Bukhari

Explanation:
It is understood that due to necessity, urinating while standing is also permissible, and when it is permissible to urinate standing out of necessity, then certainly it will be permissible to do so while sitting. However, nowadays, those who wear coats and trousers have learned the habit of urinating while standing from the English, and for a Muslim man, this is completely impermissible and against Islamic culture, because in this there is neither any consideration for modesty nor any avoidance of splashes.

Hadith Authentication (Takhrij al-Hadith):
[157۔ البخاري فى : 4 كتاب الوضوء : 61 باب البول عند صاحبه والتستر بالحائط 224، مسلم 273]

Linguistic Explanation:
«سُبَاطَة»: A heap of filth or a place where filth is thrown.
«حَائِط»: Wall.
«فَانْتَبَذْتُ مِنْهُ»: Moved to one side. It is understood from this that if there is filth or impurity somewhere and there is no place to sit, then (out of necessity) it is also permissible to urinate while standing, but with the condition that it is possible to avoid urine splashes. However, the Sunnah and natural method is to urinate while sitting.

Hadith Commentary:
1.
Imam Bukhari rahimahullah, in light of specific circumstances and situations, intends to establish the permissibility of urinating while standing through this chapter heading. Along with this, he has also mentioned urinating while sitting so that the other scenario remains in consideration as well.

Undoubtedly, urinating while standing is permissible, provided that not even minor splashes reach the clothes or body.

Imam Bukhari rahimahullah has mentioned both scenarios in the chapter heading, but the hadiths he has cited pertain only to the first scenario.

The commentators have mentioned several explanations for this:

➊ Ibn Battal wrote that when the hadiths establish the permissibility of urinating while standing, then, a fortiori, the permissibility of urinating while sitting is also established. Therefore, there was no need to mention hadiths related to the latter.
(Sharh Ibn Battal: 334) (a)

➋ Allamah ‘Ayni wrote that urinating while sitting was well-known and commonly practiced by most people, so there was no need to reference hadiths about urinating while sitting.
(‘Umdat al-Qari: 2/620) (b)

➌ Among Imam Bukhari rahimahullah’s principles is that when a narration does not meet his criteria, he merely alludes to it in the chapter heading. Thus, in the hadith it is mentioned that the Messenger of Allah sallallahu alayhi wa sallam urinated while sitting, so some people said: “Look, you urinate like women.”
(Sunan al-Nasa’i, al-Taharah, Hadith: 30)
Hafiz Ibn Hajar rahimahullah has transmitted this.
(Fath al-Bari: 1/427) (c)

➍ Shah Waliullah Muhaddith Dehlawi writes in the Tarajim of Bukhari that, in his view, the sole purpose of the respected Imam in establishing this chapter is to affirm the permissibility of urinating while standing, and in his view, this permissibility is not restricted only to sitting.

2.
Hafiz Ibn Hajar rahimahullah has written that there is no prohibition established from the Messenger of Allah sallallahu alayhi wa sallam regarding urinating while standing. If there is no risk of splashes, then there is no doubt about its permissibility.
(Fath al-Bari: 1/430)

However, it is narrated from ‘Umar radi Allahu anhu that he said: “Once I was urinating while standing, and the Messenger of Allah sallallahu alayhi wa sallam saw me and said: ‘O ‘Umar! Do not urinate while standing.’ After that, I never urinated while standing.”
(Ibn Majah, al-Taharah, Hadith: 308)

But this narration is very weak due to ‘Abd al-Karim ibn Abi al-Mukhariq, and cannot be used as evidence.
(Jami‘ al-Tirmidhi, al-Taharah, Hadith: 12)
Allamah al-Albani rahimahullah has also declared it weak.
(Silsilat al-Ahadith al-Da‘ifah, Hadith: 934)

The authentic narration from ‘Umar radi Allahu anhu is as follows: “Since I became Muslim, I have never urinated while standing.”
(al-Musannaf li-Ibn Abi Shaybah: 1/148)

In fact, the opposite is also narrated from ‘Umar radi Allahu anhu, as Zayd ibn Wahb states: “I myself saw ‘Umar radi Allahu anhu urinating while standing.”
(al-Musannaf li-Ibn Abi Shaybah: 1/147)

In al-Musannaf of Ibn Abi Shaybah and other hadith collections, urinating while standing is also transmitted from ‘Umar radi Allahu anhu, ‘Ali radi Allahu anhu, Zayd ibn Thabit radi Allahu anhu, Ibn ‘Umar radi Allahu anhu, Sa‘d ibn ‘Ubadah radi Allahu anhu, and Abu Hurayrah radi Allahu anhu.
(al-Musannaf li-Ibn Abi Shaybah: 1/147)

In light of these facts, the position of those who have written that urinating while standing is prohibitively disliked (makruh tahrimi) or mildly disliked (makruh tanzihi) is not correct.

3.
In a hadith from ‘A’ishah radi Allahu anha, she said: “Whoever tells you that the Messenger of Allah sallallahu alayhi wa sallam urinated while standing, do not believe him. He used to urinate while sitting.”
(Sunan al-Nasa’i, al-Taharah, Hadith: 29)

Apparently, this hadith contradicts the hadith presented by Imam Bukhari rahimahullah.

The position of the commentators regarding this is as follows:

➊ Muhaddith Abu ‘Awanah and Ibn Shahin, in light of the hadith of ‘A’ishah radi Allahu anha, have considered the hadith of Hudhayfah to be abrogated. However, this is not correct, because ‘A’ishah radi Allahu anha said this according to her own knowledge. Indeed, the practice of the Messenger of Allah sallallahu alayhi wa sallam at home was to urinate while sitting, but she was not aware of his practice outside the home.

However, Hudhayfah radi Allahu anhu was among the senior Companions radi Allahu anhum, so his observation outside the home is irrefutable.

Imam al-Nasa’i, in accordance with this position, has titled chapters in his Sunan as follows: One chapter is titled:
(al-rukhsah fi al-bawl fi al-sahra’ qa’iman)
“Permission to urinate while standing in the open.”
Under this, he has brought the hadith of Hudhayfah.
(Sunan al-Nasa’i, al-Taharah, Hadith: 26)

The second chapter is titled:
(al-bawl fi al-bayt jalisan)
“Urinating while sitting at home,” under which he has narrated the hadith of ‘A’ishah radi Allahu anha that the Messenger of Allah sallallahu alayhi wa sallam used to urinate while sitting.
(Sunan al-Nasa’i, al-Taharah, Hadith: 29)

Another answer given is that ‘A’ishah radi Allahu anha indicated the general habit of the Messenger of Allah sallallahu alayhi wa sallam, and if, in specific circumstances, the opposite occurred, it does not contradict her statement.

Such specific circumstances could be as follows:
* There was no place to sit on the heap of rubbish, as it was conical in shape, and there was a risk that the urine would return towards him, so he relieved himself while standing.
* Among the Arabs, urinating while standing was considered a remedy for back pain. It is possible that the Prophet sallallahu alayhi wa sallam had some complaint and did so as a treatment.
Some weak narrations are reported in this regard.
(al-Mustadrak lil-Hakim 4/241; al-Sunan al-Kubra lil-Bayhaqi, 1/101)

However, the straightforward explanation is that the Prophet sallallahu alayhi wa sallam did this to demonstrate permissibility.

When needed, there is no harm in urinating while standing, provided there is no risk of the body or clothes being soiled by splashes.

And Allah knows best.