Bukhari

Hadith Commentary:
In some narrations, there is mention of climbing the mountain of Hira. It is possible that the incidents were multiple, because in Sahih Muslim it is stated that the Messenger of Allah sallallahu alayhi wa sallam, Abu Bakr, Umar radi Allahu anhu, Uthman radi Allahu anhu, Ali radi Allahu anhu, Talhah radi Allahu anhu, and Zubair radi Allahu anhu were on the mountain of Hira, when it began to shake.

At that time, the Messenger of Allah sallallahu alayhi wa sallam said:
"Be still! Upon you are a Prophet, a Siddiq, and martyrs." In another narration of Sahih Muslim, there is also mention of Sa'd radi Allahu anhu.
(Sahih Muslim, Fada'il al-Sahabah, Hadith: 6247, 6248)

This is also supported by another narration which is reported in Jami' al-Tirmidhi from Sa'id ibn Zayd.
(Fath al-Bari: 7/74)

And in Sunan al-Daraqutni, it is narrated from Ali radi Allahu anhu.
(Jami' al-Tirmidhi, al-Manaqib, Hadith: 3696)

Hadith Commentary:
The one raising these objections against Sayyiduna Uthman radi Allahu anhu was some Khariji who, by presenting the apparent surface of events, wanted to malign him; but whoever Allah grants honor to, the one who tries to malign him only maligns himself (radi Allahu anhu wa ardahu).

At the time of the Battle of Uhud, panic spread among the general Muslims due to the sudden attack of the disbelievers. The Messenger of Allah sallallahu alayhi wa sallam stood firm in his place and, along with one or two Companions, faced all the attacks of the disbelievers with utmost steadfastness.

After a short while, the Prophet sallallahu alayhi wa sallam called out to the Companions, and then all the Companions gathered together.

Allah the Exalted forgave this mistake of the Companions and Himself announced His forgiveness in the Noble Qur’an.

Most of the Companions had scattered, and among them was Uthman radi Allahu anhu as well.

Although the Muslims suffered great losses in this battle, it cannot be said that the Muslims were defeated at Uhud.

Because neither did the Muslims lay down their arms, nor did the Messenger of Allah sallallahu alayhi wa sallam leave the battlefield.

If, for a short while, there was some disorder among the army—that is, the Companions radi Allahu anhum—even then, all of them soon returned to the battlefield.

It is also not the case that the Companions radi Allahu anhum abandoned the field; rather, due to the unexpected situation, panic and disorder arose in the ranks.

When the Prophet of Allah sallallahu alayhi wa sallam called them, they immediately regained composure and gathered around him, and in the end, the disbelievers were forced to flee.

Despite the great losses, ultimate victory was granted to the Muslims.

These are the themes being discussed in the aforementioned ahadith.

The one asking questions about Uthman radi Allahu anhu was from among the opponents.

Abdullah ibn Umar radi Allahu anhu answered his questions in detail.

But those who harbor unjust malice against someone can never be satisfied in any way.

Even today, such misguided people exist who consider maligning Uthman radi Allahu anhu as a proof of their own virtue. The Companions radi Allahu anhum, especially the Rightly Guided Caliphs, are worthy of our utmost respect.

Their human errors are all referred to Allah.

Allah the Exalted has certainly forgiven them.

Radi Allahu anhum wa la‘ana Allahu man ‘adahum.

Hadith Commentary:
1.
Hafiz Ibn Hajar rahimahullah writes that I have not been able to ascertain the name of the person who asked Abdullah ibn Umar radi Allahu anhuma three questions regarding Uthman radi Allahu anhu.
From the narrations, it appears that he was from the people of Egypt; it is possible that he was Alaa ibn Arar.
(Fath al-Bari: 7/75)
Then, in another place, he has written with certainty and confidence that his name was Hakim.
However, retracting from this, he stated:
That he was indeed Alaa ibn Arar.
(Fath al-Bari: 7/454)
In any case, he was among the opponents of Uthman radi Allahu anhu, who, by presenting the apparent aspect of events, wanted to malign Uthman radi Allahu anhu.
2.
In reality, at the time of the Battle of Uhud, panic spread among the general Muslims due to the sudden attack of the disbelievers; however, the Messenger of Allah sallallahu alayhi wa sallam, along with a few of his companions, was facing all the attacks of the disbelievers with utmost steadfastness.
After a short while, the Messenger of Allah sallallahu alayhi wa sallam called his noble companions, and all the companions gathered together.
Allah, the Exalted, forgave this mistake of the companions radi Allahu anhum and announced this forgiveness in His Book, as is clear from the verse mentioned in the heading. However, the Khawarij did not agree with this forgiveness of Allah, the Exalted.
They continued to accuse Uthman radi Allahu anhu of "fleeing," as is mentioned in this hadith, that Abdullah ibn Umar radi Allahu anhuma said: Allah, the Exalted, has forgiven them, but you people are not willing to forgive them.
(Sahih al-Bukhari, Tafsir, Hadith: 4515)
3.
Abdullah ibn Umar radi Allahu anhuma gave a satisfactory answer to these objections so that the corrupt beliefs of people regarding the companions radi Allahu anhum could be removed and the suspicion regarding Uthman radi Allahu anhu could be dispelled. However, those who harbor unjust malice against someone can never be satisfied in any way.
Even today, there are some such ignorant people
who, after the snake has left, continue to beat the stick, and consider it a matter of great pride to criticize the companions radi Allahu anhum, even though Allah, the Exalted, has clearly announced the forgiveness of their slips. The statement of Allah, the Exalted, is: "Indeed, Allah has forgiven you, for He is most gracious to the believers."
(Al Imran: 3/152)
After this announcement of forgiveness by Allah, the Exalted, there remains no room for harboring malice or speaking ill regarding the companions radi Allahu anhum.
And Allah knows best.

Hadith Commentary:

Imam Abu Hanifah rahimahullah has given a ruling in accordance with this hadith: that the person who went out or stayed behind by the command of the Imam, his share should also be allotted in the spoils of war (mal-e-ghanīmah). Imam Malik, Imam Shafi'i rahimahullah, and Imam Ahmad rahimahullah hold the opposite view, and they consider this hadith to be specific to the case of Uthman radi Allahu anhu.

Hadith Commentary:
➊
The wife of Uthman radi Allahu anhu, Sayyidah Ruqayyah radi Allahu anha, was ill.
The Messenger of Allah sallallahu alayhi wa sallam instructed Uthman radi Allahu anhu to remain in Madinah Tayyibah to look after and care for her, and for this reason he was unable to participate in the Battle of Badr.
However, the Messenger of Allah sallallahu alayhi wa sallam gave him a share equal to those who participated in Badr and said:
“O Allah! Uthman is engaged in the work of Your Messenger.”
(al-Musannaf li Ibn Abi Shaybah: 12/46, Hadith 32704)

➋
Some scholars hold the view that only those who actually participate in battle are entitled to a share of the spoils of war (ghanimah), but in light of this hadith, this position must be amended: those who, due to the command of the Imam or due to military necessity, are unable to participate in the battle, should also be given a full share from the spoils.
And Allah knows best.
(‘Umdat al-Qari: 10/469)

Explanation:
➊: This was a Shi'i man who harbored malice against Uthman radi Allahu anhu.
That is why he said "Allahu Akbar" at these three points—
meaning: When these three faults exist in him, then why do people still acknowledge his virtue?

➋: This is a reference to those who fled at the Battle of Uhud,
who ran from the battlefield after the tide of battle turned.
Among them was Uthman radi Allahu anhu as well.

➌: Allah Most High revealed their pardon in this verse:
: "And Allah has certainly pardoned them. Indeed, Allah is Forgiving and Forbearing." (Surah Aal Imran: 155)
The full verse is as follows:
: "Indeed, those among you who turned back on the day the two armies met—
it was Satan who caused them to slip because of some of what they had earned.
But Allah has certainly pardoned them. Indeed, Allah is Forgiving and Forbearing." (Aal Imran: 155)
Meaning: Those among you who turned their backs on the day the two groups met,
these people were led astray by Satan due to some of their sins,
but know with certainty that Allah has forgiven them.
Allah Most High is indeed Forgiving and Forbearing.

Benefits and Issues:
At the time of Badr, the daughter of the Messenger of Allah (sallallahu alayhi wa sallam), the honorable wife of Uthman (radi Allahu anhu), Ruqayyah (radi Allahu anha), was ill.
The Messenger of Allah (sallallahu alayhi wa sallam) himself instructed him to remain with Ruqayyah (radi Allahu anha) to serve and tend to her.
And then she passed away during that illness.
On this basis, he was given a share in the spoils (ghanimah).
However, the matter of the pledge (bay‘ah) in this context is a misunderstanding of the narrator.
Because the Prophet (sallallahu alayhi wa sallam) took the pledge (bay‘ah) on behalf of Uthman (radi Allahu anhu) at the occasion of Hudaybiyyah.
Here, the narrator was mistaken,
and he mentioned it in the context of the incident of Badr.
This incident proves that a person who, due to fulfilling some responsibility for the fighters (mujahideen), does not participate in the fighting, should also be given a share from the spoils (ghanimah).