Ibn Majah

Benefits and Issues:

➊
The commander of the army has the right to grant a special reward, in addition to their share, to a detachment that has accomplished a particular feat.
This special reward is given from the khums (one-fifth share).

➋
The meaning of "after the khums" is that after separating one-fifth of the spoils of war for the Bayt al-Mal (public treasury), the remaining spoils are distributed among the combatants, and then a portion from the khums is given as an additional reward.
According to some scholars, after extracting the khums, a special reward is given from the remaining four-fifths, and then the rest is distributed among all the combatants.

Benefits and Issues:
In the mentioned hadith, the meaning of (إذا قفل) and in the next narration (في الرحمة) (at the time of return) is that when the army has already attacked the enemy once,
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and then attacks them again,
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its meaning, according to Imam Khattabi, is as follows:
When the army would go to a region for jihad,
and a group from within the larger army would separate for a limited battle, then the Noble Prophet (sallallahu alayhi wa sallam) would give the individuals of this group a fourth share as a voluntary reward (nafl).
Whereas the people of the main army would be given a share in the remaining three-fourths.
And if, on the return journey, such a small group would separate from the main army to engage in battle at some place, then upon their return—when the longing for home had turned into intense restlessness,
and in addition, the enemy had become more alert and prepared,
since this was more strenuous and required greater patience,
the Noble Prophet (sallallahu alayhi wa sallam) would give this group a third share.
And Allah knows best.
(Khattabi, Nayl al-Awtar)

Benefits and Issues:
➊
These ahadith are to be understood in the sense that the share of Allah and His Messenger (sallallahu alayhi wa sallam) (the khums) was first set aside from the spoils of war (ghanimah).
Then the spoils were distributed.
And additional rewards were also given.

➋
Janab Mak’hool Shami is among the well-known and trustworthy tabi‘in.
By the blessing of religious knowledge, Allah (azza wa jall) raised him from the lowliness of slavery to the lofty rank of leadership of the Muslim ummah.

Benefits and Issues:
The wealth and possessions obtained in confrontation with the disbelievers are called "ghanimah" (spoils of war).
One fifth of this is for the sake of Allah.
This is called "khums" in Arabic.
The Messenger of Allah (sallallahu alayhi wa sallam) could spend this portion at his discretion in five places.
This issue is mentioned at the beginning of the tenth juz.
() "And know that whatever you obtain as spoils of war, then indeed, for Allah is one fifth of it and for the Messenger and for [his] near relatives and the orphans, the needy, and the traveler." (Al-Anfal: 41)
Know that whatever you receive as spoils of war, one fifth of it is for Allah,
and for the Messenger (sallallahu alayhi wa sallam),
and for the near relatives, orphans, the needy, and the traveler.
The remaining spoils are distributed among the fighters.
The infantryman receives one share, and the cavalryman receives two additional shares.
The wealth obtained from the disbelievers without fighting is termed "fay’".
And its usage is also nearly the same.
(See: Surah Al-Hashr, verses 6 and onwards)

Benefits and Issues:

➊ In terms of chain of narration, the hadith of Amr ibn Shu'ayb is stronger, although the narration of Mak'hool is also authentic. This is why Amr ibn Shu'ayb drew attention to the strength of the hadith.

➋ The chain of narration of Amr ibn Shu'ayb's hadith is indeed strong, but it is the legal verdict (fatwa) of the Companion (Abdullah ibn Amr ibn al-As radi Allahu anhu), whereas the hadith of Mak'hool is marfu‘, meaning he has presented the action of the Messenger of Allah (sallallahu alayhi wa sallam). Therefore, unless there is clear evidence that this ruling has been abrogated, it should be acted upon. However, if clear evidence is found that this was something specific to the Messenger of Allah (sallallahu alayhi wa sallam), then the statement of Abdullah radi Allahu anhu may be adopted, but here there is no such evidence. And Allah knows best.

Takhrij:
«أخرجه أبوداود، الجهاد، باب فيمن قال: الخمس قبل النفل، حديث:2750، وابن حبان (الموارد)، حديث:1672، والحاكم:2 /133، 3 /432 وصححه، ووافقه الذهبي.»©Explanation:
© Hadith Narrator:
«حضرت حبیب بن مسلمہ رضی اللہ عنہ » Abu Abdur Rahman Habib bin Muslimah Fihri Makki.
He is a Companion (sahabi).
Habib was known by the title "Rum" because of his many services for the Romans.
He became the governor of Armenia and passed away there in 41 or 42 Hijri.

Benefit:
The spoils of war (mal-e-ghanīmah) will be distributed by the caliph, and the caliph will assess the spoils of war and distribute them among the warriors (mujāhidīn). If he wishes to give extra, then he will give equally to all. When there was jihad, Muslims used to receive a great deal of spoils of war; there was awe over the disbelievers, and their abundant wealth would also come to the Muslims as spoils of war. But today, the Muslim ummah has come to understand "jihad" as something else.