Bukhari

Hadith Commentary:
The context of the revelation (shan-e-nuzul) of the aforementioned verses is that during a journey, two individuals quarreled—one from among the Muhajirun and one from the Ansar.
Both called upon their respective groups for support, which led to quite a commotion.
This news reached the chief of the hypocrites, Abdullah bin Ubayy, who said: "If we had not given these Muhajirun a place in our city, why would they confront us? It is only because you take care of them that they remain gathered with the Messenger of Allah (sallallahu alayhi wa sallam). Stop taking care of them, and soon, due to financial hardship, they will disperse, and the entire gathering will break up." He also said: "When we return from this journey and reach Madinah, those who are powerful and honorable in this city should expel the lowly and insignificant (meaning, we who are honorable will expel the lowly Muslims)."

A Companion, Hazrat Zayd bin Arqam (radi Allahu anhuma), heard these words and conveyed them to the Prophet (sallallahu alayhi wa sallam).
The Prophet (sallallahu alayhi wa sallam) investigated with Abdullah bin Ubayy and others, but they began to swear oaths, claiming that Zayd bin Arqam (radi Allahu anhuma) had lied out of enmity towards them.
People began to taunt Zayd, and he was deeply regretful. At that time, these verses were revealed, and the Prophet (sallallahu alayhi wa sallam) said to Zayd: "Allah has declared you truthful."

It is narrated that when the words of Abdullah bin Ubayy—that the honorable will expel the lowly with humiliation—reached his son, Hazrat Abdullah bin Abdullah bin Ubayy, who was a sincere Muslim, he stood before his father with a sword and said: "I will not let you live, nor will I let you enter Madinah, until you admit that the Messenger of Allah (sallallahu alayhi wa sallam) is the honorable one and you are the lowly one." Eventually, he made him confess before letting him go.

Abdullah bin Ubayy considered the Muslims to be lowly and regarded himself and the other hypocrites as honorable, even though these wretched people do not even understand the true principle of honor and dignity. True honor is that which is not subject to decline.
Wealth, government employment, trade, etc.—all these are subject to decline. Today, a person may be wealthy, tomorrow he may not be. Today, someone may hold a government position, tomorrow he may be dismissed. Therefore, the honor of such people is not real.

True honor belongs to Allah, His Messenger, and the righteous. Whoever is honored due to faith—whether rich or poor—there is no difference in this regard. Their scholars and their poor are deserving of honor; they are all included among the believers. But the hypocrites do not know what honor truly is. O Muslims! You know that the arrogance of these hypocrites is due to two reasons: firstly, because of their strength and wealth—they think, "We are wealthy."
Secondly, because they have children—they think, "Wherever we stand, our strength is with us." These are matters of arrogance. Therefore, do not be proud of your wealth and children, for these things come and go. One should not be arrogant or boastful about them; rather, one should be grateful. So, O Muslims, always avoid such detestable actions and do not be miserly like the hypocrites.

(Thanai)

Hadith Commentary:
1.
The types of oaths that the hypocrites used as a shield could be of several kinds, for example:
➊.
Those oaths which the hypocrites would generally swear in order to assure others of their faith.
➋.
Those oaths which the hypocrites would swear when caught in their hypocritical actions, so that they could convince the Muslims that their actions were not due to hypocrisy.
➌.
There could also be those oaths which the chief of the hypocrites, Abdullah bin Ubayy (may Allah curse him), swore in order to deny the report given by Hazrat Zayd bin Arqam (radi Allahu anhu).
2.
Imam Bukhari (rahimahullah), under this verse, has narrated this incident and thereby expressed his inclination that the oaths referred to are those which the hypocrites swore in order to declare Zayd bin Arqam (radi Allahu anhu) a liar.
And Allah knows best.

Hadith Commentary: The Prophet sallallahu alayhi wa sallam was not a knower of the unseen; only Allah Ta'ala knows the states of hearts. Abdullah bin Ubay swore oaths repeatedly to declare his innocence. The Prophet sallallahu alayhi wa sallam believed his words, but later divine revelation exposed the falsehood of Abdullah bin Ubay and affirmed the statement of Zayd bin Arqam radi Allahu anhuma, which brought reassurance to the heart of Zayd bin Arqam radi Allahu anhuma. The entire reality of the hypocrites was then unveiled in Surah Al-Munafiqun.

Hadith Commentary:
1.
Abdullah bin Ubayy and his companions were afflicted with creedal hypocrisy, which has the following six types:
➊.
They harbored intense hatred for the Messenger of Allah (sallallahu alayhi wa sallam).
➋.
They were not pleased with the teachings of the Messenger of Allah (sallallahu alayhi wa sallam).
➌.
Day and night, they would belie the Messenger of Allah (sallallahu alayhi wa sallam).
➍.
They would also belie those teachings which the Noble Prophet (sallallahu alayhi wa sallam) had brought.
➎.
They considered supporting the religion of Islam extremely distasteful.
➏.
They felt joy in seeing the religion of Islam being belittled.
➐.
In such circumstances, Allah the Exalted said regarding them:
“And when they come to you, they say: ‘We believe,’ whereas they came in with disbelief and they went out with the same disbelief. And Allah knows well what they are concealing.” ()
The admonition of the Messenger of Allah (sallallahu alayhi wa sallam) had no effect on these people, because their attendance in the presence of the Messenger of Allah (sallallahu alayhi wa sallam) was not for the purpose of seeking guidance, but rather for deception. What benefit could they possibly gain from such attendance?
And Allah knows best.

Hadith Commentary:
1.
Hafiz Ibn Hajar rahimahullah has written, referencing al-Nasa’i, that this incident occurred upon return from the Battle of Tabuk.
(al-Sunan al-Kubra lil-Nasa’i: 492/6/8.
No: 11597)
However, the inclination of the scholars of Maghazi (biographers of the Prophet’s expeditions) is that this incident took place during the Battle of Banu Mustaliq, and this is also supported by the forthcoming hadith of Jabir.
(Fath al-Bari: 821/8)
2.
It should be clear that testimony (shahadah) is composed of two things:
First, the actual matter about which testimony is given; second, the belief (aqidah) of the one giving testimony regarding that matter.
Now, if the matter itself is true and the one giving testimony also holds the same belief as he is expressing with his tongue, then in every respect he will be truthful, just as the testimony of Zayd ibn Arqam radi Allahu anhu regarding Abdullah ibn Ubayy was.
And if the matter itself is false, but the one giving testimony believes it to be true, then in one respect we will call him truthful, because he is truthful in expressing his belief, and in another respect we will call him a liar, because the matter about which he is testifying is itself false.
Conversely, if the matter itself is true but the belief of the one giving testimony is contrary to it, as in the case of the testimony of the hypocrites (munafiqun) regarding the Messenger of Allah sallallahu alayhi wa sallam, then in this respect we will call him a liar, because his own belief is not what he is expressing with his tongue, just as Allah Ta’ala has declared the hypocrites to be liars.

Hadith Commentary:
➊
In this narration, it is stated that he himself informed the Messenger of Allah (sallallahu alayhi wa sallam) of this incident, whereas in the earlier narrations it is mentioned that Zayd ibn Arqam (radi Allahu anhu) told his uncle, and his uncle conveyed it to the Messenger of Allah (sallallahu alayhi wa sallam).
There is no contradiction between these narrations because initially Zayd ibn Arqam (radi Allahu anhu) related the incident to his uncle, and then when the hypocrites denied it, the Prophet (sallallahu alayhi wa sallam) asked Zayd ibn Arqam (radi Allahu anhu), so he informed him of the actual situation.
➋
From this, it is also understood that the Messenger of Allah (sallallahu alayhi wa sallam) was not a knower of the unseen (ghayb).
Only Allah Almighty knows the states of the hearts.
Abdullah ibn Ubayy, the accursed, swore oaths to declare his innocence.
The Messenger of Allah (sallallahu alayhi wa sallam) accepted his statements as true.
After this, Allah Almighty, through revelation, exposed his falsehood and affirmed the truthfulness of our master Zayd ibn Arqam (radi Allahu anhu).
And Allah knows best.

Hadith Commentary:
Benefits and Issues:
This incident pertains to the Battle of Mustaliq, in which an event occurred between a Muhajir and an Ansari. On this occasion, Abdullah bin Ubayy uttered extremely vile and indecent words, and then, swearing oaths, he denied having said them.

Explanation:
1:
These were the same people who used to say: "Do not spend on those who are with the Messenger of Allah (sallallahu alayhi wa sallam) until they disperse." (: al-Munafiqun: 7)