Bukhari

Hadith Commentary:
➊
The first hadith does not prove that the Friday prayer (Jumu‘ah) is permissible before the sun passes its zenith (zawal), because in this hadith, the negation is of such shade under which one could sit and rest, not the absolute negation of all shade.

➋
Imam Bukhari rahimahullah has established from this hadith that Salamah bin Akwa‘ radi Allahu anhu was also among the Companions of the Tree (Ashab al-Shajarah). Salamah radi Allahu anhu himself states that at the occasion of Hudaybiyyah, he pledged allegiance (bay‘ah) to the Messenger of Allah sallallahu alayhi wa sallam, then sat down in the shade of the tree. When the crowd dispersed, the Messenger of Allah sallallahu alayhi wa sallam said:
“O son of Akwa‘! Will you not pledge allegiance?” I replied:
“O Messenger of Allah sallallahu alayhi wa sallam! I have already pledged allegiance to you.” So he said:
“Do it again.”
Thus, I pledged allegiance to him a second time.
(Sahih al-Bukhari, Kitab al-Jihad wa’l-Siyar, Hadith 2960)

➌
Why did he pledge allegiance twice? Its details can be seen under the aforementioned hadith in Kitab al-Jihad.

➍
Pledging allegiance upon death means that one will not flee from the battlefield even if martyred there, i.e., death is necessary to avoid fleeing.

And Allah knows best.

Hadith Commentary:
Yazid bin Abu Ubaidah was the freed slave of Salamah bin Akwa’ radi Allahu anhu.
He asked Salamah bin Akwa’ radi Allahu anhu, “On what basis did you pledge allegiance (bay’ah) to the Messenger of Allah sallallahu alayhi wa sallam?” The background of this question was that he (Salamah) had pledged allegiance twice on the day of Hudaybiyyah, which aroused the curiosity of Yazid bin Abu Ubaidah, so he asked this question.
He (Salamah) replied:
Our pledge of allegiance was that we would not flee from battle,
even if death came to us on the battlefield.
(Sahih al-Bukhari, al-Jihad wa’l-Siyar, Hadith: 2960)

Hadith Commentary:

The meaning of renewing the pledge (bay‘ah) is to reaffirm the covenant, and it is better to strengthen it as much as possible. This is why the Messenger of Allah (sallallahu alayhi wa sallam) took the pledge from some of the Companions (radi Allahu anhum) multiple times. Salamah ibn al-Akwa‘ (radi Allahu anhu) was a very brave and combative man, unparalleled in archery and running. In order to manifest his virtue, the pledge was taken from him twice.

Hadith Commentary:
The meaning of pledging allegiance (bay‘ah) a second time is the renewal of the covenant, and the stronger this is made, the better it is.

Salamah ibn al-Akwa‘ radi Allahu anhu was a very brave archer and unparalleled in running. To demonstrate his rank and virtue, the Messenger of Allah sallallahu alayhi wa sallam took the pledge of allegiance from him twice, and in this there was an indication that in future battles he would be equivalent to two men. And so it happened.

The Messenger of Allah sallallahu alayhi wa sallam once gave him the share of both a foot soldier and a mounted soldier.

(Fath al-Bari: 13/26)

Hadith Footnote:
Here as well, the pledge of Ridwan (Bay‘at al-Ridwan) at Hudaybiyyah is intended, which was taken beneath a tree. In Surah al-Fath, Allah Ta‘ala has announced His pleasure for all those Mujahideen.
radi Allahu anhum wa radu ‘anhu.
The noble verse: ﴿لَّقَدْ رَضِيَ اللَّهُ عَنِ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ إِذْ يُبَايِعُونَكَ تَحْتَ الشَّجَرَةِ﴾ (al-Fath: 18)
is a reference to this.

Hadith Commentary:
➊
Salamah ibn al-Akwa‘ radi Allahu anhu was very courageous, brave, and hardy.
The Messenger of Allah sallallahu alayhi wa sallam took the pledge (bay‘ah) from him a second time so that he would gladly offer his life in the path of Allah.
Hafiz Ibn Hajar rahimahullah says:
Salamah ibn al-Akwa‘ radi Allahu anhu was skilled in both mounted and foot combat, so the pledge was taken from him twice in consideration of both qualities.
Thus, the multiplicity of qualities became the reason for the multiplicity of pledges.
(Fath al-Bari: 13/246)
➋
The purpose of pledging at the time of death is that one should stand firm in battle against the disbelievers, even if fighting leads to death.
Mere dying is not the objective.
And Allah knows best.

Hadith Commentary: Benefits and Issues: Faith (iman) is a lofty and excellent attribute which is, in itself, a constant perfection and virtue. If, along with it, the right of recitation of the Noble Qur’an is fulfilled—that is, if one regularly recites the Qur’an and acts upon it, as is explicitly mentioned in some narrations—then this is “light upon light.” The beauty and perfection of faith increases, and it becomes even more splendid. However, if the right of the Noble Qur’an is not fulfilled, if it is not recited, or if it is not acted upon, then its beauty and perfection diminish.

Hypocrisy (nifaq) is an evil trait, but outwardly it appears to have some virtue, while inwardly it is vile. Therefore, outwardly, the act of reciting the Qur’an—whether done sincerely or falsely—seems to be a virtue. But if a hypocrite neither recites the Qur’an nor acts upon it in any way, then even the outward virtue fades, and the inner filth becomes apparent. For this reason, in some narrations, instead of (لَيْسَ لَهَا رِيْحٌ), it is stated (رِيْحُهاَ مُرٌّ)—that its bitterness can be sensed; the effect of its bitter taste is also reflected in its smell.

Urdu Hashiyah:
Explanation:
1:
There is no contradiction between this and the previous hadith,
because the meaning of this hadith is also that we pledged allegiance not to flee from the battlefield,
even if we were to lose our lives.

Urdu marginal note:
The meaning of "pledge upon death" has already been explained in the previous commentary, as well as the reconciliation between the two narrations: that some Companions uttered the word "death" at the time of the pledge, while others did not. This incident pertains to the Pledge of Ridwan, which was taken on the occasion of the Treaty of Hudaybiyyah. Hudaybiyyah is the name of a place at some distance from Makkah Mukarramah, which is nowadays called Shamsiyyah. The Prophet (sallallahu alayhi wa sallam) had sent Uthman (radi Allahu anhu) to Makkah Mukarramah for negotiations regarding the treaty, but it became widely rumored that he had been martyred. It was at that time that this pledge was taken.