this act, as a form of stern warning and rebuke, two qirats were mentioned. Considering the harm caused by the dog, it is stated that if the dog causes more harm, then keeping it results in the deduction of two qirats of reward, and if it causes less harm, then one qirat of reward is deducted. Or, this difference may be based on location: in Madinah Tayyibah, keeping such a dog results in the deduction of two qirats, and in other places, one qirat of reward is deducted. The exact amount of a qirat is known only to Allah, the Exalted. (Umdat al-Qari: 10/671)

➌
Dogs inevitably cause harm to someone at some point, and for that harm, the owner will be held responsible. Dogs kept for protection or hunting are under the owner’s control, which is why they have been exempted. This is the last chapter of the Book of the Beginning of Creation, and for this reason, those hadiths have been mentioned in which, in one way or another, animals are discussed.

Hadith Commentary:
Qirat here refers to a specific, known measure with Allah.
The meaning is that countless good deeds are diminished, and there are many reasons for this.
➊ Firstly, angels of mercy do not enter such a house.
➋ Secondly, such a dog runs towards passersby and guests coming and going, to attack them, and the sin of this is upon the one who keeps the dog.
➌ Thirdly, it keeps defiling the household utensils by putting its mouth in them.
➍ Fourthly, it eats impurities and then comes into the house, bringing with it foul odor and various diseases, and there are many other reasons as well.
For this reason, Islamic law (shari‘ah) has strictly prohibited keeping a useless dog in the house.
Hunting dogs and other trained guard dogs are exceptions to this.

Hadith Commentary:
(1)
Imam Bukhari rahimahullah seeks to establish the permissibility of farming from the permissibility of keeping a dog. Keeping a dog is prohibited; therefore, when keeping and maintaining a dog becomes permissible due to farming, then at the very least, farming itself must certainly be permissible.

(2)
The purpose of this hadith is that the reward for the deeds of the one who keeps a dog continues to decrease. There are several reasons for this decrease, for example:
➊ Due to keeping a dog, the angels of mercy do not enter the house.
➋ It causes inconvenience to travelers.
➌ Because of eating a lot of impurities, it becomes a source of foul odor.
➍ Some dogs have been referred to as devils.
➎ Due to the negligence of the household, it goes around sniffing the utensils and makes them impure.
However, the dog from which some benefit is derived is excepted from this ruling.
Benefit will be given preference over its harm.
Dogs have been kept since ancient times for the protection of crops, herds, and for hunting.
In the present era, investigative dogs are also kept; they are used in the army for tracking purposes.
According to us, those dogs that are kept for amusement or as a fashion are included in the scope of the aforementioned warning.
Wallahu a‘lam (Allah knows best). What is meant by a qirat? Its exact amount is known only to Allah, but a concept has been conveyed that by doing such an act, there will be a significant decrease in reward.