Bukhari

Hadith Commentary:
At the time of sunrise, the rays of the sun spread to the right and left; the polytheists worship the sun at this time, which is a satanic act. The hadith alludes to this very matter.

Hadith Commentary:
➊
There is no doubt that faith began with the Muhajirun (Emigrants), and after them, it came to the Ansar (Helpers). However, the Messenger of Allah (sallallahu alayhi wa sallam) is saying regarding the people of Yemen that “faith is here.” Various answers have been given to this. According to our inclination, by this indication, what is meant are the people of Yemen; the Ansar and Muhajirun are not intended. Rather, in the following hadith, it is explicitly stated that “the people of Yemen will come to you, whose hearts are very soft.” Their distinguishing feature is that they did not make any excuses or objections in accepting Islam; rather, they hastened to accept it. It is possible that there is some characteristic found among the people of Yemen that is not found among the people of Hijaz, although the overall virtue belongs to the Muhajirun and Ansar.

➋
In this hadith, the hard-heartedness and harshness of those who keep camels is described. These people are condemned because they turn away from religious matters and do not care about affairs of the Hereafter.

Benefits and Issues

Linguistically, "Najd" refers to a highland or elevated area. In this sense, there are many "Najd" regions in the world, but in the aforementioned ahadith, "Najd" has been explained as "the East" and "Iraq." It is thus established that the "Najd" which is the center of tribulations and from where the horn of Satan will emerge is in the eastern direction, and by this is meant Iraq. The authentic Prophetic ahadith are repeatedly indicating this. This was also the view of the Companions and the Tabi‘in.

On this subject:

◈ The famous linguist Ibn Manzur al-Ifriqi (630-711 AH) writes:
«ما ارتفع من تهامة إلى أرض العراق، فهو نجد .»
"The elevated area from the borders of Tihamah up to Iraq is called Najd." [لسان العرب : 413/3]

◈ The renowned linguist Ibn al-Athir (544-606 AH), who explained the language of the Prophetic ahadith, writes:
«والنجد : ما ارتفع من الأرض، وهو اسم خاص لما دون الحجاز، مما يلي العراق .»
"Najd refers to elevated land. It is a specific name for the area outside Hijaz adjacent to Iraq." [النهاية فى غريب الحديث والاثر : 19/5]

◈ ‘Allamah Khattabi rahimahullah (319-388 AH), while explaining "Najd," states:
«ومن كان بالمدينة كان نجده بادية العراق ونواحيها، وهى مشرق أهلها، وأصل النجد ما ارتفع من الأرض، والغور ما انخفض منها، وتهامة كلّها من الغور، ومنها مكة، والفتنة تبدو من المشرق، ومن ناحيتها يخرج يأجوج ومأجوج والدّجال، فى أكثر ما يروى من الأخبار.»
"For the people of Madinah, Najd is the region of Iraq and its surroundings. It is located to the east of the people of Madinah. The original meaning of Najd is elevated land. The low-lying area is called «غور». The entire region of Tihamah is «غور». Makkah is also situated in this «غور». According to most narrations, the emergence of tribulations will be from the east; from this direction will emerge Ya’juj and Ma’juj, and from here the Dajjal will appear." [إعلام الحديث للخطابي : 4/2 127- ط - المغربية]

◈ Imam of Andalus, Hafiz Ibn ‘Abd al-Barr rahimahullah (368-463 AH) writes:
«اشارة رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم - والله اعلم - الي ناحية المشرق بالفتنة لأن الفتنة الكبرى التى كانت مفتاح فساد ذات البين، هي قتل عثمان بن عفان رضى الله عنه، وهى كانت سبب وقعة الجمل، وحروب صفين، كانت فى ناحية المشرقي، ثم ظهور الخوارج فى أرض نجد والعراق وما وراء ها من المشرق .»
"Allah knows best! The Messenger of Allah sallallahu alayhi wa sallam’s indication towards the east regarding tribulations was because the greatest tribulation, which became the cause of perpetual corruption, was the martyrdom of our master ‘Uthman ibn ‘Affan radi Allahu anhu. This very incident led to the Battle of Jamal and the Battle of Siffin. All these matters arose from the eastern direction. Then the emergence of the Khawarij also occurred in the land of Najd, that is, Iraq and its surrounding areas." [الاستذكار : 519/8]

◈ ‘Allamah Abu’l-Hasan ‘Ali ibn Khalaf ‘Abd al-Malik, known as Ibn Battal (d. 449 AH), writes:
«قال الخطابي : القرن فى الحيوان يضرب به المثل فيما لا یحمد من الأمور، كقوله صلى الله عليه وسلم فى الفتنة وطلوعها من ناحية المشرق : ومنه يطلع قرن الشيطان، وقال فى الشمس : إنها تطلع بين قرني الشيطان، والقرن : الأمة من الناس یحدثون بعد فناء آخرين، قال الشاعر : مضى القرن الذى أنت منهم . . . . وخلفت فى قرن فأنت غريب وقال غيره : كان أهل المشرق يؤمئذ أهل كفر، فأخبره صلى الله عليه وسلم أن الفتنة تكون من تلك الناحية، وكذلك كانت الفتنة الكبرى التي كانت مفتاح فساد ذات البين، وهى مقتل عثمان رضى الله عنه، وكانت سبب وقعة الجمل وصفين، ثم ظهور الخوارج في ارض نجد والعراق وما وراء ها من المشرق، ومعلوم أن البدع إنما ابتدأت من المشرق، وإن الذين اقتتلوا بالجمل وصفين، بينهم كثير من أهل الشام والحجاز، فإن الفتنة وقعت فى ناحية المشرق، وكان سببا إلى افتراق كلمة المسلمين، وفساد نيات كثير منهم إلى يؤم القيامة، وكان رسول الله يحذر من ذلك ويعلمه قبل وقوعه، وذلك دليل على نبوته.»
"The example of the horn of an animal is given in relation to evil matters, as in the statement of the Prophet sallallahu alayhi wa sallam regarding the emergence of tribulations from the east, that from there the horn of Satan will rise. Similarly, he sallallahu alayhi wa sallam said about the sun that it rises between the two horns of Satan. By 'horn' is meant the group of people who come after a generation has passed. A poet has said: When your contemporaries die and you remain, then at that time you are a stranger. A scholar has said that the people of the east were disbelievers in that era. Allah Ta‘ala informed the Prophet sallallahu alayhi wa sallam that tribulation would arise from that direction. And so it happened: the greatest tribulation, which became the cause of perpetual corruption, was the incident of the martyrdom of ‘Uthman radi Allahu anhu! This very incident later led to the Battle of Jamal and Siffin. Then the emergence of the Khawarij also occurred in Najd, Iraq, and its surrounding areas. All these regions are in the east. It is also well known that the beginnings of innovations (bid‘ah) also started from the east. The majority of those who participated in the Battles of Jamal and Siffin were from Sham and Hijaz, so this tribulation also arose in the east. These calamities became the cause of division among Muslims and the hypocrisy of a large group of them until the Day of Judgment. The Messenger of Allah sallallahu alayhi wa sallam, by informing and warning about this before the occurrence of this corruption, gave a great sign of his Prophethood." [شرح صحيح البخاري : 44/10]

◈ Hafiz Ibn al-Jawzi (508-597 AH) writes:
«أما تخصيص الفتن بالمشرق، فلان الدجال يخرج من تلك الناحية، وكذلك يأجوج ومأجوج، وأما ذكر قرن الشيطان، فعلى سبيل المثل، كأن إبليس يطلع رأسه بالفتن من تلك النواحي.»
"The reason for specifying tribulations with the east is that the Dajjal and Ya’juj and Ma’juj will emerge from that direction. As for the horn of Satan, it is a metaphor, as if Satan will raise his head in the form of tribulations from that direction." [كشف المشكل على الصحيحين : 493/2]

◈ The commentator of Bukhari, ‘Allamah Kirmani, while clarifying the meaning of "Najd" and "Ghawr," writes:
«ومن كان بالمدينة الطيبة – صلى الله على ساكنها – كان نجده بادية العراق ونواحيها، وهى مشرق أهلها، ولعل المراد من الزلازل والاضطرابات التى بين الناس من البلايا، ليناسب الفتن مع احتمال إرادة حقيقتها، قيل : إن أهل المشرق كانوا حينئذ أهل الكفر، فأخبر أن الفتنة تكون من ناحيتهم، كما أن وقعة الجمل وصفين وظهور الخوارج من أهل نجد والعراق وما والأها كانت من المشرق، وكذلك يكون خروج الدجال ويأجوج ومأجوج منها، وقيل : القرن فى الحيوان يضرب به المثل فيما لا يحمد من الأمور.»
"For the residents of Madinah Tayyibah, Najd is Iraq and its surrounding area. This is located to the east of the people of Madinah. The earthquakes and tribulations in Iraq perhaps refer to the wars that occurred among the people. This is in accordance with the nature of tribulations. It is also possible that actual earthquakes are meant. One opinion is that the people of the east were disbelievers at that time. The Prophet sallallahu alayhi wa sallam informed that tribulations would arise from that direction. And so it happened: the incidents of the Battles of Jamal and Siffin and the emergence of the Khawarij occurred due to the people of Najd, Iraq, and its surrounding areas. All these are eastern regions. Similarly, the emergence of the Dajjal and Ya’juj and Ma’juj will also be from this area. Regarding the horn mentioned in this hadith, one opinion is that the horn of an animal is used metaphorically for evil matters." [شرح الكرماني للبخاري : 168/24]

◈ The commentator of Bukhari, ‘Allamah ‘Ayni al-Hanafi (762-859 AH), under the chapter heading of Imam Bukhari rahimahullah «باب قول النبى صلى الله عليه وسلم الفتنة من قبل المشرق», writes:
«مطابقته للترجمة فى قوله : ”وهناك الزلازل والفتن، وبها يطلع قرن الشيطان“، وأشار بقوله : ”هناك“ نجد، ونجد من المشرق، قال الخطابي : نجد من جهة المشرق، ومن كان بالمدينة كان نجده بادية العراق ونواحيها، وهى مشرق أهل المدينة، وأصل النجد ما ارتفع من الأرض، وهو خلاف الغور، فإنه ما انخفض منها، وتهامة كلها من الغور، ومكة من تهامة اليمن، والفتن تبدو من المشرق، ومن ناحيتها يخرج يأجوج ومأجوج والدجال، وقال كعب : بها الداء العضال، وهو الهلاك فى الدين، وقال المهلب : إنما ترك الدعاء لأهل المشرق، ليضعفوا عن الشر الذى هو موضوع فى جهتهم لاستيلاء الشيطان بالفتن.»
"The relevance of this hadith to the chapter heading of Imam Bukhari rahimahullah is that the Prophet sallallahu alayhi wa sallam said: There will be earthquakes and tribulations there, and from there the horn of Satan will rise. By saying 'there,' he indicated towards Najd, and Najd is located in the east. The beginning of tribulations is from the east. From that direction will emerge Ya’juj and Ma’juj and the Dajjal. Ka‘b says: There will be a deadly disease in the east, and that disease is aversion to religion. Muhallab says: The Prophet sallallahu alayhi wa sallam did not supplicate for the people of the east because of the evil that exists in their direction in the form of Satanic tribulations." [عمدة القاري فى شرح صحيح البخاري : 200/24]

◈ He also writes:
«وإنما أشار إلى المشرق لأن أهله يؤمئذ كانوا أهل كفر، فأخبر أن الفئة تكون من تلك الناحية، وكذلك كانت، وهى وقعة الجمل ووقعة صفين، ثم ظهور الخوارج فى أرض نجد والعراق وما ورائها من المشرق، وكانت الفتنة الكبرى التى كانت مفتاح فساد ذات البين قتل عثمان رضي الله تعالى عنه، وكان يحذر من ذلك ويعلم به قبل وقوعه، وذلك من دلالات نبوته .»
"The Prophet sallallahu alayhi wa sallam indicated towards the east because the people of the east were disbelievers at that time. He sallallahu alayhi wa sallam informed that tribulations would arise from that direction. And so it happened. The Battles of Jamal and Siffin and the emergence of the Khawarij occurred in Najd, Iraq, and its surrounding areas. The greatest tribulation, which became the cause of perpetual corruption, was the martyrdom of ‘Uthman radi Allahu anhu, and that too came from this direction. The Prophet sallallahu alayhi wa sallam used to warn and alert about this direction even before the occurrence of these tribulations. This was a great sign of his Prophethood." [عمدة القاري فى شرح صحيح البخاري : 199/24]

◈ The commentator of Bukhari, Hafiz Ibn Hajar rahimahullah (773-852 AH), states:
«وقال غيره : كان أهل المشرق يومئذ أهل كفر، فأخبر صلى الله عليه وسلم أن الفتنة تكون من تلك الناحية، فكان كما أخبر، وأول الفتن كان من قبل المشرق، فكان ذلك سببا للفرقة بين المسلمين، وذلك مما يحبه الشيطان ويفرح به، وكذلك البدع نشأت من تلك الجهة.»
"Other scholars, besides ‘Allamah Khattabi, say that the people of the east were disbelievers at that time. The Prophet sallallahu alayhi wa sallam informed that tribulations would arise from that direction. In exact accordance with his information, the first tribulation that became the cause of perpetual discord and division among the Muslims emerged from the east. Satan likes discord and is very pleased with it. Similarly, innovations (bid‘ah) also flourished in this region." [فتح الباري : 47/13]
↰ All misguided and oppressive sects, such as the Rafidah, Jahmiyyah, Qadariyyah, etc., are products of the east. This continues to this day. The tribulation of the Dajjal will also appear from here.

◈ The commentator of Tirmidhi, ‘Allamah Muhammad ‘Abd al-Rahman Mubarakpuri rahimahullah (d. 1353 AH), in his commentary on the words of this hadith «يخرج قرن الشيطان», states:
«يخرج قرن الشيطان، اي حزبه واهل وقته وزمانه واعوانه، ذكره السيوطي، وقيل : يحتمل أن يريد بالقرن قوة الشيطان، وما يستعين به على الإضلال.»
"According to ‘Allamah Suyuti, the horn of Satan refers to his group, his era, and his helpers. One opinion is that the horn refers to Satan’s power and his misleading strategies." [تحفة الاحوذي : 381/4]

◈ While explaining the meaning of «رأس الكفر نحو المشرق», Mulla ‘Ali Qari al-Hanafi al-Maturidi (d. 1014 AH) writes:
«رأس الكفر، أى معظمه، ذكره السيوطي، والأظهر أن يقال : منشأة نحو المشرق.»
"Suyuti has mentioned that the 'head of disbelief' refers to the major portion of disbelief. The better meaning is that the source of disbelief is in the eastern direction." [مرقاة المفاتيح فى شرح مشكاة المصابيح 8626 4039/9]

◈ He also writes:
«وقال النووي : المراد باختصاص المشرق به مزيد تسلط الشيطان على أهل المشرق، وكان ذلك فى عهده – صلى الله عليه وسلم – ويكون حين يخرج الدجال من المشرق، فإنه منشأ الفتن العظيمة ومثار الكفر.»
"‘Allamah Nawawi states that the reason for specifying tribulations with the east is that Satan’s dominance is greater over the people of the east. This was also the case during the time of the Prophet sallallahu alayhi wa sallam, and the Dajjal will also emerge from the east. Thus, the east is the source of great tribulations and the fountainhead of disbelief." [مرقاة المفاتيح فى شرح مشكاة المصابيح : 4037/9، ح : 6268]

Benefit: The Prophet sallallahu alayhi wa sallam once stood on a hillock in Madinah Munawwarah and said:
«هل ترون ما أرى ؟ قالوا : لا، قال : فإني لأرى الفتن تقع خلال بيوتكم كوقع القطر .»
"Do you see what I am seeing?" The Companions replied: "No, O Messenger of Allah!" He said: "Indeed, I see tribulations entering your homes like rainfall." [صحيح البخاري : 1046/2، ح : 7060 صحيح مسلم : 389/1، ح 389/1]

Reconciling and harmonizing between this Prophetic hadith and the aforementioned ahadith:

◈ The commentator of Bukhari, Hafiz Ibn Hajar rahimahullah (773-852 AH), states:
«وإنما اختصت المدينة بذلك، لأن قتل عثمان رضى الله عنه كان بها، ثم انتشرت الفتن فى البلاد بعد ذلك، فالقتال بالجمل وبصفين كان بسبب قتل عثمان، والقتال بالنهروان كان بسبب التحكيم بصفين، وكل قتال وقع فى ذلك العصر إنما تولد عن شيء من ذلك، أو عن شيء تولد عنه، ثم إن قتل عثمان كان أشد أسبابه الطعن على أمرائه، ثم عليه بتوليته لهم، وأول ما نشأ ذلك من العراق، وهى من جهة المشرق، فلا منافاة بين حديث الباب وبين الحديث الآتي أن الفتنة من قبل المشرق.»
"The specific mention of Madinah Munawwarah in this regard is because the martyrdom of ‘Uthman radi Allahu anhu occurred here. After that, tribulations spread to all regions. The Battles of Jamal and Siffin were the result of the martyrdom of ‘Uthman radi Allahu anhu, while the Battle of Nahrawan (against the Khawarij) was caused by the issue of arbitration in the Battle of Siffin. Every conflict that occurred in that era, directly or indirectly, was related to the martyrdom of ‘Uthman. The greatest cause of the martyrdom of ‘Uthman radi Allahu anhu was the criticism of his governors and the reproach directed at him regarding their appointment. This matter began from Iraq. Iraq is located to the east of Madinah Munawwarah. Thus, there is no contradiction between this hadith and the coming hadith that the land of tribulation is the east (Iraq)." [فتح الباري : 13/13]

Conclusion: The "Najd" mentioned in the Prophetic ahadith as the center of tribulations refers to Iraq. The authentic ahadith of the Prophet sallallahu alayhi wa sallam explicitly mention Iraq by name. The statements of the noble scholars and eminent jurists are also the same. The truth is that which is established by authentic ahadith. Despite this, some people conceal these authentic ahadith and cast aspersions upon the people of truth. May Allah grant us the understanding of the truth and the ability to accept it.

Hadith Commentary:
The people of the tribes of Rabi‘ah and Mudar were very wealthy and engaged in agriculture; such people tend to have hard and merciless hearts.
The correspondence of this hadith and the following hadith with the chapter heading is that in this hadith, the faults of Rabi‘ah and Mudar are mentioned, which implies praise for the other tribes, and in the following hadith, the people of Yemen are praised, and this is the chapter heading.
(Wahidi)
According to the Prophetic statement, in later times, all the tribulations that arose against Islam and the Muslims from the eastern regions are a subject requiring detail, as they caused the most severe harm to Islam in their respective eras.
The Messenger of Allah (sallallahu alayhi wa sallam) spoke the truth.

Hadith Commentary:
➊
In the early days of Islam, most of the disbelievers resided towards the east, and the Dajjal will also emerge from there. That is why the Messenger of Allah (sallallahu alayhi wa sallam) said:
“Trials will arise from the east.”
By “faddadeen” is meant those who raise loud voices; this is the statement of the people of Wabrah.
They will reside in the wildernesses with camels.
It is their habit to make harsh sounds, meaning that due to being occupied with agriculture and camels, they will be heedless of matters of the Hereafter, as a result of which their hearts will become hardened.

➋
In this hadith, there is mention of the tribes of Rabi‘ah and Mudar, as most of the Arab tribes are attributed to them. For this reason, Imam al-Bukhari (rahimahullah) has narrated this hadith. Also, in terms of characteristics and qualities, tribes are of various kinds.
Among them, the most honorable person and tribe will be the one that is most God-fearing (has the most taqwa).
And Allah knows best.

Lexical Explanation:
«الْقَسْوَةَ» Hardship.
«الْفَدَّادِيْنَ» Those engaged in farming, and people occupied with camels and livestock.
«قَرْنَا الشَّيْطَان» The two sides of the head of Satan.

Understanding the Hadith:
The meaning of this hadith is by no means that there is no faith in regions other than Yemen, or that faith will always remain in Yemen. Rather, the intended meaning is only that the people of Yemen at that time were people of faith. Otherwise, in an authentic narration, it is also mentioned that «الْاِيْمَانُ فِي اَهْلِ الْحِجَازِ» "Faith is among the people of Hijaz." [صحيح: مسند احمد 332/3]
↰ Shaykh Shu'ayb Arna'ut declares this narration authentic. [مسند احمد محقق 14558]
Another reason for the praise of the people of Yemen is that they became Muslim willingly and by their own choice, without any warfare.

Hadith Commentary:
The people of Yemen embraced Islam out of their own desire and happiness, without war or hardship.
The Prophet (sallallahu alayhi wa sallam) praised them, and in this there is an indication that the people of Yemen will remain strong in faith compared to the people of other lands.
Many great friends of Allah (awliya Allah) and practitioners of hadith (those who act upon hadith) have passed through Yemen.
In the later era, the eminent scholar Qadi Muhammad bin Ali al-Shawkani, a Yemeni, was a great scholar of hadith.
Before him were scholars such as Muhammad bin Isma'il al-Amir and others.
(Wahidi)

Hadith Commentary:
➊
The people of Yemen became Muslim without war or conflict, rather with willingness and eagerness; on this basis, the Messenger of Allah (sallallahu alayhi wa sallam) praised them.
Moreover, many great scholars and practitioners of hadith have come from there, such as Allamah Shawkani and Allamah San‘ani, etc.
In this era, Shaykh Muqbil bin Hadi (rahimahullah) was among them, who was always engaged in the propagation and dissemination of the Book and the Sunnah.
The writer has seen a Yemeni who was a memorizer of the hadiths of the six canonical books (Kutub Sittah) along with their chains of narration.
➋
The explanation of (فَدَّادِين) is twofold:
First, that it is the plural of faddad.
Its meaning is “harsh-voiced,” i.e., they will be those who raise their voices behind camels.
Second, that it is the plural of faddan.
Its meaning is “an agricultural tool.”
The Prophet (sallallahu alayhi wa sallam) criticized those who engage in agriculture because, due to it, attention to religious matters does not remain, and heedlessness of the Hereafter occurs; then, hardness of the heart develops.
➌
In any case, in these hadiths, horses, camels, and goats are mentioned; for this reason, Imam Bukhari (rahimahullah) has cited them.
And Allah knows best.

Hadith Commentary:
Vocabulary of the Hadith:

(1)
Qaswah (قَسْوَةٌ):
This refers to the hardness and severity due to which a person is not affected by admonition and advice, and ghilzah (غلظ) is harshness, due to which the heart is devoid of understanding and comprehension. Ghilzah is the opposite of gentleness and tenderness, and qaswah also means harshness; it is a verbal noun derived from ghilz.

(2)
Faddadin (فَدَّادِينَ):
According to some imams of language, it is the plural of faddad, which refers to an ox used in agriculture. Therefore, it refers to farmers, since these people are far from centers of knowledge and civilization, thus they tend to be harsh, violent, or rough in nature. Some have said it is derived from fadeed, which means to shout and cry out, as those who shout and make noise behind camels. According to Abu Ubaydah, it refers to people who own many camels, ranging from two hundred to a thousand. The reality is that the company and companionship of animals also has an effect; thus, shepherds of large and strong animals tend to be harsh and ill-tempered, because they beat and strike their livestock a lot. Those who herd sheep and goats, which are weak animals, are gentle and soft-hearted, because they cannot vent their anger by beating the goats much; rather, they have to treat their goats gently, so they become accustomed to gentleness. For this reason, the Prophets herded goats. According to some, it refers to abundance of wealth and property; wealthy people, considering others insignificant and inferior, act arrogantly towards them. Among the Arabs, the sign of abundance of wealth and property was the abundance of camels, hence camels are mentioned.

(3)
Qarna ash-Shaytan (قَرْنَا الشَّيْطَانِ):
The two horns of Satan, because when the sun rises, he (Satan) considers that he is holding it between his two horns, and that the worshippers of the sun are actually worshipping him.

Usul (أُصُوْلٌ):
Plural of asl (أَصْلٌ), which means root or foundation.

Adhnab (أَذْنَابٌ):
Plural of dhanab (ذَنْبٌ), which means tail.

Benefits and Issues:
A human being is affected by the temperament and nature of the animals with which he constantly interacts, so why would a human not be affected by the companionship and friendship of other humans? That is why Shaykh Sa'di rahimahullah has said, "The net of companionship has left its mark on my skirt"—I have been affected by the company of my companion. The kind of companions and friends a person has, he will become like them: "The company of the righteous makes you righteous, and the company of the wicked makes you wicked."

Benefit:
It is established from this hadith that actions have effects on one’s temperament; just as a person acts, so too are effects produced upon his temperament. Camels are tough creatures, therefore the camel herder or its owner will also be hard-hearted.

It is also understood from this that becoming engrossed in worldly affairs and abandoning the Qur’an and Hadith is not wisdom; every lawful business should be conducted, but within the bounds of Islam.

The condemnation of the tribe of Rabi‘ah and the tribe of Mudar is established. The tribes of Rabi‘ah and Mudar were considered to surpass other disbelievers in disbelief. From this it becomes clear that not everyone’s faith is equal; some have less, some have more. Similarly, not all disbelievers’ disbelief is equal—some have less, some have more. The same applies to other states of the heart. Those whose hearts are soft possess faith.