Bukhari

Hadith Commentary:
The purpose here is that a rubbish heap, where garbage is thrown, is a public place where urination and the like can be done.
Quarreling over such things is not correct, provided that they are public. Standing and urinating is also permissible, provided that one can be completely safe from splashes.
If there is such a risk, then standing and urinating is not permissible.
As is commonly done nowadays by those who wear trousers.

Hadith Commentary:
(1)
A place where garbage and refuse are thrown acquires a public status, even if it is someone's private property.
Where filth and other useless items are disposed of, there is no need to seek anyone's permission to urinate there, nor is doing so considered unauthorized use.
For utilizing such places, customary permission is sufficient because such locations are designated for urination and dumping refuse. Furthermore, it is not appropriate to quarrel or dispute over such things.

(2)
Various explanations for urinating while standing have already been mentioned previously. It is possible that there was no place to sit among the garbage and filth, and in view of such a necessity, urinating while standing is permissible. However, making it a habit is not correct.

Hadith Commentary:
➊
It is mentioned in the hadith that when the Messenger of Allah (sallallahu alayhi wa sallam) would go out to relieve himself, he would go very far away so that no one could see him.
(Sunan Abi Dawud, Book of Purification, Hadith: 2.1)
For defecation (baraz), since a screen is needed on both sides, he (sallallahu alayhi wa sallam) used to go far away.
For urination, a screen on one side is sufficient.
Therefore, there is no need to take as much care to go far away as in the case of defecation.
This need can be fulfilled even in the presence of people, or by having someone stand nearby for the purpose of screening.
Imam Bukhari rahimahullah has established this chapter for this very purpose and has presented again the hadith of Hudhayfah radi Allahu anhu.
Among the Arabs, immodesty during urination and defecation was common; this was not related to Islamic culture. The Messenger of Allah (sallallahu alayhi wa sallam) clarified Islamic culture in these words:
“Two persons should not go out together to relieve themselves such that they expose their private parts to each other and converse with one another, for Allah, the Exalted, is displeased with such an act.”
(Sunan Abi Dawud, Book of Purification, Hadith: 15)

➋
Hafiz Ibn Hajar rahimahullah has written that the Messenger of Allah (sallallahu alayhi wa sallam) called Hudhayfah radi Allahu anhu near him by gesture, not by speaking.
And in view of the narration of Bukhari, the wording of Sahih Muslim will be interpreted as a non-verbal gesture; therefore, it is not correct to deduce from this hadith the permissibility of speaking while urinating.
(Fath al-Bari: 1/429)
The Messenger of Allah (sallallahu alayhi wa sallam) would not even reply to greetings (salam) at such a time.
It is mentioned in the hadith that once he (sallallahu alayhi wa sallam) was urinating when a man greeted him, but he did not reply.
(Sunan Abi Dawud, Book of Purification, Hadith: 16)

Explanation:
The intent of the noble Companion was that one should indeed exercise caution in avoiding urine. However, unnecessary strictness and excess lead to doubts and misgivings (waswasah). Therefore, in practice, only as much caution should be exercised as a person can manage in daily life.

Hadith Commentary:
1.
The commentators have mentioned several objectives of Imam Bukhari rahimahullah in this chapter:
(1)
Shah Waliullah writes in "Tarajim Bukhari" that garbage heaps (dumps), although owned by someone else, do not require permission for urination or defecation, because they are made for collecting filth.
Therefore, urinating there is not a kind of use that would anger the owner.
(2)
Through this heading, the method of urinating at places of filth is explained: at such places, one should urinate standing up, because sitting down to urinate poses a risk of soiling one's clothes and body.
2.
Abu Musa al-Ash'ari radi Allahu anhu, due to his piety and concern for purity, was very strict regarding the matter of urination.
He used to keep a glass bottle with him, urinate in it, and then pour it onto the ground.
Ibn al-Mundhir has stated the reason for this: Abu Musa al-Ash'ari radi Allahu anhu saw someone urinating while standing and said:
"You should not have urinated standing up, but rather sitting down."
The practice of Bani Isra'il was that if impurity touched a person's clothes, they would cut it off, so we too should be cautious regarding urination.
When Hudhayfah radi Allahu anhu learned of this, he clarified that such strictness is not necessary in the matter of urination, because the foundation of Islam is ease and facilitation.
The Messenger of Allah sallallahu alayhi wa sallam himself urinated standing up (on a garbage heap), and in such a manner, there remains a possibility of fine splashes, but he did not pay any attention to such far-fetched possibilities.
3.
Allamah Ibn Battal has written that the narration of urinating while standing is evidence for those who consider minor splashes of urine to be excusable, because when urinating standing up, the possibility of splashes the size of a needle's tip landing on one's clothes generally remains. There is a difference of opinion regarding urine splashes the size of a needle's tip: Imam Malik rahimahullah considered washing them recommended (mustahabb), while Imam Shafi'i rahimahullah considered it obligatory (wajib), and the scholars of Kufa have allowed ease and concession in this matter, just as with other impurities.
(Sharh Ibn Battal: 1/337)
4.
Islahi Sahib, under the guise of "Tadabbur Hadith," has made Abu Musa al-Ash'ari radi Allahu anhu a target of criticism, writing:
"The statement of Abu Musa al-Ash'ari radi Allahu anhu regarding Bani Isra'il seems to be hearsay. In that era, the knowledge that the Arabs had about previous religions was what they had heard from the People of the Book living in and around Madinah.
They did not have direct, critical familiarity with the scriptures."
(Tadabbur Hadith: 1/318)
Whereas, among the Jews, there was indeed great strictness regarding impurities.
The Noble Qur'an has also indicated this, as Allah the Exalted says:
﴿ وَيَضَعُ عَنْهُمْ إِصْرَهُمْ وَالْأَغْلَالَ الَّتِي كَانَتْ عَلَيْهِمْ﴾ "And He removes from them their burden and the shackles that were upon them."
(al-A'raf: 7/157)
In the explanation of this burden and shackles, the commentators have written that among the Jews, if impurity touched a garment, it was necessary to cut it off, whereas the Islamic Shari'ah has only commanded washing it.

Hadith Commentary: Benefits and Issues:
Excessiveness or extremism in any matter is not appropriate. In Islam, consideration is given to human needs and necessities. Therefore, in certain situations, contrary to the general custom, allowance and concession have been provided by taking into account a valid excuse. Moderation has been adopted, avoiding both excess and negligence.

26. Commentary:
① The aforementioned narration and its explanation have already been mentioned previously. See Sunan al-Nasa’i, Hadith: 18; it is being presented here again.
‘The concession regarding not going far for relieving oneself.’
Hudhayfah radi Allahu anhu says: I was walking with the Messenger of Allah sallallahu alayhi wa sallam when he reached a garbage dump of some people, so he stood and urinated,¹ I moved away from him, but he called me,² (so I went and) stood by his heels until he finished, then he performed ablution (wudu) and wiped over his leather socks (khuffayn). [سنن نسائي/ذكر الفطرة/حدیث: 18]

18. Commentary:
➊ This narration of Sunan al-Nasa’i, Hadith 18, is brief, which may lead to some misunderstandings; therefore, clarification has been attempted in the translation through parentheses. The correct account of the incident is that when the Messenger of Allah sallallahu alayhi wa sallam expressed his intention to urinate on the garbage heap, Hudhayfah radi Allahu anhu, as usual, began to move away from him. However, since the Prophet only needed to urinate, in which there was no likelihood of sound or odor (especially in a standing position), he said to him: “O Hudhayfah! Screen me.” So he stood close behind him, facing the other direction. (By “by his heels” is meant general proximity, not literally heel to heel.) In this way, there was no possibility of seeing the Prophet, and complete privacy was ensured.
➋ The general habit of the Prophet sallallahu alayhi wa sallam was to urinate while sitting, but in the mentioned incident, he urinated standing. Various rational and textual explanations have been given for this, such as: to avoid the filth of the heap, because if he sat on the heap, his clothes or body could become soiled; or so that the stream of urine would fall farther away, as in a sitting position the urine would fall nearby and could splash back toward the feet, and there could be splashes; or due to difficulty in sitting because of knee pain, as is mentioned in a weak narration of al-Bayhaqi. [السنن الکبریٰ، للبیھقی : 101/1]
Or for the treatment of back pain, as some physicians have opined. In any case, in light of these explanations, the general opinion is that there must have been some reason among these for the Prophet’s standing while urinating. However, the research is that none of these reasons have been authentically established regarding the Prophet sallallahu alayhi wa sallam, so in contrast, there is another opinion, which Imam Nawawi rahimahullah and others have adopted, and that is that the Prophet stood and urinated only to demonstrate permissibility, while his general habit was to urinate sitting. See: [صحیح مسلم، اطھارۃ، حدیث : 274، مع شرح النووي]
Hafiz Ibn Hajar rahimahullah says regarding this, «وإلا ظھر أنه فعل ذلک لبیان الجواز……» “The clearer statement is that this action of his was only to demonstrate permissibility…” [فتح الباري : 430/1، طبع دارالسلام]
Also, Hafiz Ibn Hajar rahimahullah did not consider the transmitted explanations in this regard as authoritative. In any case, if a person, due to necessity or even occasionally without necessity, with the intention of acting upon the Sunnah of permissibility, urinates standing, then insha’Allah it will be permissible. And Allah knows best.
➌ The purpose of the chapter is that if there is no fear of sound or odor, then only a screen is sufficient for urination; there is no need to go far.

② In Sunan al-Nasa’i, the first hadith of this chapter is narrated by Sulaiman al-A’mash, from Abu Wa’il, and he from Hudhayfah radi Allahu anhu; in the second hadith, the student of Abu Wa’il, Mansur, is present, and in it, Mansur explicitly states that he heard from Abu Wa’il; and in the third hadith, both Sulaiman and Mansur narrate from Abu Wa’il, but Mansur only mentions the Prophet’s urination, while Sulaiman also mentions the wiping over the leather socks (khuffayn) afterwards.

Commentary:
(1)
The better way to urinate is to relieve oneself while sitting.
The noble habit of the Prophet (sallallahu alayhi wa sallam) was mostly to urinate while sitting.

(2)
At this place, the Prophet (sallallahu alayhi wa sallam) urinated while standing.
It is possible that the reason for this was to inform the ummah that this is also permissible, so that if someone feels the need to urinate while standing, they do not feel any discomfort.
It is also possible that the Messenger of Allah (sallallahu alayhi wa sallam) himself felt some necessity, for example:
If there was a fear that drops might splash onto the body or clothes while urinating in a sitting position,
Or due to some excuse, sitting might have been difficult or caused hardship.
And Allah knows best. However, it is necessary to be cautious that drops of urine do not fall on the clothes or body.

(3)
The meaning of the place where some people threw garbage is that the people of that neighborhood used to throw their garbage and refuse there.

(4)
The Prophet (sallallahu alayhi wa sallam) chose that place for urination because there was a wall for cover, so it was possible to maintain privacy in a better way. See: (Sahih Muslim, Book of Purification, Chapter: Wiping over the Khuffs, Hadith: 273)

Benefits:

➊ The general practice of the Prophet sallallahu alayhi wa sallam was to go far from inhabited areas to relieve himself, but what was the reason for him urinating near an inhabited area on this occasion? In this regard, Qadi Iyad rahimahullah explains that the reason was that the Prophet was engaged in overseeing the affairs and interests of the Muslims, so it is possible that his gathering had become prolonged and, due to the need to urinate more, it became difficult to go far. And if he had gone far, he would have had to endure hardship. Therefore, he chose the mound for urination because of its softness, and he had Hudhayfah radi Allahu anhu stand near him so that he could conceal himself from the people's gaze. This interpretation appears to be sound. [نووي: 165/3]

➋ Wiping over the leather socks (khuffayn) is permissible, and it is allowed to wipe in both residence and travel.

➌ When needed, it is also permissible to urinate while standing.

➍ It is permissible to be near someone who is urinating.

➎ It is permissible for the one urinating to request his companion to stand close so that he may conceal himself from the people.

➏ Covering the private parts (satr) at the time of urination is a recommended (mustahabb) act.

➐ It is permissible to urinate near an inhabited area.

[نووي: 166/3]