الفتح الربانی
Fath al-Rabbani
كتاب المساقاة والمزارعة وكراء الأرضBook of Sharecropping, Agricultural Partnerships, and Land Leasing
بابُ النَّهْي عَنْ كِرَاءِ الْأَرْضِ مُطْلَقًا
Chapter: Prohibition of renting land unconditionally
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Hadith 6108
عَنْ رَافِعِ بْنِ خَدِيجٍ رَضِيَ اللَّهُ عَنْهُ قَالَ نَهَى رَسُولُ اللَّهِ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَآلِهِ وَسَلَّمَ أَنْ تُسْتَأْجَرَ الْأَرْضُ بِالدَّرَاهِمِ الْمَنْقُودَةِ أَوْ بِالثُّلُثِ وَالرُّبُعِ
It is narrated from Sayyiduna Rafi' bin Khadij (may Allah be pleased with him) that the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) forbade leasing land in exchange for cash dirhams or for a third or a quarter share of the produce.
Hadith 6109
عَنْ أَبِي النَّجَاشِيِّ مَوْلَى رَافِعِ بْنِ خَدِيجٍ قَالَ سَأَلْتُ رَافِعًا رَضِيَ اللَّهُ عَنْهُ عَنْ كِرَاءِ الْأَرْضِ فَقُلْتُ إِنَّ لِي أَرْضًا أُكْرِيهَا فَقَالَ رَافِعٌ لَا تُكْرِهَا بِشَيْءٍ فَإِنِّي سَمِعْتُ رَسُولَ اللَّهِ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَآلِهِ وَسَلَّمَ يَقُولُ مَنْ كَانَتْ لَهُ أَرْضٌ فَلْيَزْرَعْهَا فَإِنْ لَمْ يَزْرَعْهَا فَلْيُزْرِعْهَا أَخَاهُ فَإِنْ لَمْ يَفْعَلْ فَلْيَدَعْهَا فَقُلْتُ لَهُ أَرَأَيْتَ إِنْ تَرَكْتُهَا وَأَرْضِي فَإِنْ زَرَعَهَا ثُمَّ بَعَثَ إِلَيَّ مِنَ التِّبْنِ قَالَ لَا تَأْخُذْ مِنْهَا شَيْئًا وَلَا تِبْنًا قُلْتُ إِنِّي لَمْ أُشَارِطْهُ إِنَّمَا أَهْدَى إِلَيَّ شَيْئًا قَالَ لَا تَأْخُذْ مِنْهُ شَيْئًا
Abu Najashi, the slave of Sayyiduna Rafi’, says: I asked Sayyiduna Rafi’ (may Allah be pleased with him) about giving land on rent and said: I have land, can I give it on rent? He said: Do not give it for anything in exchange, because I heard the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) say: Whoever owns land should cultivate it himself, and if he does not cultivate it himself, then he should give it to his brother to cultivate, and if he does not do even that, then he should just leave it as it is. I said: Please tell me, if I leave my land uncultivated, but if my brother cultivates it and sends me some fodder (is there any harm in that)? He said: Do not take anything from him, not even fodder. I said: I do not set any condition with him, he just sends me something as a gift? He said: Do not take anything from him.
Hadith 6110
عَنْ أَبِي الزُّبَيْرِ عَنْ جَابِرٍ رَضِيَ اللَّهُ عَنْهُ قَالَ كُنَّا نُخَابِرُ عَلَى عَهْدِ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَآلِهِ وَسَلَّمَ فَنُصِيبُ مِنَ الْقِصْرِيِّ وَمِنْ كَذَا فَقَالَ مَنْ كَانَتْ لَهُ أَرْضٌ فَلْيَزْرَعْهَا أَوْ لِيُحْرِثْهَا أَخَاهُ وَإِلَّا فَلْيَدَعْهَا
It is narrated from Sayyiduna Jabir (may Allah be pleased with him), he says: In the time of the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him), we used to give land on sharecropping, and sometimes after threshing the grain, we would get those grains that remained in the ears and could not be separated by threshing. Then the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) said: Whoever has land, let him cultivate it himself or give it to his brother for cultivation, otherwise he should leave it as it is.
Hadith 6111
عَنْ مُجَاهِدٍ عَنِ ابْنِ رَافِعِ بْنِ خَدِيجٍ عَنْ أَبِيهِ رَضِيَ اللَّهُ عَنْهُ قَالَ جَاءَنَا مِنْ عِنْدِ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَآلِهِ وَسَلَّمَ فَقَالَ نَهَى رَسُولُ اللَّهِ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَآلِهِ وَسَلَّمَ عَنْ أَمْرٍ كَانَ يَرْفُقُ بِنَا وَطَاعَةُ اللَّهِ وَطَاعَةُ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَآلِهِ وَسَلَّمَ أَرْفَقُ نَهَانَا أَنْ نَزْرَعَ أَرْضًا يَمْلِكُ أَحَدُنَا رَقَبَتَهَا أَوْ مِنْحَةَ رَجُلٍ
The son of Rafi’ narrates that our master Rafi’ bin Khadij (may Allah be pleased with him) came to us after being with the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) and said: The Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) has forbidden us from an act which was beneficial for us, but in any case, obedience to Allah Almighty and the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) is the most profitable for us. The detail is that if the land is someone’s property or someone’s gift, the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) has forbidden working on it on the basis of sharecropping.
Hadith 6112
عَنْ أُسَيْدِ بْنِ ظُهَيْرِ بْنِ أَخِي رَافِعِ بْنِ خَدِيجٍ قَالَ كَانَ أَحَدُنَا إِذَا اسْتَغْنَى عَنْ أَرْضِهِ أَعْطَى بِالثُّلُثِ وَالرُّبُعِ وَال bookstoresنِّصْفِ وَيَشْتَرِطُ ثَلَاثَ جَدَاوِلَ وَالْقُصَارَةَ وَمَا سَقَى الرَّبِيعُ وَكَانَ الْعَيْشُ إِذْ ذَاكَ شَدِيدًا وَكَانَ يُعْمَلُ فِيهَا بِالْحَدِيدِ وَمَا شَاءَ اللَّهُ وَيُصِيبُ مِنْهَا مَنْفَعَةً فَأَتَانَا رَافِعُ بْنُ خَدِيجٍ رَضِيَ اللَّهُ عَنْهُ فَقَالَ إِنَّ رَسُولَ اللَّهِ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَآلِهِ وَسَلَّمَ يَنْهَاكُمْ عَنْ أَمْرٍ كَانَ لَكُمْ نَافِعًا وَطَاعَةُ اللَّهِ وَطَاعَةُ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَآلِهِ وَسَلَّمَ أَنْفَعُ لَكُمْ إِنَّ النَّبِيَّ نَهَاكُمْ عَنِ الْحَقْلِ وَيَقُولُ مَنِ اسْتَغْنَى عَنْ أَرْضِهِ فَلْيَمْنَحْهَا أَخَاهُ أَوْ لِيَدَعْ وَيَنْهَاكُمْ عَنِ الْمُزَابَنَةِ وَالْمُزَابَنَةُ أَنْ يَكُونَ الرَّجُلُ لَهُ الْمَالُ الْعَظِيمُ مِنَ النَّخْلِ فَيَأْتِيهِ الرَّجُلُ فَيَقُولُ قَدْ أَخَذْتُهُ بِكَذَا وَسْقٍ مِنْ تَمْرٍ
Usayd bin Zuhayr says: We used to give surplus land on sharecropping for a third, a fourth, or half of the produce, and we used to set conditions regarding three water channels, the grains left in the ears after threshing, and the land irrigated by small streams, while at that time there was great hardship in subsistence. Then those people used to farm with iron tools, etc., and we also used to get profit. But it happened that Sayyiduna Rafi‘ bin Khadij (may Allah be pleased with him) came to us and said: The Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) has forbidden you from a practice that was beneficial for you; nevertheless, obedience to Allah and His Messenger (peace and blessings be upon him) is more beneficial than everything else. The Noble Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) has forbidden you from sharecropping and said: Whoever has surplus land, let him give it to his brother as a loan without compensation, or let him leave it fallow. Also, he (peace and blessings be upon him) has forbidden you from muzābanah, and muzābanah is that a man has a lot of produce on his date palms, and another man comes and says: I will buy these dates from you in exchange for such-and-such a measure of dates.
Hadith 6113
عَنْ رَافِعِ بْنِ خَدِيجٍ رَضِيَ اللَّهُ عَنْهُ قَالَ نَهَى رَسُولُ اللَّهِ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَآلِهِ وَسَلَّمَ عَنِ الْحَقْلِ قَالَ الْحَكْمُ وَالْحَقْلُ الثُّلُثُ وَالرُّبُعُ
It is narrated from Sayyiduna Rafi’ bin Khadij (may Allah be pleased with him) that the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) forbade giving land on sharecropping, that is, on the condition of receiving a third or a fourth of the produce.
Hadith 6114
عَنْ جَابِرِ بْنِ عَبْدِ اللَّهِ رَضِيَ اللَّهُ عَنْهُمَا عَنِ النَّبِيِّ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَآلِهِ وَسَلَّمَ قَالَ مَنْ كَانَتْ لَهُ أَرْضٌ فَلْيَزْرَعْهَا فَإِنْ لَمْ يَسْتَطِعْ أَنْ يَزْرَعَهَا وَعَجَزَ عَنْهَا فَلْيَمْنَحْهَا أَخَاهُ الْمُسْلِمَ وَلَا يُؤَاجِرْهَا
Narrated by Sayyiduna Jabir bin Abdullah (may Allah be pleased with them both) that the Noble Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) said: Whoever owns land should cultivate it himself; if he is unable to cultivate it and becomes incapable, then he should give it as a gift to his Muslim brother and should not rent it out.
Hadith 6115
۔ (وَعَنْهُ مِنْ طَرِيقِ ثَانِ) قَالَ: كَانَتْ لِرِجَالِ فُضُولُ أَرْضِينَ فَكَانُوا يُوَاجِرُوْنَهَا عَلَى الثُّلُثِ وَالرُّبُعِ وَالنِّصْفِ فَقَالَ النَّبِيُّ ﷺ: ((مَنْ كَانَتْ لَهُ أَرْضٌ فَلْيَزْرَعُهَا أَوْ لِيَمْنَحْهَا أَخَاهُ فَإِنْ أَبَى فَلْيُمْسِكْ أَرْضَهُ۔))
(Second chain) Sayyiduna Jabir (may Allah be pleased with him) says: Some people had extra land, and they would give it on rent for a third, a quarter, or half of the produce. But the Noble Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) said: Whoever has land should cultivate it himself or give it as a gift to his brother; if he does not wish to do so, then he should keep his land with himself.
Hadith 6116
وَعَنْهُ مِنْ طَرِيقٍ ثَالِثٍ قَالَ قَالَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَآلِهِ وَسَلَّمَ مَنْ كَانَ لَهُ فَضْلُ أَرْضٍ أَوْ مَاءٍ فَلْيَزْرَعْهَا أَوْ لِيُزْرِعْهَا أَخَاهُ وَلَا تَبِيعُوهَا فَسَأَلْتُ سَعِيدًا مَا لَا تَبِيعُوهَا الْكِرَاءُ قَالَ نَعَمْ
(Third chain) It is narrated from Sayyiduna Jabir (may Allah be pleased with him) that the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) said: Whoever has extra land or water, he should cultivate it himself or give it to his brother, and he should not sell it. Salim bin Hayyan says: I asked Saeed whether "not to sell" means not to give it on rent? He said: Yes.
Hadith 6117
عَنْ نَافِعٍ عَنِ ابْنِ عُمَرَ رَضِيَ اللَّهُ عَنْهُمَا قَالَ قَدْ عَلِمْتُ أَنَّ الْأَرْضَ كَانَتْ تُكْرَى عَلَى عَهْدِ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَآلِهِ وَسَلَّمَ بِمَا عَلَى الْأَرْبِعَاءِ وَشَيْءٍ مِنَ التِّبْنِ لَا أَدْرِي كَمْ هُوَ وَأَنَّ ابْنَ عُمَرَ كَانَ يُكْرِي أَرْضَهُ فِي عَهْدِ أَبِي بَكْرٍ وَعَهْدِ عُمَرَ وَعَهْدِ عُثْمَانَ وَصَدْرِ إِمَارَةِ مُعَاوِيَةَ حَتَّى إِذَا كَانَ فِي آخِرِهَا بَلَغَهُ أَنَّ رَافِعًا يُحَدِّثُ فِي ذَلِكَ بِنَهْيِ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَآلِهِ وَسَلَّمَ فَأَتَاهُ وَأَنَا مَعَهُ فَسَأَلَهُ فَقَالَ نَعَمْ نَهَى رَسُولُ اللَّهِ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَآلِهِ وَسَلَّمَ عَنْ كِرَاءِ الْمَزَارِعِ فَتَرَكَهَا ابْنُ عُمَرَ فَكَانَ لَا يُكْرِيهَا فَكَانَ إِذَا سُئِلَ يَقُولُ زَعَمَ ابْنُ خَدِيجٍ أَنَّ رَسُولَ اللَّهِ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَآلِهِ وَسَلَّمَ نَهَى عَنْ كِرَاءِ الْمَزَارِعِ
It is narrated from Imam Nafi that Sayyiduna Abdullah bin Umar (may Allah be pleased with them both) said: I know that in the time of the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him), lands were leased out for a certain amount of crops and fodder that grew near small canals, but I do not know how much the amount of fodder was. And Sayyiduna Ibn Umar (may Allah be pleased with them both) used to lease out his land during the times of Sayyiduna Abu Bakr, Sayyiduna Umar, and Sayyiduna Uthman (may Allah be pleased with them) and at the beginning of the era of Sayyiduna Muawiyah (may Allah be pleased with him). When the later period of Sayyiduna Muawiyah (may Allah be pleased with him) was ongoing, he received the information that Sayyiduna Rafi (may Allah be pleased with him) narrates that the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) forbade leasing land in this manner. So he went to him, and I, Nafi, was also with him, and he asked him about this hadith. He said: Yes, the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) forbade leasing fields. After that, Sayyiduna Abdullah bin Umar (may Allah be pleased with them both) abandoned this practice and stopped leasing out land. Then, when he was asked about this, he would say: Sayyiduna Rafi bin Khadij (may Allah be pleased with him) believes that the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) forbade leasing fields.
Hadith 6118
عَنْ سَالِمِ بْنِ عَبْدِ اللَّهِ أَنَّ عَبْدَ اللَّهِ بْنَ عُمَرَ رَضِيَ اللَّهُ عَنْهُمَا قَالَ يَا ابْنَ خَدِيجٍ مَاذَا تُحَدِّثُ عَنْ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَآلِهِ وَسَلَّمَ فِي كِرَاءِ الْأَرْضِ قَالَ رَافِعٌ رَضِيَ اللَّهُ عَنْهُ لَقَدْ سَمِعْتُ عَمَّيَّ وَكَانَا قَدْ شَهِدَا بَدْرًا يُحَدِّثَانِ أَهْلَ الدَّارِ أَنَّ رَسُولَ اللَّهِ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَآلِهِ وَسَلَّمَ نَهَى عَنْ كِرَاءِ الْأَرْضِ
It is narrated from Sayyiduna Abdullah bin Umar (may Allah be pleased with them both), he said: O Ibn Khudayj! What do you report from the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) regarding leasing land? He said: I heard from my two uncles who participated in the Battle of Badr, they used to relate to their family members that the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) forbade leasing land.
Hadith 6119
عَنْ رَافِعِ بْنِ خَدِيجٍ رَضِيَ اللَّهُ عَنْهُ قَالَ كُنَّا نُحَاقِلُ بِالْأَرْضِ عَلَى عَهْدِ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَآلِهِ وَسَلَّمَ فَنُكْرِيهَا بِالثُّلُثِ وَالرُّبُعِ وَالطَّعَامِ الْمُسَمَّى فَجَاءَ ذَاتَ يَوْمٍ رَجُلٌ مِنْ عُمُومَتِي فَقَالَ نَهَانَا رَسُولُ اللَّهِ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَآلِهِ وَسَلَّمَ عَنْ أَمْرٍ كَانَ لَنَا نَافِعًا وَطَاعَةُ اللَّهِ وَرَسُولِهِ أَنْفَعُ لَنَا نَهَانَا أَنْ نُحَاقِلَ بِالْأَرْضِ فَنُكْرِيهَا بِالثُّلُثِ وَالرُّبُعِ وَالطَّعَامِ الْمُسَمَّى وَأَمَرَ رَبَّ الْأَرْضِ أَنْ يَزْرَعَهَا أَوْ يُزْرِعَهَا وَكَرِهَ كِرَاءَهَا وَمَا سِوَى ذَلِكَ
Narrated from Sayyiduna Rafi’ ibn Khadij (may Allah be pleased with him), he says: In the time of the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him), we used to lease out land for a third or a quarter of the produce, or for a specified amount of grain. One of my uncles came to us and said: The Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) has forbidden us from a practice that was beneficial for us, but in any case, obedience to Allah and His Messenger is more beneficial for us. He (peace and blessings be upon him) has forbidden us from leasing out land for a third or a quarter of the produce or for a specified amount of grain, and has instructed the owners of the land to either cultivate it themselves or give it to someone else to cultivate, and has disliked all other forms.
Hadith 6120
عَنْ ثَابِتِ بْنِ الْحَجَّاجِ قَالَ قَالَ زَيْدُ بْنُ ثَابِتٍ رَضِيَ اللَّهُ عَنْهُ نَهَانَا رَسُولُ اللَّهِ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَآلِهِ وَسَلَّمَ عَنِ الْمُخَابَرَةِ قُلْتُ وَمَا الْمُخَابَرَةُ قَالَ يُؤْجَرُ الْأَرْضُ بِنِصْفٍ أَوْ بِثُلُثٍ أَوْ بِرُبُعٍ
It is narrated from Sayyiduna Zaid bin Thabit (may Allah be pleased with him) that the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) forbade us from Mukhabarah. I asked: What is meant by Mukhabarah? He said: To lease land in exchange for half, a third, or a quarter of its produce.
Hadith 6121
عَنِ ابْنِ عُمَرَ رَضِيَ اللَّهُ عَنْهُمَا قَالَ كُنَّا نُخَابِرُ وَلَا نَرَى بِذَلِكَ بَأْسًا حَتَّى زَعَمَ رَافِعُ بْنُ خَدِيجٍ أَنَّ رَسُولَ اللَّهِ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَآلِهِ وَسَلَّمَ نَهَى عَنْهُ فَتَرَكْنَاهُ
Narrated from Sayyiduna Abdullah bin Umar, may Allah be pleased with them both, he says: We used to practice mukhabarah and did not consider there to be any harm in it, until Sayyiduna Rafi' bin Khadij, may Allah be pleased with him, expressed the opinion that the Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings be upon him, had forbidden it. Then we abandoned it altogether.
